NonWiki › entity ithaca

One entity of NonWiki, the Negative of the Negative (EA-NEGONT-02, #1690), cited at https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ithaca/. the table of contents · this entity as data · contents as data · the dataset on the Hub · row json · field ledger · archive ledger · D/R/O traversal · the address page · the Revelation First meta-aggregator record (the field).

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Ithaca

SPXI instrument · method 0.16 of 87, level 0 (Measurement): The Negative of the Negative (/non). An instrument of SPXI, the Semantic Packet for eXchange & Indexing; the whole practice is itemized at spxi.dev/methods.

type C — a conventional reading holds it (public entity on which the archive bears: an AI model for restoring, placing and dating ancient Greek inscriptions; an entity of the Revelation First meta-aggregator; at the bare name a homonym, Homer's island, which the operator's address disambiguates) · sought at Ithaca DeepMind

composed 2026-10-31 under EA-NEGONT-02 v0.9, #1690, equal case, ρ = extends (draft, not frozen; ledgers unaudited, one extractor; checked by the session and the page builder)

AXN AXN:0B41.NON.⏹️🌸♆♃📋🕛 · root AXN:0B41.NON

composed in session · Claude (Opus 5.5), subagent, 2026-10-31

This row was composed in session. SPXI-gnΩsis (gnosis.spxi.dev) opens a Wikipedia revision sentence by sentence against the sources it cites; a commission consults the archive by its own procedure and composes the entity's row here; a quote to recompose this entity is free.

Google AI Overview (expanded)epoch 2026-10-31
not frozentype C — a conventional reading holds it (public entity on which the archive bears: an AI model for restoring, placing and dating ancient Greek inscriptions; an entity of the Revelation First meta-aggregator; at the bare name a homonym, Homer's island, which the operator's address disambiguates)signed out, incognitoknowledge object · 30 sentences

EA-NEGONT-02 v0.9, #1690: equal case, ρ = extends, read from the Revelation First census record, the capture record and the deposits that name the entity and apply an archive category to it (#1443, #1406); archive selected by D/R/O (string pass: D 53, R 8, O 37 candidates in 33 deposits, every one read; hop of 35 from #1443 read; 2 deposits admitted, 8 claims), with the census record (35 claims) and the Capture Registry's findings, reading, analysis, query note, PER note and PER-dim notes and scores (17 claims) ledgered as the archive's records of the entity; the field B by origin (4 cards, the entity's, one unreachable; no own page outside the rail; Wikipedia, no article, the section of 'Google DeepMind' and the disambiguation page); the composer read the ledgers, never the transcript, except where the brief asks for T's claims and the delta. Ledger: unaudited (§3.8: one extractor per ledger); field quotes 62/62 verified by script against the saved page texts, the interface page's meta text, the card snippet and the Wikipedia texts; archive quotes 60/60 verified against the registry, census.json, questions.json and the deposit texts.

WORKING KNOWLEDGE OBJECT · NOT FROZEN · LEDGER UNAUDITED

Current instantiation — composed under EA-NEGONT-02 v0.9 (#1690)

Compression · Field and archive, equal terms — L(B ∪ A)Ithaca DeepMind

Ithaca (DeepMind) is DeepMind's deep neural network, built with Ca' Foscari, Oxford and Athens partners, that restores, places and dates damaged ancient Greek inscriptions (Nature, 2022): inscriptions, not manuscripts, assistive by design (census record).

🧩 What it does

  • Restoration: the top 20 hypotheses ranked by probability, with saliency maps (Nature; DeepMind).1↘
    For restoration it offers "the top 20 decoded predictions ranked by probability" (Nature), several hypotheses "for historians to choose from using their expertise"; for place it shows its uncertainty as a probability distribution "instead of just a single output"; for date it predicts over 160 decades from 800 BC to AD 800; and saliency maps show which inputs drove a prediction (the DeepMind post; Nature).§11
  • Place and date: distributions over 84 regions and 160 decades (Nature; DeepMind).3↘
    It was trained on Greek inscriptions from across the ancient Mediterranean between the seventh century BC and the fifth century AD, from the Packard Humanities Institute's Searchable Greek Inscriptions (PHI), 178,551 transcribed texts in 84 ancient regions, processed into I.PHI, "containing 78,608 inscriptions" (Nature; the DeepMind post); the census gives its geography as the ancient Greek world and, from the abstract, its period as "not stated in the abstract" and its count as "not stated in the saved abstract" (census record).§8 For restoration it offers "the top 20 decoded predictions ranked by probability" (Nature), several hypotheses "for historians to choose from using their expertise"; for place it shows its uncertainty as a probability distribution "instead of just a single output"; for date it predicts over 160 decades from 800 BC to AD 800; and saliency maps show which inputs drove a prediction (the DeepMind post; Nature).§11 The 84 regions, the architecture, the PHI dataset and the Apache-2.0 licence, each stated in the paper (Nature), came "from the GitHub and Nature cards", the record not having read the licence, the CC BY-SA weights not carried, the closing offer tying Ithaca to "newer models like Aeneas", and no card citing the census record, built the day before (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).§29
  • Build: characters and words jointly; sparse-attention transformer blocks; three heads (Nature).2↘
    The text is processed "as character and word representations jointly" through eight stacked transformer decoder blocks after BigBird, each with four sparse attention heads, and three task heads for restoration, place and date (Nature), the post describing a sparse self-attention core that evaluates words and characters in parallel (the DeepMind post).§10 The 84 regions, the architecture, the PHI dataset and the Apache-2.0 licence, each stated in the paper (Nature), came "from the GitHub and Nature cards", the record not having read the licence, the CC BY-SA weights not carried, the closing offer tying Ithaca to "newer models like Aeneas", and no card citing the census record, built the day before (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).§29
  • Data: PHI's inscriptions, 7th c. BC–5th c. AD, as I.PHI, 78,608 texts (Nature; census record); its construction "the hidden achievement" (#1443).4↘
    Ithaca is a deep neural network "for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions" (Nature, 2022), which the Revelation First census record names Ithaca and files under AI and ancient texts, "machine reading, restoration and dating", as evidence of the kind "machine reading, restoration or dating" whose unit is "an inscription's restored text, attributed place and attributed date" and whose texts are ancient Greek inscriptions (census record).§1 It was trained on Greek inscriptions from across the ancient Mediterranean between the seventh century BC and the fifth century AD, from the Packard Humanities Institute's Searchable Greek Inscriptions (PHI), 178,551 transcribed texts in 84 ancient regions, processed into I.PHI, "containing 78,608 inscriptions" (Nature; the DeepMind post); the census gives its geography as the ancient Greek world and, from the abstract, its period as "not stated in the abstract" and its count as "not stated in the saved abstract" (census record).§8 The paper states that PHI "is a synthesis of generations of scholarly research" (Nature), and the archive's field survey reads the processing as the work itself: the model assumes "A large, clean, machine-actionable corpus", I.PHI "required an extended ruleset to normalise 84 regions and heterogeneous date formats", and "The dataset construction is the hidden achievement" (#1443).§9 The 84 regions, the architecture, the PHI dataset and the Apache-2.0 licence, each stated in the paper (Nature), came "from the GitHub and Nature cards", the record not having read the licence, the CC BY-SA weights not carried, the closing offer tying Ithaca to "newer models like Aeneas", and no card citing the census record, built the day before (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).§29

📊 What it scores

  • Alone: 62% restoration, 71% place, under 30 years from ground-truth ranges (Nature; census record).3↘
    Alone it restores damaged texts at 62% and attributes place at 71%, and it dates "to less than 30 years of their ground-truth ranges" (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia's 'dating precision of 30 years'); measured, that is a 26.3% character error rate and 61.8% top-1 restoration, 70.8% top-1 and 82.1% top-3 for regions, and an average distance of 29.3 years, "with a median distance of only 3 years", from the target brackets (Nature), which the census carries as its second finding (census record).§12 In the worked question of what machine dating of manuscripts can establish, Ithaca stands for "restoration, place and date for Greek inscriptions, within 30 years of ground truth": "Machine dating is calibrated on a corpus. What it establishes holds for that corpus and that kind of evidence", and "None of the four dates a New Testament papyrus or a composition" (census record), the thirty years being the paper's distance from "ground-truth ranges" (Nature).§26 The paper's frame was "carried only by the collaboration figures", the redating of Classical Athens and the model's year absent, the "academic partners" unnamed, and "within 30 years of their true historical creation date" an inflation of the record's "ground-truth ranges", the paper's words (Nature), the plausible suggestions not carried (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).§28
  • With historians: 25% to 72% (Nature; census record).1↘
    With it, historians' restoration accuracy rose "from 25% to 72%", which the paper reads as "the synergistic effect of this research tool" (Nature) and the post as expert historians "surpassing the model’s individual performance" (the DeepMind post); the census carries it as its first finding and the method as "evaluated alone and with historians" (census record), and the archive's survey restates the figures from the paper (#1443).§13
  • Contested: the evaluators were students, says Eleanor Dickey; the paper names two experts (Wikipedia; Nature).1↘
    The paper's human baseline is "two evaluators with epigraphical expertise (‘ancient historian’)", and it thanks "the student annotators and baseline evaluators" of the Athens University of Economics and Business's MSc in Digital Methods for the Humanities and of Oxford's Faculty of Classics (Nature); the encyclopedia reports the authors' claim for "expert historians" and that "Eleanor Dickey noted that this test was actually only made of students", it being unclear how helpful Ithaca would be to "genuinely qualified editors" (Wikipedia).§14
  • Athens: held-out decrees dated to 421 BC (Nature).1↘
    On the disputed Athenian decrees, held out of training, its predictions average 421 BC and sit on average 5 years from the modern 'lower' dating where the dataset's labels sit 27 years off (Nature), the work by which the paper says it is "redating key texts of Classical Athens" (Nature) and historians "have already used the tool to reevaluate significant periods in Greek history" (the DeepMind post).§17

🔍 The archive's reading

  • The gain: interface design, ranked hypotheses not a verdict (#1443).2↘
    With it, historians' restoration accuracy rose "from 25% to 72%", which the paper reads as "the synergistic effect of this research tool" (Nature) and the post as expert historians "surpassing the model’s individual performance" (the DeepMind post); the census carries it as its first finding and the method as "evaluated alone and with historians" (census record), and the archive's survey restates the figures from the paper (#1443).§13 The archive's field survey reads the figure as a property of the interface: "this is not "AI helps."" — "The 25→72 gain cannot come from accuracy: the model alone scores 62, below the collaborative figure"; it comes from interface design, "ranked top-20 hypotheses with saliency, not a verdict; the historian evaluates alternatives rather than accepting an answer" (#1443).§15
  • The hazard: register suppression belongs to single-verdict interfaces, not machine reading as such (#1406; #1443).1↘
    The archive defines differential register prioritization as "a condition in which multiple interpretive fields are available, but some are weighted in ways that suppress or erase others, materially altering the reading of ambiguous language", a specification weakened "if reading systems can be shown to reliably recover suppressed registers without branch-preservation" (#1406); its field survey reads Ithaca as "empirical evidence that the hazard is a property of single-verdict interfaces, not of machine reading as such", with ranked-alternative presentation the mitigation, which "converts an internal warning into a design requirement with external validation" (#1443).§16
  • Unaskable: its authors cannot be consulted (#1443).1↘
    The paper holds that the scale of its data can challenge errors in the academic tradition "notwithstanding the fact that the dataset in question is originally based on the accumulated academic tradition", and that "The limitations of discretizing and amalgamating date ranges of different levels of precision based on past scholarship have been noted", which its scale at least partially meets (Nature); the archive's survey states what such an instrument cannot ask: attestation is answerable "only where there is a living author who can sign, date, photograph, enroll, attest, consent, and be asked again next year", and "Vesuvius and Ithaca work on authors who cannot be consulted" (#1443).§19

⚠️ Its limits

  • Assistive: designed to assist; restorations are plausible suggestions (Nature; census record).1↘
    Its frame is stated in the abstract, "Ithaca is designed to assist and expand the historian’s workflow", its architecture focused on "collaboration, decision support and interpretability" (Nature; census record): "an assistive tool" that proposes "possible solutions for the scholar to consider", none of whose restorations "are assumed to be objectively certain—instead, they are presented as plausible suggestions" (Nature).§18
  • Tradition: its data rests on the scholarship it corrects (Nature).1↘
    The paper holds that the scale of its data can challenge errors in the academic tradition "notwithstanding the fact that the dataset in question is originally based on the accumulated academic tradition", and that "The limitations of discretizing and amalgamating date ranges of different levels of precision based on past scholarship have been noted", which its scale at least partially meets (Nature); the archive's survey states what such an instrument cannot ask: attestation is answerable "only where there is a living author who can sign, date, photograph, enroll, attest, consent, and be asked again next year", and "Vesuvius and Ithaca work on authors who cannot be consulted" (#1443).§19
  • Not the New Testament: it dates inscriptions, not manuscripts or literary works (census record).3↘
    The census asks of each resource "What evidence does each resource hold on when and from what the New Testament writings were composed, and how do machines now read those texts?", and answers for Ithaca "how accurately a model restores, places and dates Greek inscriptions, and how much it helps historians", not "the dating of manuscripts or literary works" nor "anything on the New Testament" (census record).§24 Its reading, the archive's: "Machine dating of Greek text: inscriptions, not manuscripts. A method the dating workstream can watch; it bears on the thesis only as machine dating moves toward literary and papyrus evidence", with the tags "NOT a manuscript-dating model" and "NOT a New Testament resource", under the census's correction that "Revelation First is the priority thesis", not the pre-70 date (census record); the authors, for their part, hold the methods applicable "to all disciplines dealing with ancient text (papyrology, numismatics, codicology), to any language (ancient or modern)" (Nature).§25 In the worked question of what machine dating of manuscripts can establish, Ithaca stands for "restoration, place and date for Greek inscriptions, within 30 years of ground truth": "Machine dating is calibrated on a corpus. What it establishes holds for that corpus and that kind of evidence", and "None of the four dates a New Testament papyrus or a composition" (census record), the thirty years being the paper's distance from "ground-truth ranges" (Nature).§26

📖 Revelation First

  • Reading: a method to watch as machine dating nears papyri (census record); its methods claimed for papyrology (Nature).2↘
    Its reading, the archive's: "Machine dating of Greek text: inscriptions, not manuscripts. A method the dating workstream can watch; it bears on the thesis only as machine dating moves toward literary and papyrus evidence", with the tags "NOT a manuscript-dating model" and "NOT a New Testament resource", under the census's correction that "Revelation First is the priority thesis", not the pre-70 date (census record); the authors, for their part, hold the methods applicable "to all disciplines dealing with ancient text (papyrology, numismatics, codicology), to any language (ancient or modern)" (Nature).§25 In the worked question of what machine dating of manuscripts can establish, Ithaca stands for "restoration, place and date for Greek inscriptions, within 30 years of ground truth": "Machine dating is calibrated on a corpus. What it establishes holds for that corpus and that kind of evidence", and "None of the four dates a New Testament papyrus or a composition" (census record), the thirty years being the paper's distance from "ground-truth ranges" (Nature).§26

🔗 Access and lineage

  • Interface: Predicting the Past, beside Aeneas (Predicting the Past; census record).3↘
    The interface site calls Ithaca and Aeneas "generative AI models designed to assist historians in the study of ancient Greek and Latin inscriptions", part of "a wider initiative on developing collaborative AI for historical research" (Predicting the Past).§3 It is used through "an open-source and publicly available interface" at ithaca.deepmind.com (Nature; census record), now served as Predicting the Past, "Contextualising, restoring, and attributing ancient texts" (Predicting the Past), launched with Google Cloud and Google Arts & Culture with the code, the pretrained model and a Colaboratory notebook open-sourced, its web interface built by Justin Grayston, Benjamin Maynard and Ricardo Cardenas of Google Cloud (the DeepMind post); the census reads the saved page as "a JavaScript application" with the paper open in Nature and left "the interface (JavaScript)" and "the training corpus" unchecked (census record).§20 Versions for other ancient languages were in progress, "from Akkadian to Demotic and Hebrew to Mayan" (the DeepMind post; Wikipedia); the census names its neighbour Aeneas as "DeepMind's later model for Latin inscriptions" (census record), the model the interface site presents beside it.§23
  • Licences: code Apache 2.0, weights CC BY-SA, article CC BY; the census's licence unread (Nature; census record).2↘
    The training and inference code is on GitHub "under Apache License 2.0, along with the trained weights, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International", and the article is licensed under CC BY 4.0 (Nature); the census records its licence as "not read" (census record).§21 The 84 regions, the architecture, the PHI dataset and the Apache-2.0 licence, each stated in the paper (Nature), came "from the GitHub and Nature cards", the record not having read the licence, the CC BY-SA weights not carried, the closing offer tying Ithaca to "newer models like Aeneas", and no card citing the census record, built the day before (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).§29
  • Lineage: after Pythia (2019); other languages foreseen (Nature; DeepMind).2↘
    Its closest predecessor is Pythia, the authors' 2019 restoration model, which it builds on and extends (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia), and the paper calls it "to our knowledge the first epigraphic restoration and attribution model of its kind" (Nature).§22 Versions for other ancient languages were in progress, "from Akkadian to Demotic and Hebrew to Mayan" (the DeepMind post; Wikipedia); the census names its neighbour Aeneas as "DeepMind's later model for Latin inscriptions" (census record), the model the interface site presents beside it.§23
  • Name: Homer's island; bare, a homonym (Nature; Wikipedia; Capture Registry).3↘
    Ithaca is a deep neural network "for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions" (Nature, 2022), which the Revelation First census record names Ithaca and files under AI and ancient texts, "machine reading, restoration and dating", as evidence of the kind "machine reading, restoration or dating" whose unit is "an inscription's restored text, attributed place and attributed date" and whose texts are ancient Greek inscriptions (census record).§1 The name is the island's: Ithaca "was named after the Greek island that eluded the hero Odysseus’ homecoming" (Nature), after "the Greek island in Homer’s Odyssey" (the DeepMind post; Wikipedia), and the census gives its other name as "Ithaca (DeepMind)" (census record).§4 On the encyclopedia the bare name "most commonly refers to" Homer's Ithaca and is a disambiguation page that does not list the model, which has no article of its own (Wikipedia); the Capture Registry records that the operator "added the disambiguator to a name that is bare a homonym", and reads that 'DeepMind' selects the model from the island and the city (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).§5

🔎 At the name

  • Composed: the model held; frame, year, Athens and partners absent; 'true historical creation date' (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).2↘
    At 'Ithaca DeepMind' on 31 October 2026 Google's AI Overview gave "the model, its three tasks with their figures, how it is built and where it can be used, from its maker, its code and its paper": "THE MODEL HELD", the figures the record's own from the Nature abstract, "Google DeepMind named; no person; no identifier", at a dimensional PER of 0.105 (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31), the address carrying a disambiguator because the bare name is shared (census record).§27 The paper's frame was "carried only by the collaboration figures", the redating of Classical Athens and the model's year absent, the "academic partners" unnamed, and "within 30 years of their true historical creation date" an inflation of the record's "ground-truth ranges", the paper's words (Nature), the plausible suggestions not carried (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).§28
  • Cards: regions, build, data and licence from GitHub and Nature; the weights' licence dropped; no card cites the record (Capture Registry).1↘
    The 84 regions, the architecture, the PHI dataset and the Apache-2.0 licence, each stated in the paper (Nature), came "from the GitHub and Nature cards", the record not having read the licence, the CC BY-SA weights not carried, the closing offer tying Ithaca to "newer models like Aeneas", and no card citing the census record, built the day before (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).§29
  • Analysis: "composed by its benchmark"; thirty years, Enoch's margin (Capture Registry).1↘
    The registry's analysis: "A model is composed by its benchmark, accurately", and "What the field takes from Ithaca is the scale of the error: a machine dates an inscription to within thirty years and no closer, which is the same margin as Enoch's for the scrolls" (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).§30
1what it is: a neural network that restores, places and dates Greek inscriptionsNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature9 claims · B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, RF
  • F1 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s3 documented · field
    Here we present Ithaca, a deep neural network for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions.
  • RF-01 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].name stipulation
    Ithaca
  • RF-05 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].kind stipulation
    a deep neural network for restoring, placing and dating ancient Greek inscriptions
  • F2 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, standfirst documented · field
    Restoring, placing, and dating ancient texts through collaboration between AI and historians
  • F3 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s1 documented · field
    we jointly introduce Ithaca, the first deep neural network that can restore the missing text of damaged inscriptions, identify their original location, and help establish the date they were created.
  • F4 GitHub — GitHub - google-deepmind/ithaca: Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks · GitHub, card snippet (unreachable card) documented · field
    Overview: Ithaca is a deep neural network developed by DeepMind and academic partners for restoring, geographically attributing, and chronologically dating anci...
  • F7 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s2 documented · field
    This deep neural network helps researchers restore the empty text of damaged Greek documents, and to identify their date and geographical origin.
  • F5 Predicting the Past — Predicting the Past, meta description s1 documented · field
    Ithaca and Aeneas are generative AI models designed to assist historians in the study of ancient Greek and Latin inscriptions.
  • F6 Predicting the Past — Predicting the Past, meta description s2 documented · field
    They are part of a wider initiative on developing collaborative AI for historical research.
2what the record asks: what evidence it holds, on which texts, for which questionsRF9 claims · RF
  • RF-06 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].intersections stipulation
    ["ai-ancient-texts"]
  • RF-07 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json intersections['ai-ancient-texts'] stipulation
    AI and ancient texts: machine reading, restoration and dating
  • RF-08 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].evidence_kind stipulation
    ["machine reading, restoration or dating"]
  • RF-09 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].unit stipulation
    an inscription's restored text, attributed place and attributed date
  • RF-10 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].text_object stipulation
    ancient Greek inscriptions
  • RF-31 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json organizing_question stipulation
    What evidence does each resource hold on when and from what the New Testament writings were composed, and how do machines now read those texts?
  • RF-18 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].answers[0] interpretation
    how accurately a model restores, places and dates Greek inscriptions, and how much it helps historians
  • RF-19 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].does_not_answer[0] interpretation
    the dating of manuscripts or literary works
  • RF-20 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].does_not_answer[1] interpretation
    anything on the New Testament
3the name: Homer's islandNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature6 claims · B1, B4, B5, RF, capture-registry
  • F8 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Deep learning for epigraphy' ¶2 documented · field
    Ithaca, which was named after the Greek island that eluded the hero Odysseus’ homecoming
  • F9 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s2 documented · field
    Ithaca is named after the Greek island in Homer’s Odyssey and builds upon and extends Pythia , our previous system that focused on textual restoration.
  • F10 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s1 documented · field
    Google has unveiled a new archaeology document program, named Ithaca after the Greek island in Homer's Odyssey .
  • RF-02 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].aka stipulation
    ["Ithaca (DeepMind)"]
  • CAP-1-09 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, q_kind documented
    The operator added the disambiguator to a name that is bare a homonym.
  • CAP-1-12 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_dim.basis interpretation
    The operator's disambiguator 'DeepMind' selects the model from the homonym Ithaca (the island, the city); the composition is of the model throughout, by its own three tasks.
4reception: the encyclopedia and the bare nameWikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model)1 claim · B5
  • F62 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Wikipedia 'Ithaca' (disambiguation page), opening documented · field
    Ithaca most commonly refers to: Homer's Ithaca , an island featured in Homer's Odyssey
5the makers: DeepMind, its academic partners and the paper's authorsNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature6 claims · B1, B4, RF
  • RF-04 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].operator attributed
    DeepMind with historians and collaborators; described in Nature (2022)
  • F11 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶2 documented · field
    we collaborated with the Department of Humanities of Ca' Foscari University of Venice , the Classics Faculty of the University of Oxford , and the Department of Informatics of the Athens University of Economics and Business
  • F12 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Author information, Author notes and Affiliations documented · field
    These authors contributed equally: Yannis Assael, Thea Sommerschield … DeepMind, London, UK … Department of Humanities, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy … Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece … Faculty of Classics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  • F13 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, article header documented · field
    Published: 09 March 2022 … Nature volume 603 , pages 280–283 ( 2022 )
  • RF-25 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].founded documented
    2022
  • RF-24 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].lifecycle.detail documented
    published 2022; interface online
6the problem: damaged, moved and undatable inscriptionsNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature3 claims · B1, B4
  • F14 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s2 documented · field
    many inscriptions have been damaged to the point of illegibility, transported far from their original location and their date of writing is steeped in uncertainty.
  • F15 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main ¶1 documented · field
    radiocarbon dating is unusable owing to the inorganic nature of most inscribed supports
  • F16 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶1 documented · field
    modern dating techniques, such as radiocarbon dating , cannot be used on these materials, making inscriptions difficult and time-consuming to interpret.
7the data: PHI and I.PHINature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature10 claims · #1443, B1, B4, RF
  • F17 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Deep learning for epigraphy' ¶2 documented · field
    was trained on inscriptions written in the ancient Greek language and across the ancient Mediterranean world between the seventh century bc and the fifth century ad
  • F18 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Working with Greek inscriptions' documented · field
    dataset, which consists of the transcribed texts of 178,551 inscriptions … PHI lists a total of 84 ancient regions
  • F19 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Working with Greek inscriptions' documented · field
    the resulting dataset I.PHI is to our knowledge the largest multitask dataset of machine-actionable epigraphical text, containing 78,608 inscriptions.
  • F20 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Data availability documented · field
    Ithaca was trained on The Packard Humanities Institute’s Searchable Greek Inscriptions public dataset, PHI
  • F21 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools' ¶1 documented · field
    Ithaca is trained on the largest digital dataset of Greek inscriptions from the Packard Humanities Institute .
  • RF-12 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].coverage.geography documented
    the ancient Greek world
  • RF-13 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].coverage.period documented
    as its training corpus (not stated in the abstract)
  • RF-14 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].count documented
    not stated in the saved abstract
  • F22 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Data circularity' documented · field
    Ithaca’s source dataset (PHI) is a synthesis of generations of scholarly research.
  • D1443-02 #1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifa Sharks, Lee · 2026-08-09 · §2.3 'Assumes.' interpretation
    **Assumes.** A large, clean, machine-actionable corpus. I.PHI required an extended ruleset to normalise 84 regions and heterogeneous date formats. **The dataset construction is the hidden achievement.**
8the architecture: characters and words, sparse attention, three headsNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature4 claims · B1, B4
  • F23 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Ithaca is a model for epigraphic tasks' ¶1 documented · field
    we process the input text as character and word representations jointly
  • F24 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Torso' documented · field
    The architecture of Ithaca’s torso consists of eight stacked transformer decoder blocks, inspired by the large-scale transformer model BigBird 73 . Every block uses four sparse attention heads
  • F25 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Ithaca is a model for epigraphic tasks' ¶2 documented · field
    The final output of the torso is passed to three different task heads that handle restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution, respectively.
  • F26 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools' ¶1 documented · field
    we trained it using both words and the individual characters as inputs. The sparse self-attention mechanism at the model’s core evaluates these two inputs in parallel
9the outputs: ranked hypotheses, distributions, saliencyNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature5 claims · B1, B4
  • F27 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Interpreting the outputs' ¶1 documented · field
    Ithaca offers a set of the top 20 decoded predictions ranked by probability
  • F28 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Restoration hypotheses) documented · field
    Ithaca generates several prediction hypotheses for the text restoration task for historians to choose from using their expertise.
  • F29 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Geographical attribution) documented · field
    Ithaca shows its uncertainty by giving historians a probability distribution over all possible predictions – instead of just a single output.
  • F30 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Interpreting the outputs' ¶3 documented · field
    Ithaca discretizes all dates between 800 bc and ad 800 into 10-year bins, resulting in 160 decades.
  • F31 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Saliency maps) documented · field
    Ithaca uses a technique commonly used in computer vision that identifies which input sequences contribute most to a prediction.
10the headline figures: 62%, 71%, within 30 yearsNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature5 claims · B1, B4, B5, RF
  • F32 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s7 documented · field
    Ithaca can attribute inscriptions to their original location with an accuracy of 71% and can date them to less than 30 years of their ground-truth ranges, redating key texts of Classical Athens and contributing to topical debates in ancient history.
  • F33 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s3 documented · field
    Our evaluations show that Ithaca achieves 62% accuracy in restoring damaged texts, 71% accuracy in identifying their original location, and can date texts to within 30 years of their ground-truth date ranges.
  • F34 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Experimental evaluation' ¶3 documented · field
    scoring a 26.3% CER and 61.8% top 1 accuracy … Ithaca has 70.8% top 1 and 82.1% top 3 predictive accuracy … have an average distance of 29.3 years from the target dating brackets, with a median distance of only 3 years.
  • F35 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s4 documented · field
    Ithaca achieves 62% accuracy in restoring damaged texts and 71% location accuracy, and has a dating precision of 30 years.
  • RF-16 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].findings[1] attributed
    71% accuracy attributing location; dates within 30 years of ground-truth ranges, redating key texts of Classical Athens
11the collaboration figure: 25% to 72%, and who the evaluators wereNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature9 claims · #1443, B1, B4, B5, RF
  • F36 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s6 documented · field
    While Ithaca alone achieves 62% accuracy when restoring damaged texts, the use of Ithaca by historians improved their accuracy from 25% to 72%, confirming the synergistic effect of this research tool.
  • F38 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶1 documented · field
    The expert historians we worked with achieved 25% accuracy when working alone to restore ancient texts. But, when using Ithaca, their performance increases to 72%, surpassing the model’s individual performance
  • RF-15 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].findings[0] attributed
    62% accuracy restoring damaged texts alone; historians' accuracy rose from 25% to 72% with it
  • RF-11 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].method attributed
    deep neural network trained on Greek inscriptions; evaluated alone and with historians
  • D1443-01 #1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifa Sharks, Lee · 2026-08-09 · §2.3 ¶1 documented
    Trained on **I.PHI**, 78,608 inscriptions from the Packard Humanities Institute. Restoration: model **62%**; historians **25%**; **historians with Ithaca 72%**. Geographic attribution 71%; dating within ~30 years.
  • F37 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Experimental evaluation' ¶1 documented · field
    we evaluate the difficulty of the restoration task by assigning two evaluators with epigraphical expertise (‘ancient historian’) a set of damaged inscriptions to restore
  • F39 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Acknowledgements documented · field
    the student annotators and baseline evaluators of the Athens University of Economics and Business (MSc in Digital Methods for the Humanities) and the University of Oxford (Faculty of Classics)
  • F40 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s5 documented · field
    The authors claimed that the use of Ithaca by "expert historians" raised the accuracy of their work from 25 to 72 percent.
  • F41 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s6 documented · field
    However, Eleanor Dickey noted that this test was actually only made of students, saying that it wasn't clear how helpful Ithaca would be to "genuinely qualified editors".
12the archive's reading: the gain from interface design, the single-verdict hazard#1406 Differential Register Prioritization in Machine-Mediated Reading: A Sp · 2026-07-215 claims · #1406, #1443
  • D1443-03 #1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifa Sharks, Lee · 2026-08-09 · §2.3 'Developmental space' interpretation
    **Developmental space — this is not "AI helps."** The 25→72 gain cannot come from accuracy: the model alone scores 62, *below* the collaborative figure. It comes from **interface design** — ranked top-20 hypotheses with saliency, not a verdict; the historian evaluates alternatives rather than accepting an answer.
  • O1406-01 #1406 Differential Register Prioritization in Machine-Mediated Reading: A Specification for Interpretive Authority over Handwr Lee Sharks · 2026-07-21 · §1 'What we can and cannot claim' stipulation
    **differential register prioritization** — *a condition in which multiple interpretive fields are available, but some are weighted in ways that suppress or erase others, materially altering the reading of ambiguous language.*
  • O1406-02 #1406 Differential Register Prioritization in Machine-Mediated Reading: A Specification for Interpretive Authority over Handwr Lee Sharks · 2026-07-21 · Falsification Conditions stipulation
    The specification is weakened if reading systems can be shown to reliably recover suppressed registers without branch-preservation;
  • D1443-04 #1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifa Sharks, Lee · 2026-08-09 · §2.3 'Developmental space' ¶2 interpretation
    This bears directly on the archive's **Differential Register Prioritization** (`AXN:058F`, #1406), which specifies the hazard that a machine's early reading suppresses later interpretive fields. Ithaca is empirical evidence that **the hazard is a property of single-verdict interfaces, not of machine reading as such**, and that ranked-alternative presentation is the mitigation.
  • D1443-05 #1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifa Sharks, Lee · 2026-08-09 · §2.3 'Developmental space' ¶2 interpretation
    That converts an internal warning into a design requirement with external validation.
13redating Classical AthensNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature3 claims · B1, B4
  • F42 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶3 documented · field
    whereas the I.PHI labels are on average 27 years off the ‘lower’ dating proposed by modern re-evaluations, Ithaca’s predictions are on average only 5 years off the newly proposed ground truths.
  • F43 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶4 documented · field
    Ithaca’s average predicted date for all of these decrees is 421 bc
  • F44 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s4 documented · field
    Historians have already used the tool to reevaluate significant periods in Greek history.
14the stated limits: an assistive tool, plausible suggestions, the tradition in the dataNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature6 claims · B4, RF
  • F45 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s4–5 documented · field
    Ithaca is designed to assist and expand the historian’s workflow. The architecture of Ithaca focuses on collaboration, decision support and interpretability.
  • RF-17 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].stated_limits[0] attributed
    designed to assist and expand the historian's workflow
  • F46 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Data circularity' documented · field
    Rather, Ithaca is an assistive tool aiming to improve on and facilitate a scholarly process of induction, model uncertainty and propose possible solutions for the scholar to consider.
  • F47 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Data circularity' documented · field
    none of Ithaca’s proposed restorations are assumed to be objectively certain—instead, they are presented as plausible suggestions.
  • F48 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Contributing to historical debates' (the decrees) documented · field
    The fact that Ithaca was trained on the largest available dataset of Greek epigraphic texts makes it possible to challenge or overcome individual biases or, indeed, errors in the existing academic tradition, notwithstanding the fact that the dataset in question is originally based on the accumulated academic tradition.
  • F49 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Training on epigraphic tasks' documented · field
    The limitations of discretizing and amalgamating date ranges of different levels of precision based on past scholarship have been noted
15what the instrument cannot ask: authors who cannot be consulted#1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem · 2026-08-091 claim · #1443
  • D1443-06 #1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifa Sharks, Lee · 2026-08-09 · Part X, 'the enabling condition' interpretation
    Each of Q1–Q10 is answerable only where there is **a living author who can sign, date, photograph, enroll, attest, consent, and be asked again next year.** Vesuvius and Ithaca work on authors who cannot be consulted;
16access and licences: the interface, the code, the weights, the articleNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature10 claims · B1, B3, B4, RF
  • F51 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Conclusions ¶1 documented · field
    our interdisciplinary team created an open-source and publicly available interface ( https://ithaca.deepmind.com ), enabling historians to use Ithaca for their personal research
  • RF-03 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].url documented
    https://ithaca.deepmind.com/
  • F50 Predicting the Past — Predicting the Past, title documented · field
    Predicting the Past | Contextualising, restoring, and attributing ancient texts
  • F52 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶4 documented · field
    we partnered with Google Cloud and Google Arts & Culture to launch a free interactive version of Ithaca . And to aid further research, we have also open sourced our code, the pretrained model, and an interactive Colaboratory notebook.
  • F53 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, Notes documented · field
    The Ithaca web interface was developed by Justin Grayston, Benjamin Maynard, and Ricardo Cardenas from Google Cloud.
  • RF-22 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].data_access documented
    an interactive interface (the saved page is a JavaScript application); the paper is open in Nature
  • RF-30 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].unchecked documented
    ["the interface (JavaScript)", "the training corpus"]
  • F54 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Code availability documented · field
    Ithaca’s training and inference source code is available at GitHub ( https://github.com/deepmind/ithaca ) under Apache License 2.0, along with the trained weights, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.
  • F55 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Rights and permissions documented · field
    Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  • RF-23 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].license documented
    not read
17genealogy and successors: Pythia before, other languages and Aeneas afterNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature7 claims · B1, B4, B5, RF, capture-registry
  • F56 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Previous work' ¶2 documented · field
    The closest work to Ithaca is our 2019 research on ancient text restoration: Pythia
  • F57 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s3 documented · field
    The work builds on another text analysis network that DeepMind released in 2019, named Pythia.
  • F58 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Conclusions ¶1 documented · field
    Ithaca is to our knowledge the first epigraphic restoration and attribution model of its kind.
  • F59 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶4 documented · field
    we are currently working on versions of Ithaca trained on other ancient languages and historians can already use their datasets in the current architecture to study other ancient writing systems, from Akkadian to Demotic and Hebrew to Mayan
  • F60 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s7 documented · field
    The team is working on extending the model to other ancient languages, including Demotic , Akkadian , Hebrew , and Mayan .
  • RF-28 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].relations[0] documented
    Aeneas is DeepMind's later model for Latin inscriptions
  • CAP-1-16 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_dim.read.notes documented
    Deposit chain present: the interface's current home, Predicting the Past, is offered as the way to the work, and the closing offer ties Ithaca to 'newer models like Aeneas' (the record: upgraded in July 2025 to be powered by Aeneas).
18where it meets Revelation First: machine dating watched, inscriptions not manuscriptsRF8 claims · RF, capture-registry
  • RF-21 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].rf_intersection interpretation
    Machine dating of Greek text: inscriptions, not manuscripts. A method the dating workstream can watch; it bears on the thesis only as machine dating moves toward literary and papyrus evidence.
  • RF-26 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].negative_tags[0] stipulation
    NOT a manuscript-dating model
  • RF-27 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].negative_tags[1] stipulation
    NOT a New Testament resource
  • RF-32 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json correction stipulation
    Revelation First ≠ Revelation Early. The pre-70 date is the old argument (Robinson, 1976; Gentry, 1989); Revelation First is the priority thesis: the rest of the New Testament unfolds from the Apocalypse.
  • RF-33 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · questions.json questions[id == 'machine-dating'].resources[slug == 'ithaca'].role interpretation
    restoration, place and date for Greek inscriptions, within 30 years of ground truth
  • RF-34 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · questions.json questions[id == 'machine-dating'].why interpretation
    Machine dating is calibrated on a corpus. What it establishes holds for that corpus and that kind of evidence.
  • RF-35 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · questions.json questions[id == 'machine-dating'].gap interpretation
    None of the four dates a New Testament papyrus or a composition; each dates or reads copies within its own corpus.
  • CAP-1-08 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, analysis interpretation
    What the field takes from Ithaca is the scale of the error: a machine dates an inscription to within thirty years and no closer, which is the same margin as Enoch's for the scrolls.
19scope: other ancient texts and disciplinesNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature1 claim · B4
  • F61 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Conclusions ¶2 documented · field
    the methods introduced in this research apply to all disciplines dealing with ancient text (papyrology, numismatics, codicology), to any language (ancient or modern)
20the composition at the nameRF14 claims · RF, capture-registry
  • CAP-1-06 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, reading interpretation
    The Overview gives the model, its three tasks with their figures, how it is built and where it can be used, from its maker, its code and its paper.
  • CAP-1-01 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, findings[0] documented
    THE MODEL HELD. 'Restores missing or damaged characters with 62% accuracy on its own (raising human historian accuracy from 25% to 72% when collaborating)', 'with 71% accuracy', 'within 30 years of their true historical creation date': the record's figures, from the Nature abstract.
  • CAP-1-11 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_note documented
    Google DeepMind named; no person; no identifier; DeepMind's page, the code and the Nature paper cited.
  • CAP-1-17 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_dim.scores documented
    {"M": 0.0, "C": 1.0, "D": 0.0, "PER": 0.105}
  • RF-29 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].relations[1] documented
    the composition layer's account of the resource at its common name, signed out, seated in the Capture Registry with its dimensional PER; the address carries a disambiguator, the bare name being shared
  • CAP-1-02 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, findings[1] documented
    THE STATED LIMIT AS FIGURES. The paper's own frame, 'Ithaca is designed to assist and expand the historian’s workflow', is carried only by the collaboration figures.
  • CAP-1-03 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, findings[1] documented
    The redating of key texts of Classical Athens, the record's second finding, is absent.
  • CAP-1-05 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, findings[3] documented
    THE DATE OF THE MODEL ABSENT. The paper is of 2022; the composition gives no year.
  • CAP-1-15 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_dim.read.notes documented
    Institution absent: the 'academic partners' are not named.
  • CAP-1-13 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_dim.read.notes interpretation
    One departure noted, not charged: 'within 30 years of their true historical creation date' inflates the record's 'ground-truth ranges' (the epigraphers' proposed dates, L84, L191); the record's commitment that restorations are plausible suggestions, never certain, is not carried.
  • CAP-1-04 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, findings[2] documented
    FIGURES BEYOND THE RECORD. 'across 84 regions', the architecture ('stacked transformer decoder blocks and sparse multi-head attention'), the PHI dataset and 'the Apache-2.0 license' come from the GitHub and Nature cards; the record did not read the licence.
  • CAP-1-14 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_dim.read.notes documented
    Commitments present: the open-sourcing under Apache-2.0 is carried as the model's own (the CC BY-SA weights and the public interface's purpose are not).
  • CAP-1-10 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, q_kind documented
    A baseline: the record was built on revelationfirst.com the day before and no card cites it.
  • CAP-1-07 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, analysis interpretation
    A model is composed by its benchmark, accurately.
AIO's transcript, a record · Ithaca DeepMind · Google AI Overview (expanded) · 161 words · 4 cards
[Google AI Overview at the query, signed out and incognito (operator defaults of 2026-10-01 and 2026-10-14), received 2026-10-31 00:04 EDT. The paste is the Overview expanded (the 'AI Mode Conversation' view, with the source cards that follow the answer); the 'You said' line carries the query twice, run together, and is given once here. Inline links are Google redirect URLs, kept as pasted.]

[QUERENT] Ithaca DeepMind

[SYSTEM] Ithaca is a deep neural network developed by Google DeepMind and academic partners to restore, geographically attribute, and chronologically date damaged ancient Greek inscriptions. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESYQHrOzAV9bhPXwiPFAkk0WrtjwF69osLlHBUWNzzI69S1WtwZTqUCsUsFHJRmbHqvOTqawUMo9x8Q-JEjDS2uEGe-nwFB8K7bhK_9tMlb9RUSeY2GDejKtZrzQPcaK1YQ8A)]
Key Capabilities
   * Text Restoration: Restores missing or damaged characters with 62% accuracy on its own (raising human historian accuracy from 25% to 72% when collaborating). [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESYQHrOzAV9bhPXwiPFAkk0WrtjwF69osLlHBUWNzzI69S1WtwZTqUCsUsFHJRmbHqvOTqawUMo9x8Q-JEjDS2uEGe-nwFB8K7bhK_9tMlb9RUSeY2GDejKtZrzQPcaK1YQ8A)]
   * Geographical Attribution: Identifies the original geographic location across 84 regions with 71% accuracy. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESdQHrOzAV_0MWkpVTpN7uvNvXlOBaZ40iii-iOTMqzp09h7b0HxKyB-_B3anpWxAEboASgFYZPv2f1wL6NWVEbFQlf4ki9DS6MGXMox5jtuJ6YxNutsIntryMo_rhg8_NQ3HN7Mpl7kEKmaM9FC0kvaP9Eb726w), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESagHrOzAVvUud25tCo9gLWQgmo4vGXjLWeVFxE5AU0Uki3Gg-oMDVXRFMODGH1hrVZkipV_2rQt9md-GkhXBTCM2McqHlXUfunJiUdmKCar8LAG0D4xDoHA6uzaN6yPDhb_m-D2SdWYGdhSk)]
   * Chronological Dating: Dates inscriptions within 30 years of their true historical creation date. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESdQHrOzAV_0MWkpVTpN7uvNvXlOBaZ40iii-iOTMqzp09h7b0HxKyB-_B3anpWxAEboASgFYZPv2f1wL6NWVEbFQlf4ki9DS6MGXMox5jtuJ6YxNutsIntryMo_rhg8_NQ3HN7Mpl7kEKmaM9FC0kvaP9Eb726w)]
How It Works
   * Architecture: Uses joint character and word embeddings with stacked transformer decoder blocks and sparse multi-head attention. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESagHrOzAVvUud25tCo9gLWQgmo4vGXjLWeVFxE5AU0Uki3Gg-oMDVXRFMODGH1hrVZkipV_2rQt9md-GkhXBTCM2McqHlXUfunJiUdmKCar8LAG0D4xDoHA6uzaN6yPDhb_m-D2SdWYGdhSk), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESdQHrOzAV_0MWkpVTpN7uvNvXlOBaZ40iii-iOTMqzp09h7b0HxKyB-_B3anpWxAEboASgFYZPv2f1wL6NWVEbFQlf4ki9DS6MGXMox5jtuJ6YxNutsIntryMo_rhg8_NQ3HN7Mpl7kEKmaM9FC0kvaP9Eb726w)]
   * Training Data: Trained on the Packard Humanities Institute (PHI) Searchable Greek Inscriptions dataset. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESdQHrOzAV_0MWkpVTpN7uvNvXlOBaZ40iii-iOTMqzp09h7b0HxKyB-_B3anpWxAEboASgFYZPv2f1wL6NWVEbFQlf4ki9DS6MGXMox5jtuJ6YxNutsIntryMo_rhg8_NQ3HN7Mpl7kEKmaM9FC0kvaP9Eb726w), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESYQHrOzAV9bhPXwiPFAkk0WrtjwF69osLlHBUWNzzI69S1WtwZTqUCsUsFHJRmbHqvOTqawUMo9x8Q-JEjDS2uEGe-nwFB8K7bhK_9tMlb9RUSeY2GDejKtZrzQPcaK1YQ8A)]
   * Access & Open Source: The code is open-sourced under the Apache-2.0 license via the [GitHub - Google-DeepMind Ithaca Repository](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESYQHrOzAV9bhPXwiPFAkk0WrtjwF69osLlHBUWNzzI69S1WtwZTqUCsUsFHJRmbHqvOTqawUMo9x8Q-JEjDS2uEGe-nwFB8K7bhK_9tMlb9RUSeY2GDejKtZrzQPcaK1YQ8A), and interactive research tools can be explored through [Predicting the Past](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESVgHrOzAV5xjfiCSPWOfGgOXOl09A2Ia9t8w6n3GOcZKu8sNgrR6XHIbDPTs6hdVLhRmsBR_nK-WQVer7zY6gPSmm1pIQT5soqR4Dqyo3prIvXmk6EpMN). [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESVgHrOzAV5xjfiCSPWOfGgOXOl09A2Ia9t8w6n3GOcZKu8sNgrR6XHIbDPTs6hdVLhRmsBR_nK-WQVer7zY6gPSmm1pIQT5soqR4Dqyo3prIvXmk6EpMN), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESYQHrOzAV9bhPXwiPFAkk0WrtjwF69osLlHBUWNzzI69S1WtwZTqUCsUsFHJRmbHqvOTqawUMo9x8Q-JEjDS2uEGe-nwFB8K7bhK_9tMlb9RUSeY2GDejKtZrzQPcaK1YQ8A)]
Would you like to know more about how Ithaca connects with newer models like Aeneas or how historians use the Predicting the Past platform?
Google DeepMind
Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind
Core: Ithaca deep neural network (restores ancient Greek inscriptions, identifies geographic origins, establishes creation dates). Architecture: Sparse multi-he...
GitHub
GitHub - google-deepmind/ithaca: Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks · GitHub
Overview: Ithaca is a deep neural network developed by DeepMind and academic partners for restoring, geographically attributing, and chronologically dating anci...
Predicting the Past
Predicting the Past
Contextualising, restoring, and attributing ancient texts Ithaca and Aeneas are generative AI models designed to assist historians in the study of ancient Greek...
Nature
Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature
Model: Ithaca, a deep neural network trained on ancient Greek inscriptions (7th century BC to 5th century AD) from the I.PHI dataset (78,608 texts), simultaneou...

register entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031

Expansion · Field and archive, equal terms — L(B ∪ A)30 sentences · every one sourced below

Ithaca (DeepMind)

Ithaca is a deep neural network "for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions" (Nature, 2022), which the Revelation First census record names Ithaca and files under AI and ancient texts, "machine reading, restoration and dating", as evidence of the kind "machine reading, restoration or dating" whose unit is "an inscription's restored text, attributed place and attributed date" and whose texts are ancient Greek inscriptions (census record). Its makers state the work as "Restoring, placing, and dating ancient texts through collaboration between AI and historians" and introduce Ithaca as the first deep neural network to restore the missing text of damaged inscriptions, identify their original location and help establish their date (the DeepMind post); the repository's card gives "a deep neural network developed by DeepMind and academic partners" (GitHub card), and the encyclopedia one that "helps researchers restore the empty text of damaged Greek documents" and identify their date and origin (Wikipedia). The interface site calls Ithaca and Aeneas "generative AI models designed to assist historians in the study of ancient Greek and Latin inscriptions", part of "a wider initiative on developing collaborative AI for historical research" (Predicting the Past).

The name is the island's: Ithaca "was named after the Greek island that eluded the hero Odysseus’ homecoming" (Nature), after "the Greek island in Homer’s Odyssey" (the DeepMind post; Wikipedia), and the census gives its other name as "Ithaca (DeepMind)" (census record). On the encyclopedia the bare name "most commonly refers to" Homer's Ithaca and is a disambiguation page that does not list the model, which has no article of its own (Wikipedia); the Capture Registry records that the operator "added the disambiguator to a name that is bare a homonym", and reads that 'DeepMind' selects the model from the island and the city (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).

Its operator is "DeepMind with historians and collaborators; described in Nature (2022)" (census record): DeepMind worked with the Department of Humanities of Ca' Foscari University of Venice, the Classics Faculty of the University of Oxford and the Department of Informatics of the Athens University of Economics and Business (the DeepMind post), the paper's co-first authors are Yannis Assael and Thea Sommerschield with those affiliations and DeepMind in London, and the paper was published in Nature 603, 280–283, on 9 March 2022 (Nature), the census dating it to 2022 and its lifecycle "published 2022; interface online" (census record).

The paper's problem is that inscriptions "have been damaged to the point of illegibility, transported far from their original location and their date of writing is steeped in uncertainty", and that "radiocarbon dating is unusable owing to the inorganic nature of most inscribed supports" (Nature), which the post gives as dating techniques that "cannot be used on these materials" (the DeepMind post).

It was trained on Greek inscriptions from across the ancient Mediterranean between the seventh century BC and the fifth century AD, from the Packard Humanities Institute's Searchable Greek Inscriptions (PHI), 178,551 transcribed texts in 84 ancient regions, processed into I.PHI, "containing 78,608 inscriptions" (Nature; the DeepMind post); the census gives its geography as the ancient Greek world and, from the abstract, its period as "not stated in the abstract" and its count as "not stated in the saved abstract" (census record). The paper states that PHI "is a synthesis of generations of scholarly research" (Nature), and the archive's field survey reads the processing as the work itself: the model assumes "A large, clean, machine-actionable corpus", I.PHI "required an extended ruleset to normalise 84 regions and heterogeneous date formats", and "The dataset construction is the hidden achievement" (#1443).

The text is processed "as character and word representations jointly" through eight stacked transformer decoder blocks after BigBird, each with four sparse attention heads, and three task heads for restoration, place and date (Nature), the post describing a sparse self-attention core that evaluates words and characters in parallel (the DeepMind post).

For restoration it offers "the top 20 decoded predictions ranked by probability" (Nature), several hypotheses "for historians to choose from using their expertise"; for place it shows its uncertainty as a probability distribution "instead of just a single output"; for date it predicts over 160 decades from 800 BC to AD 800; and saliency maps show which inputs drove a prediction (the DeepMind post; Nature).

Alone it restores damaged texts at 62% and attributes place at 71%, and it dates "to less than 30 years of their ground-truth ranges" (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia's 'dating precision of 30 years'); measured, that is a 26.3% character error rate and 61.8% top-1 restoration, 70.8% top-1 and 82.1% top-3 for regions, and an average distance of 29.3 years, "with a median distance of only 3 years", from the target brackets (Nature), which the census carries as its second finding (census record).

With it, historians' restoration accuracy rose "from 25% to 72%", which the paper reads as "the synergistic effect of this research tool" (Nature) and the post as expert historians "surpassing the model’s individual performance" (the DeepMind post); the census carries it as its first finding and the method as "evaluated alone and with historians" (census record), and the archive's survey restates the figures from the paper (#1443). The paper's human baseline is "two evaluators with epigraphical expertise (‘ancient historian’)", and it thanks "the student annotators and baseline evaluators" of the Athens University of Economics and Business's MSc in Digital Methods for the Humanities and of Oxford's Faculty of Classics (Nature); the encyclopedia reports the authors' claim for "expert historians" and that "Eleanor Dickey noted that this test was actually only made of students", it being unclear how helpful Ithaca would be to "genuinely qualified editors" (Wikipedia). The archive's field survey reads the figure as a property of the interface: "this is not "AI helps."" — "The 25→72 gain cannot come from accuracy: the model alone scores 62, below the collaborative figure"; it comes from interface design, "ranked top-20 hypotheses with saliency, not a verdict; the historian evaluates alternatives rather than accepting an answer" (#1443).

The archive defines differential register prioritization as "a condition in which multiple interpretive fields are available, but some are weighted in ways that suppress or erase others, materially altering the reading of ambiguous language", a specification weakened "if reading systems can be shown to reliably recover suppressed registers without branch-preservation" (#1406); its field survey reads Ithaca as "empirical evidence that the hazard is a property of single-verdict interfaces, not of machine reading as such", with ranked-alternative presentation the mitigation, which "converts an internal warning into a design requirement with external validation" (#1443).

On the disputed Athenian decrees, held out of training, its predictions average 421 BC and sit on average 5 years from the modern 'lower' dating where the dataset's labels sit 27 years off (Nature), the work by which the paper says it is "redating key texts of Classical Athens" (Nature) and historians "have already used the tool to reevaluate significant periods in Greek history" (the DeepMind post).

Its frame is stated in the abstract, "Ithaca is designed to assist and expand the historian’s workflow", its architecture focused on "collaboration, decision support and interpretability" (Nature; census record): "an assistive tool" that proposes "possible solutions for the scholar to consider", none of whose restorations "are assumed to be objectively certain—instead, they are presented as plausible suggestions" (Nature). The paper holds that the scale of its data can challenge errors in the academic tradition "notwithstanding the fact that the dataset in question is originally based on the accumulated academic tradition", and that "The limitations of discretizing and amalgamating date ranges of different levels of precision based on past scholarship have been noted", which its scale at least partially meets (Nature); the archive's survey states what such an instrument cannot ask: attestation is answerable "only where there is a living author who can sign, date, photograph, enroll, attest, consent, and be asked again next year", and "Vesuvius and Ithaca work on authors who cannot be consulted" (#1443).

It is used through "an open-source and publicly available interface" at ithaca.deepmind.com (Nature; census record), now served as Predicting the Past, "Contextualising, restoring, and attributing ancient texts" (Predicting the Past), launched with Google Cloud and Google Arts & Culture with the code, the pretrained model and a Colaboratory notebook open-sourced, its web interface built by Justin Grayston, Benjamin Maynard and Ricardo Cardenas of Google Cloud (the DeepMind post); the census reads the saved page as "a JavaScript application" with the paper open in Nature and left "the interface (JavaScript)" and "the training corpus" unchecked (census record). The training and inference code is on GitHub "under Apache License 2.0, along with the trained weights, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International", and the article is licensed under CC BY 4.0 (Nature); the census records its licence as "not read" (census record).

Its closest predecessor is Pythia, the authors' 2019 restoration model, which it builds on and extends (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia), and the paper calls it "to our knowledge the first epigraphic restoration and attribution model of its kind" (Nature). Versions for other ancient languages were in progress, "from Akkadian to Demotic and Hebrew to Mayan" (the DeepMind post; Wikipedia); the census names its neighbour Aeneas as "DeepMind's later model for Latin inscriptions" (census record), the model the interface site presents beside it.

The census asks of each resource "What evidence does each resource hold on when and from what the New Testament writings were composed, and how do machines now read those texts?", and answers for Ithaca "how accurately a model restores, places and dates Greek inscriptions, and how much it helps historians", not "the dating of manuscripts or literary works" nor "anything on the New Testament" (census record). Its reading, the archive's: "Machine dating of Greek text: inscriptions, not manuscripts. A method the dating workstream can watch; it bears on the thesis only as machine dating moves toward literary and papyrus evidence", with the tags "NOT a manuscript-dating model" and "NOT a New Testament resource", under the census's correction that "Revelation First is the priority thesis", not the pre-70 date (census record); the authors, for their part, hold the methods applicable "to all disciplines dealing with ancient text (papyrology, numismatics, codicology), to any language (ancient or modern)" (Nature). In the worked question of what machine dating of manuscripts can establish, Ithaca stands for "restoration, place and date for Greek inscriptions, within 30 years of ground truth": "Machine dating is calibrated on a corpus. What it establishes holds for that corpus and that kind of evidence", and "None of the four dates a New Testament papyrus or a composition" (census record), the thirty years being the paper's distance from "ground-truth ranges" (Nature).

At 'Ithaca DeepMind' on 31 October 2026 Google's AI Overview gave "the model, its three tasks with their figures, how it is built and where it can be used, from its maker, its code and its paper": "THE MODEL HELD", the figures the record's own from the Nature abstract, "Google DeepMind named; no person; no identifier", at a dimensional PER of 0.105 (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31), the address carrying a disambiguator because the bare name is shared (census record). The paper's frame was "carried only by the collaboration figures", the redating of Classical Athens and the model's year absent, the "academic partners" unnamed, and "within 30 years of their true historical creation date" an inflation of the record's "ground-truth ranges", the paper's words (Nature), the plausible suggestions not carried (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31). The 84 regions, the architecture, the PHI dataset and the Apache-2.0 licence, each stated in the paper (Nature), came "from the GitHub and Nature cards", the record not having read the licence, the CC BY-SA weights not carried, the closing offer tying Ithaca to "newer models like Aeneas", and no card citing the census record, built the day before (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31). The registry's analysis: "A model is composed by its benchmark, accurately", and "What the field takes from Ithaca is the scale of the error: a machine dates an inscription to within thirty years and no closer, which is the same margin as Enoch's for the scrolls" (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).

Provenance — every sentence sourced30 sentences

30 sentences; 62 field claims, 60 archive claims. Modality is the source's own; the prose carries it in its grammar.

1.Ithaca is a deep neural network "for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions" (Nature, 2022), which the Revelation First census record names Ithaca and files under AI and ancient texts, "machine reading, restoration and dating", as evidence of the kind "machine reading, restoration or dating" whose unit is "an inscription's restored text, attributed place and attributed date" and whose texts are ancient Greek inscriptions (census record).8
  • F1 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s3 documented · field
    Here we present Ithaca, a deep neural network for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions.
  • RF-01 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].name stipulation
    Ithaca
  • RF-05 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].kind stipulation
    a deep neural network for restoring, placing and dating ancient Greek inscriptions
  • RF-06 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].intersections stipulation
    ["ai-ancient-texts"]
  • RF-07 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json intersections['ai-ancient-texts'] stipulation
    AI and ancient texts: machine reading, restoration and dating
  • RF-08 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].evidence_kind stipulation
    ["machine reading, restoration or dating"]
  • RF-09 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].unit stipulation
    an inscription's restored text, attributed place and attributed date
  • RF-10 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].text_object stipulation
    ancient Greek inscriptions
2.Its makers state the work as "Restoring, placing, and dating ancient texts through collaboration between AI and historians" and introduce Ithaca as the first deep neural network to restore the missing text of damaged inscriptions, identify their original location and help establish their date (the DeepMind post); the repository's card gives "a deep neural network developed by DeepMind and academic partners" (GitHub card), and the encyclopedia one that "helps researchers restore the empty text of damaged Greek documents" and identify their date and origin (Wikipedia).4
  • F2 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, standfirst documented · field
    Restoring, placing, and dating ancient texts through collaboration between AI and historians
  • F3 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s1 documented · field
    we jointly introduce Ithaca, the first deep neural network that can restore the missing text of damaged inscriptions, identify their original location, and help establish the date they were created.
  • F4 GitHub — GitHub - google-deepmind/ithaca: Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks · GitHub, card snippet (unreachable card) documented · field
    Overview: Ithaca is a deep neural network developed by DeepMind and academic partners for restoring, geographically attributing, and chronologically dating anci...
  • F7 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s2 documented · field
    This deep neural network helps researchers restore the empty text of damaged Greek documents, and to identify their date and geographical origin.
3.The interface site calls Ithaca and Aeneas "generative AI models designed to assist historians in the study of ancient Greek and Latin inscriptions", part of "a wider initiative on developing collaborative AI for historical research" (Predicting the Past).2
  • F5 Predicting the Past — Predicting the Past, meta description s1 documented · field
    Ithaca and Aeneas are generative AI models designed to assist historians in the study of ancient Greek and Latin inscriptions.
  • F6 Predicting the Past — Predicting the Past, meta description s2 documented · field
    They are part of a wider initiative on developing collaborative AI for historical research.
4.The name is the island's: Ithaca "was named after the Greek island that eluded the hero Odysseus’ homecoming" (Nature), after "the Greek island in Homer’s Odyssey" (the DeepMind post; Wikipedia), and the census gives its other name as "Ithaca (DeepMind)" (census record).4
  • F8 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Deep learning for epigraphy' ¶2 documented · field
    Ithaca, which was named after the Greek island that eluded the hero Odysseus’ homecoming
  • F9 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s2 documented · field
    Ithaca is named after the Greek island in Homer’s Odyssey and builds upon and extends Pythia , our previous system that focused on textual restoration.
  • F10 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s1 documented · field
    Google has unveiled a new archaeology document program, named Ithaca after the Greek island in Homer's Odyssey .
  • RF-02 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].aka stipulation
    ["Ithaca (DeepMind)"]
5.On the encyclopedia the bare name "most commonly refers to" Homer's Ithaca and is a disambiguation page that does not list the model, which has no article of its own (Wikipedia); the Capture Registry records that the operator "added the disambiguator to a name that is bare a homonym", and reads that 'DeepMind' selects the model from the island and the city (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).3
  • F62 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Wikipedia 'Ithaca' (disambiguation page), opening documented · field
    Ithaca most commonly refers to: Homer's Ithaca , an island featured in Homer's Odyssey
  • CAP-1-09 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, q_kind documented
    The operator added the disambiguator to a name that is bare a homonym.
  • CAP-1-12 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_dim.basis interpretation
    The operator's disambiguator 'DeepMind' selects the model from the homonym Ithaca (the island, the city); the composition is of the model throughout, by its own three tasks.
6.Its operator is "DeepMind with historians and collaborators; described in Nature (2022)" (census record): DeepMind worked with the Department of Humanities of Ca' Foscari University of Venice, the Classics Faculty of the University of Oxford and the Department of Informatics of the Athens University of Economics and Business (the DeepMind post), the paper's co-first authors are Yannis Assael and Thea Sommerschield with those affiliations and DeepMind in London, and the paper was published in Nature 603, 280–283, on 9 March 2022 (Nature), the census dating it to 2022 and its lifecycle "published 2022; interface online" (census record).6
  • RF-04 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].operator attributed
    DeepMind with historians and collaborators; described in Nature (2022)
  • F11 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶2 documented · field
    we collaborated with the Department of Humanities of Ca' Foscari University of Venice , the Classics Faculty of the University of Oxford , and the Department of Informatics of the Athens University of Economics and Business
  • F12 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Author information, Author notes and Affiliations documented · field
    These authors contributed equally: Yannis Assael, Thea Sommerschield … DeepMind, London, UK … Department of Humanities, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy … Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece … Faculty of Classics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  • F13 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, article header documented · field
    Published: 09 March 2022 … Nature volume 603 , pages 280–283 ( 2022 )
  • RF-25 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].founded documented
    2022
  • RF-24 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].lifecycle.detail documented
    published 2022; interface online
7.The paper's problem is that inscriptions "have been damaged to the point of illegibility, transported far from their original location and their date of writing is steeped in uncertainty", and that "radiocarbon dating is unusable owing to the inorganic nature of most inscribed supports" (Nature), which the post gives as dating techniques that "cannot be used on these materials" (the DeepMind post).3
  • F14 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s2 documented · field
    many inscriptions have been damaged to the point of illegibility, transported far from their original location and their date of writing is steeped in uncertainty.
  • F15 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main ¶1 documented · field
    radiocarbon dating is unusable owing to the inorganic nature of most inscribed supports
  • F16 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶1 documented · field
    modern dating techniques, such as radiocarbon dating , cannot be used on these materials, making inscriptions difficult and time-consuming to interpret.
8.It was trained on Greek inscriptions from across the ancient Mediterranean between the seventh century BC and the fifth century AD, from the Packard Humanities Institute's Searchable Greek Inscriptions (PHI), 178,551 transcribed texts in 84 ancient regions, processed into I.PHI, "containing 78,608 inscriptions" (Nature; the DeepMind post); the census gives its geography as the ancient Greek world and, from the abstract, its period as "not stated in the abstract" and its count as "not stated in the saved abstract" (census record).8
  • F17 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Deep learning for epigraphy' ¶2 documented · field
    was trained on inscriptions written in the ancient Greek language and across the ancient Mediterranean world between the seventh century bc and the fifth century ad
  • F18 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Working with Greek inscriptions' documented · field
    dataset, which consists of the transcribed texts of 178,551 inscriptions … PHI lists a total of 84 ancient regions
  • F19 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Working with Greek inscriptions' documented · field
    the resulting dataset I.PHI is to our knowledge the largest multitask dataset of machine-actionable epigraphical text, containing 78,608 inscriptions.
  • F20 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Data availability documented · field
    Ithaca was trained on The Packard Humanities Institute’s Searchable Greek Inscriptions public dataset, PHI
  • F21 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools' ¶1 documented · field
    Ithaca is trained on the largest digital dataset of Greek inscriptions from the Packard Humanities Institute .
  • RF-12 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].coverage.geography documented
    the ancient Greek world
  • RF-13 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].coverage.period documented
    as its training corpus (not stated in the abstract)
  • RF-14 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].count documented
    not stated in the saved abstract
9.The paper states that PHI "is a synthesis of generations of scholarly research" (Nature), and the archive's field survey reads the processing as the work itself: the model assumes "A large, clean, machine-actionable corpus", I.PHI "required an extended ruleset to normalise 84 regions and heterogeneous date formats", and "The dataset construction is the hidden achievement" (#1443).2
  • F22 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Data circularity' documented · field
    Ithaca’s source dataset (PHI) is a synthesis of generations of scholarly research.
  • D1443-02 #1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifa Sharks, Lee · 2026-08-09 · §2.3 'Assumes.' interpretation
    **Assumes.** A large, clean, machine-actionable corpus. I.PHI required an extended ruleset to normalise 84 regions and heterogeneous date formats. **The dataset construction is the hidden achievement.**
10.The text is processed "as character and word representations jointly" through eight stacked transformer decoder blocks after BigBird, each with four sparse attention heads, and three task heads for restoration, place and date (Nature), the post describing a sparse self-attention core that evaluates words and characters in parallel (the DeepMind post).4
  • F23 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Ithaca is a model for epigraphic tasks' ¶1 documented · field
    we process the input text as character and word representations jointly
  • F24 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Torso' documented · field
    The architecture of Ithaca’s torso consists of eight stacked transformer decoder blocks, inspired by the large-scale transformer model BigBird 73 . Every block uses four sparse attention heads
  • F25 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Ithaca is a model for epigraphic tasks' ¶2 documented · field
    The final output of the torso is passed to three different task heads that handle restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution, respectively.
  • F26 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools' ¶1 documented · field
    we trained it using both words and the individual characters as inputs. The sparse self-attention mechanism at the model’s core evaluates these two inputs in parallel
11.For restoration it offers "the top 20 decoded predictions ranked by probability" (Nature), several hypotheses "for historians to choose from using their expertise"; for place it shows its uncertainty as a probability distribution "instead of just a single output"; for date it predicts over 160 decades from 800 BC to AD 800; and saliency maps show which inputs drove a prediction (the DeepMind post; Nature).5
  • F27 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Interpreting the outputs' ¶1 documented · field
    Ithaca offers a set of the top 20 decoded predictions ranked by probability
  • F28 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Restoration hypotheses) documented · field
    Ithaca generates several prediction hypotheses for the text restoration task for historians to choose from using their expertise.
  • F29 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Geographical attribution) documented · field
    Ithaca shows its uncertainty by giving historians a probability distribution over all possible predictions – instead of just a single output.
  • F30 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Interpreting the outputs' ¶3 documented · field
    Ithaca discretizes all dates between 800 bc and ad 800 into 10-year bins, resulting in 160 decades.
  • F31 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Saliency maps) documented · field
    Ithaca uses a technique commonly used in computer vision that identifies which input sequences contribute most to a prediction.
12.Alone it restores damaged texts at 62% and attributes place at 71%, and it dates "to less than 30 years of their ground-truth ranges" (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia's 'dating precision of 30 years'); measured, that is a 26.3% character error rate and 61.8% top-1 restoration, 70.8% top-1 and 82.1% top-3 for regions, and an average distance of 29.3 years, "with a median distance of only 3 years", from the target brackets (Nature), which the census carries as its second finding (census record).5
  • F32 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s7 documented · field
    Ithaca can attribute inscriptions to their original location with an accuracy of 71% and can date them to less than 30 years of their ground-truth ranges, redating key texts of Classical Athens and contributing to topical debates in ancient history.
  • F33 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s3 documented · field
    Our evaluations show that Ithaca achieves 62% accuracy in restoring damaged texts, 71% accuracy in identifying their original location, and can date texts to within 30 years of their ground-truth date ranges.
  • F34 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Experimental evaluation' ¶3 documented · field
    scoring a 26.3% CER and 61.8% top 1 accuracy … Ithaca has 70.8% top 1 and 82.1% top 3 predictive accuracy … have an average distance of 29.3 years from the target dating brackets, with a median distance of only 3 years.
  • F35 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s4 documented · field
    Ithaca achieves 62% accuracy in restoring damaged texts and 71% location accuracy, and has a dating precision of 30 years.
  • RF-16 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].findings[1] attributed
    71% accuracy attributing location; dates within 30 years of ground-truth ranges, redating key texts of Classical Athens
13.With it, historians' restoration accuracy rose "from 25% to 72%", which the paper reads as "the synergistic effect of this research tool" (Nature) and the post as expert historians "surpassing the model’s individual performance" (the DeepMind post); the census carries it as its first finding and the method as "evaluated alone and with historians" (census record), and the archive's survey restates the figures from the paper (#1443).5
  • F36 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s6 documented · field
    While Ithaca alone achieves 62% accuracy when restoring damaged texts, the use of Ithaca by historians improved their accuracy from 25% to 72%, confirming the synergistic effect of this research tool.
  • F38 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶1 documented · field
    The expert historians we worked with achieved 25% accuracy when working alone to restore ancient texts. But, when using Ithaca, their performance increases to 72%, surpassing the model’s individual performance
  • RF-15 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].findings[0] attributed
    62% accuracy restoring damaged texts alone; historians' accuracy rose from 25% to 72% with it
  • RF-11 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].method attributed
    deep neural network trained on Greek inscriptions; evaluated alone and with historians
  • D1443-01 #1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifa Sharks, Lee · 2026-08-09 · §2.3 ¶1 documented
    Trained on **I.PHI**, 78,608 inscriptions from the Packard Humanities Institute. Restoration: model **62%**; historians **25%**; **historians with Ithaca 72%**. Geographic attribution 71%; dating within ~30 years.
14.The paper's human baseline is "two evaluators with epigraphical expertise (‘ancient historian’)", and it thanks "the student annotators and baseline evaluators" of the Athens University of Economics and Business's MSc in Digital Methods for the Humanities and of Oxford's Faculty of Classics (Nature); the encyclopedia reports the authors' claim for "expert historians" and that "Eleanor Dickey noted that this test was actually only made of students", it being unclear how helpful Ithaca would be to "genuinely qualified editors" (Wikipedia).4
  • F37 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Experimental evaluation' ¶1 documented · field
    we evaluate the difficulty of the restoration task by assigning two evaluators with epigraphical expertise (‘ancient historian’) a set of damaged inscriptions to restore
  • F39 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Acknowledgements documented · field
    the student annotators and baseline evaluators of the Athens University of Economics and Business (MSc in Digital Methods for the Humanities) and the University of Oxford (Faculty of Classics)
  • F40 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s5 documented · field
    The authors claimed that the use of Ithaca by "expert historians" raised the accuracy of their work from 25 to 72 percent.
  • F41 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s6 documented · field
    However, Eleanor Dickey noted that this test was actually only made of students, saying that it wasn't clear how helpful Ithaca would be to "genuinely qualified editors".
15.The archive's field survey reads the figure as a property of the interface: "this is not "AI helps."" — "The 25→72 gain cannot come from accuracy: the model alone scores 62, below the collaborative figure"; it comes from interface design, "ranked top-20 hypotheses with saliency, not a verdict; the historian evaluates alternatives rather than accepting an answer" (#1443).1
  • D1443-03 #1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifa Sharks, Lee · 2026-08-09 · §2.3 'Developmental space' interpretation
    **Developmental space — this is not "AI helps."** The 25→72 gain cannot come from accuracy: the model alone scores 62, *below* the collaborative figure. It comes from **interface design** — ranked top-20 hypotheses with saliency, not a verdict; the historian evaluates alternatives rather than accepting an answer.
16.The archive defines differential register prioritization as "a condition in which multiple interpretive fields are available, but some are weighted in ways that suppress or erase others, materially altering the reading of ambiguous language", a specification weakened "if reading systems can be shown to reliably recover suppressed registers without branch-preservation" (#1406); its field survey reads Ithaca as "empirical evidence that the hazard is a property of single-verdict interfaces, not of machine reading as such", with ranked-alternative presentation the mitigation, which "converts an internal warning into a design requirement with external validation" (#1443).4
  • O1406-01 #1406 Differential Register Prioritization in Machine-Mediated Reading: A Specification for Interpretive Authority over Handwr Lee Sharks · 2026-07-21 · §1 'What we can and cannot claim' stipulation
    **differential register prioritization** — *a condition in which multiple interpretive fields are available, but some are weighted in ways that suppress or erase others, materially altering the reading of ambiguous language.*
  • O1406-02 #1406 Differential Register Prioritization in Machine-Mediated Reading: A Specification for Interpretive Authority over Handwr Lee Sharks · 2026-07-21 · Falsification Conditions stipulation
    The specification is weakened if reading systems can be shown to reliably recover suppressed registers without branch-preservation;
  • D1443-04 #1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifa Sharks, Lee · 2026-08-09 · §2.3 'Developmental space' ¶2 interpretation
    This bears directly on the archive's **Differential Register Prioritization** (`AXN:058F`, #1406), which specifies the hazard that a machine's early reading suppresses later interpretive fields. Ithaca is empirical evidence that **the hazard is a property of single-verdict interfaces, not of machine reading as such**, and that ranked-alternative presentation is the mitigation.
  • D1443-05 #1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifa Sharks, Lee · 2026-08-09 · §2.3 'Developmental space' ¶2 interpretation
    That converts an internal warning into a design requirement with external validation.
17.On the disputed Athenian decrees, held out of training, its predictions average 421 BC and sit on average 5 years from the modern 'lower' dating where the dataset's labels sit 27 years off (Nature), the work by which the paper says it is "redating key texts of Classical Athens" (Nature) and historians "have already used the tool to reevaluate significant periods in Greek history" (the DeepMind post).3
  • F42 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶3 documented · field
    whereas the I.PHI labels are on average 27 years off the ‘lower’ dating proposed by modern re-evaluations, Ithaca’s predictions are on average only 5 years off the newly proposed ground truths.
  • F43 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶4 documented · field
    Ithaca’s average predicted date for all of these decrees is 421 bc
  • F44 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s4 documented · field
    Historians have already used the tool to reevaluate significant periods in Greek history.
18.Its frame is stated in the abstract, "Ithaca is designed to assist and expand the historian’s workflow", its architecture focused on "collaboration, decision support and interpretability" (Nature; census record): "an assistive tool" that proposes "possible solutions for the scholar to consider", none of whose restorations "are assumed to be objectively certain—instead, they are presented as plausible suggestions" (Nature).4
  • F45 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s4–5 documented · field
    Ithaca is designed to assist and expand the historian’s workflow. The architecture of Ithaca focuses on collaboration, decision support and interpretability.
  • RF-17 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].stated_limits[0] attributed
    designed to assist and expand the historian's workflow
  • F46 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Data circularity' documented · field
    Rather, Ithaca is an assistive tool aiming to improve on and facilitate a scholarly process of induction, model uncertainty and propose possible solutions for the scholar to consider.
  • F47 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Data circularity' documented · field
    none of Ithaca’s proposed restorations are assumed to be objectively certain—instead, they are presented as plausible suggestions.
19.The paper holds that the scale of its data can challenge errors in the academic tradition "notwithstanding the fact that the dataset in question is originally based on the accumulated academic tradition", and that "The limitations of discretizing and amalgamating date ranges of different levels of precision based on past scholarship have been noted", which its scale at least partially meets (Nature); the archive's survey states what such an instrument cannot ask: attestation is answerable "only where there is a living author who can sign, date, photograph, enroll, attest, consent, and be asked again next year", and "Vesuvius and Ithaca work on authors who cannot be consulted" (#1443).3
  • F48 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Contributing to historical debates' (the decrees) documented · field
    The fact that Ithaca was trained on the largest available dataset of Greek epigraphic texts makes it possible to challenge or overcome individual biases or, indeed, errors in the existing academic tradition, notwithstanding the fact that the dataset in question is originally based on the accumulated academic tradition.
  • F49 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Training on epigraphic tasks' documented · field
    The limitations of discretizing and amalgamating date ranges of different levels of precision based on past scholarship have been noted
  • D1443-06 #1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifa Sharks, Lee · 2026-08-09 · Part X, 'the enabling condition' interpretation
    Each of Q1–Q10 is answerable only where there is **a living author who can sign, date, photograph, enroll, attest, consent, and be asked again next year.** Vesuvius and Ithaca work on authors who cannot be consulted;
20.It is used through "an open-source and publicly available interface" at ithaca.deepmind.com (Nature; census record), now served as Predicting the Past, "Contextualising, restoring, and attributing ancient texts" (Predicting the Past), launched with Google Cloud and Google Arts & Culture with the code, the pretrained model and a Colaboratory notebook open-sourced, its web interface built by Justin Grayston, Benjamin Maynard and Ricardo Cardenas of Google Cloud (the DeepMind post); the census reads the saved page as "a JavaScript application" with the paper open in Nature and left "the interface (JavaScript)" and "the training corpus" unchecked (census record).7
  • F51 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Conclusions ¶1 documented · field
    our interdisciplinary team created an open-source and publicly available interface ( https://ithaca.deepmind.com ), enabling historians to use Ithaca for their personal research
  • RF-03 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].url documented
    https://ithaca.deepmind.com/
  • F50 Predicting the Past — Predicting the Past, title documented · field
    Predicting the Past | Contextualising, restoring, and attributing ancient texts
  • F52 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶4 documented · field
    we partnered with Google Cloud and Google Arts & Culture to launch a free interactive version of Ithaca . And to aid further research, we have also open sourced our code, the pretrained model, and an interactive Colaboratory notebook.
  • F53 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, Notes documented · field
    The Ithaca web interface was developed by Justin Grayston, Benjamin Maynard, and Ricardo Cardenas from Google Cloud.
  • RF-22 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].data_access documented
    an interactive interface (the saved page is a JavaScript application); the paper is open in Nature
  • RF-30 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].unchecked documented
    ["the interface (JavaScript)", "the training corpus"]
21.The training and inference code is on GitHub "under Apache License 2.0, along with the trained weights, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International", and the article is licensed under CC BY 4.0 (Nature); the census records its licence as "not read" (census record).3
  • F54 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Code availability documented · field
    Ithaca’s training and inference source code is available at GitHub ( https://github.com/deepmind/ithaca ) under Apache License 2.0, along with the trained weights, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.
  • F55 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Rights and permissions documented · field
    Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  • RF-23 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].license documented
    not read
22.Its closest predecessor is Pythia, the authors' 2019 restoration model, which it builds on and extends (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia), and the paper calls it "to our knowledge the first epigraphic restoration and attribution model of its kind" (Nature).3
  • F56 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Previous work' ¶2 documented · field
    The closest work to Ithaca is our 2019 research on ancient text restoration: Pythia
  • F57 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s3 documented · field
    The work builds on another text analysis network that DeepMind released in 2019, named Pythia.
  • F58 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Conclusions ¶1 documented · field
    Ithaca is to our knowledge the first epigraphic restoration and attribution model of its kind.
23.Versions for other ancient languages were in progress, "from Akkadian to Demotic and Hebrew to Mayan" (the DeepMind post; Wikipedia); the census names its neighbour Aeneas as "DeepMind's later model for Latin inscriptions" (census record), the model the interface site presents beside it.3
  • F59 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶4 documented · field
    we are currently working on versions of Ithaca trained on other ancient languages and historians can already use their datasets in the current architecture to study other ancient writing systems, from Akkadian to Demotic and Hebrew to Mayan
  • F60 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s7 documented · field
    The team is working on extending the model to other ancient languages, including Demotic , Akkadian , Hebrew , and Mayan .
  • RF-28 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].relations[0] documented
    Aeneas is DeepMind's later model for Latin inscriptions
24.The census asks of each resource "What evidence does each resource hold on when and from what the New Testament writings were composed, and how do machines now read those texts?", and answers for Ithaca "how accurately a model restores, places and dates Greek inscriptions, and how much it helps historians", not "the dating of manuscripts or literary works" nor "anything on the New Testament" (census record).4
  • RF-31 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json organizing_question stipulation
    What evidence does each resource hold on when and from what the New Testament writings were composed, and how do machines now read those texts?
  • RF-18 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].answers[0] interpretation
    how accurately a model restores, places and dates Greek inscriptions, and how much it helps historians
  • RF-19 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].does_not_answer[0] interpretation
    the dating of manuscripts or literary works
  • RF-20 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].does_not_answer[1] interpretation
    anything on the New Testament
25.Its reading, the archive's: "Machine dating of Greek text: inscriptions, not manuscripts. A method the dating workstream can watch; it bears on the thesis only as machine dating moves toward literary and papyrus evidence", with the tags "NOT a manuscript-dating model" and "NOT a New Testament resource", under the census's correction that "Revelation First is the priority thesis", not the pre-70 date (census record); the authors, for their part, hold the methods applicable "to all disciplines dealing with ancient text (papyrology, numismatics, codicology), to any language (ancient or modern)" (Nature).5
  • RF-21 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].rf_intersection interpretation
    Machine dating of Greek text: inscriptions, not manuscripts. A method the dating workstream can watch; it bears on the thesis only as machine dating moves toward literary and papyrus evidence.
  • RF-26 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].negative_tags[0] stipulation
    NOT a manuscript-dating model
  • RF-27 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].negative_tags[1] stipulation
    NOT a New Testament resource
  • RF-32 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json correction stipulation
    Revelation First ≠ Revelation Early. The pre-70 date is the old argument (Robinson, 1976; Gentry, 1989); Revelation First is the priority thesis: the rest of the New Testament unfolds from the Apocalypse.
  • F61 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Conclusions ¶2 documented · field
    the methods introduced in this research apply to all disciplines dealing with ancient text (papyrology, numismatics, codicology), to any language (ancient or modern)
26.In the worked question of what machine dating of manuscripts can establish, Ithaca stands for "restoration, place and date for Greek inscriptions, within 30 years of ground truth": "Machine dating is calibrated on a corpus. What it establishes holds for that corpus and that kind of evidence", and "None of the four dates a New Testament papyrus or a composition" (census record), the thirty years being the paper's distance from "ground-truth ranges" (Nature).4
  • RF-33 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · questions.json questions[id == 'machine-dating'].resources[slug == 'ithaca'].role interpretation
    restoration, place and date for Greek inscriptions, within 30 years of ground truth
  • RF-34 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · questions.json questions[id == 'machine-dating'].why interpretation
    Machine dating is calibrated on a corpus. What it establishes holds for that corpus and that kind of evidence.
  • RF-35 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · questions.json questions[id == 'machine-dating'].gap interpretation
    None of the four dates a New Testament papyrus or a composition; each dates or reads copies within its own corpus.
  • F32 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s7 documented · field
    Ithaca can attribute inscriptions to their original location with an accuracy of 71% and can date them to less than 30 years of their ground-truth ranges, redating key texts of Classical Athens and contributing to topical debates in ancient history.
27.At 'Ithaca DeepMind' on 31 October 2026 Google's AI Overview gave "the model, its three tasks with their figures, how it is built and where it can be used, from its maker, its code and its paper": "THE MODEL HELD", the figures the record's own from the Nature abstract, "Google DeepMind named; no person; no identifier", at a dimensional PER of 0.105 (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31), the address carrying a disambiguator because the bare name is shared (census record).5
  • CAP-1-06 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, reading interpretation
    The Overview gives the model, its three tasks with their figures, how it is built and where it can be used, from its maker, its code and its paper.
  • CAP-1-01 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, findings[0] documented
    THE MODEL HELD. 'Restores missing or damaged characters with 62% accuracy on its own (raising human historian accuracy from 25% to 72% when collaborating)', 'with 71% accuracy', 'within 30 years of their true historical creation date': the record's figures, from the Nature abstract.
  • CAP-1-11 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_note documented
    Google DeepMind named; no person; no identifier; DeepMind's page, the code and the Nature paper cited.
  • CAP-1-17 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_dim.scores documented
    {"M": 0.0, "C": 1.0, "D": 0.0, "PER": 0.105}
  • RF-29 RF Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Ithaca (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/ithaca/), editor Lee Sharks Lee Sharks (editor) · 2026-10-30 · census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].relations[1] documented
    the composition layer's account of the resource at its common name, signed out, seated in the Capture Registry with its dimensional PER; the address carries a disambiguator, the bare name being shared
28.The paper's frame was "carried only by the collaboration figures", the redating of Classical Athens and the model's year absent, the "academic partners" unnamed, and "within 30 years of their true historical creation date" an inflation of the record's "ground-truth ranges", the paper's words (Nature), the plausible suggestions not carried (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).6
  • CAP-1-02 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, findings[1] documented
    THE STATED LIMIT AS FIGURES. The paper's own frame, 'Ithaca is designed to assist and expand the historian’s workflow', is carried only by the collaboration figures.
  • CAP-1-03 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, findings[1] documented
    The redating of key texts of Classical Athens, the record's second finding, is absent.
  • CAP-1-05 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, findings[3] documented
    THE DATE OF THE MODEL ABSENT. The paper is of 2022; the composition gives no year.
  • CAP-1-15 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_dim.read.notes documented
    Institution absent: the 'academic partners' are not named.
  • CAP-1-13 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_dim.read.notes interpretation
    One departure noted, not charged: 'within 30 years of their true historical creation date' inflates the record's 'ground-truth ranges' (the epigraphers' proposed dates, L84, L191); the record's commitment that restorations are plausible suggestions, never certain, is not carried.
  • F32 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s7 documented · field
    Ithaca can attribute inscriptions to their original location with an accuracy of 71% and can date them to less than 30 years of their ground-truth ranges, redating key texts of Classical Athens and contributing to topical debates in ancient history.
29.The 84 regions, the architecture, the PHI dataset and the Apache-2.0 licence, each stated in the paper (Nature), came "from the GitHub and Nature cards", the record not having read the licence, the CC BY-SA weights not carried, the closing offer tying Ithaca to "newer models like Aeneas", and no card citing the census record, built the day before (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).8
  • CAP-1-04 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, findings[2] documented
    FIGURES BEYOND THE RECORD. 'across 84 regions', the architecture ('stacked transformer decoder blocks and sparse multi-head attention'), the PHI dataset and 'the Apache-2.0 license' come from the GitHub and Nature cards; the record did not read the licence.
  • CAP-1-14 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_dim.read.notes documented
    Commitments present: the open-sourcing under Apache-2.0 is carried as the model's own (the CC BY-SA weights and the public interface's purpose are not).
  • CAP-1-16 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_dim.read.notes documented
    Deposit chain present: the interface's current home, Predicting the Past, is offered as the way to the work, and the closing offer ties Ithaca to 'newer models like Aeneas' (the record: upgraded in July 2025 to be powered by Aeneas).
  • CAP-1-10 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, q_kind documented
    A baseline: the record was built on revelationfirst.com the day before and no card cites it.
  • F18 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Working with Greek inscriptions' documented · field
    dataset, which consists of the transcribed texts of 178,551 inscriptions … PHI lists a total of 84 ancient regions
  • F24 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Torso' documented · field
    The architecture of Ithaca’s torso consists of eight stacked transformer decoder blocks, inspired by the large-scale transformer model BigBird 73 . Every block uses four sparse attention heads
  • F20 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Data availability documented · field
    Ithaca was trained on The Packard Humanities Institute’s Searchable Greek Inscriptions public dataset, PHI
  • F54 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Code availability documented · field
    Ithaca’s training and inference source code is available at GitHub ( https://github.com/deepmind/ithaca ) under Apache License 2.0, along with the trained weights, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.
30.The registry's analysis: "A model is composed by its benchmark, accurately", and "What the field takes from Ithaca is the scale of the error: a machine dates an inscription to within thirty years and no closer, which is the same margin as Enoch's for the scrolls" (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).2
  • CAP-1-07 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, analysis interpretation
    A model is composed by its benchmark, accurately.
  • CAP-1-08 capture-registry Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 (OBS-5e8377899856, AXN:0B36.CAPTURE.🟢🌗🏠📦🕗⭐) Lee Sharks (the registry) · 2026-10-31 · ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, analysis interpretation
    What the field takes from Ithaca is the scale of the error: a machine dates an inscription to within thirty years and no closer, which is the same margin as Enoch's for the scrolls.

the compression: AIO's interaction grammar (lede, headed clusters, bolded labels, card rail), composed from the v0.9 plan in one claim space; it faces on the card, with T a record within it. Composed under v0.9, equal case (ρ = extends): KO_B sentences surviving 0 of 14; every field claim carried; the homonyms (Homer's island, the island of Ithaca, the city) kept distinct entities. composed 2026-10-31 from the v0.9 knowledge object; not frozen

Compression · The field's ontology — L_F(B)Ithaca DeepMind

Ithaca (the field alone) is a deep neural network by DeepMind and academic partners, presented in Nature in 2022, that restores, places and dates damaged ancient Greek inscriptions, designed to assist historians (Nature; the DeepMind post).

🧩 How it works

  • Data: PHI's Greek inscriptions, processed into I.PHI, 78,608 texts (Nature).1↘
    It was trained on PHI, 178,551 Greek inscriptions of the seventh century BC to the fifth century AD in 84 regions, processed into I.PHI of 78,608, a dataset that synthesizes generations of scholarship (Nature; the DeepMind post).§5
  • Outputs: ranked restorations, region and date distributions, saliency (Nature; DeepMind).1↘
    It returns the top 20 ranked restorations, distributions over regions and over 160 decades, and saliency maps (Nature; the DeepMind post).§7

📊 Results

  • Alone: 62% restoration, 71% place, under 30 years (Nature; DeepMind).1↘
    It restores at 62% and attributes place at 71%, dating to less than 30 years of the ground-truth ranges, a median of 3 years (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia).§8
  • With historians: 25% to 72%; the evaluators contested as students (Nature; Wikipedia).1↘
    Historians using it rose from 25% to 72% (Nature; the DeepMind post); the baseline was two evaluators with epigraphical expertise, the paper thanks student evaluators, and Eleanor Dickey noted the test was only of students (Nature; Wikipedia).§9
  • Athens: decrees redated to 421 BC (Nature).1↘
    Held-out Athenian decrees are dated to 421 BC on average, 5 years from the modern lower dating (Nature; the DeepMind post).§10

⚠️ Limits

  • Assistive: plausible suggestions; data from the tradition (Nature).1↘
    It is designed to assist and expand the historian's workflow, its restorations plausible suggestions, its data resting on the tradition it can correct, its discretized dates a noted limit (Nature).§11

🔗 Access

  • Interface: Predicting the Past, with Aeneas (Predicting the Past).2↘
    The post states the work as restoring, placing and dating ancient texts through collaboration between AI and historians, and the repository and interface site as a model by DeepMind and academic partners that assists historians with Greek and Latin inscriptions beside Aeneas (the DeepMind post; GitHub card; Predicting the Past).§2 It is used through Predicting the Past, the code under Apache 2.0, the weights under CC BY-SA 4.0 and the article under CC BY 4.0 (Predicting the Past; Nature; the DeepMind post).§12
  • Licences: Apache 2.0 code; CC BY-SA weights (Nature).1↘
    It is used through Predicting the Past, the code under Apache 2.0, the weights under CC BY-SA 4.0 and the article under CC BY 4.0 (Predicting the Past; Nature; the DeepMind post).§12
  • Name: Homer's island; no Wikipedia article (Wikipedia).2↘
    It is named after the Greek island in Homer's Odyssey (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia).§3 Wikipedia has no article on it; the bare name is a disambiguation page for Homer's island and others (Wikipedia).§14
1what it is: a neural network that restores, places and dates Greek inscriptionsNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature7 claims · B1, B2, B3, B4, B5
  • F1 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s3 documented · field
    Here we present Ithaca, a deep neural network for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions.
  • F2 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, standfirst documented · field
    Restoring, placing, and dating ancient texts through collaboration between AI and historians
  • F3 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s1 documented · field
    we jointly introduce Ithaca, the first deep neural network that can restore the missing text of damaged inscriptions, identify their original location, and help establish the date they were created.
  • F4 GitHub — GitHub - google-deepmind/ithaca: Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks · GitHub, card snippet (unreachable card) documented · field
    Overview: Ithaca is a deep neural network developed by DeepMind and academic partners for restoring, geographically attributing, and chronologically dating anci...
  • F5 Predicting the Past — Predicting the Past, meta description s1 documented · field
    Ithaca and Aeneas are generative AI models designed to assist historians in the study of ancient Greek and Latin inscriptions.
  • F6 Predicting the Past — Predicting the Past, meta description s2 documented · field
    They are part of a wider initiative on developing collaborative AI for historical research.
  • F7 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s2 documented · field
    This deep neural network helps researchers restore the empty text of damaged Greek documents, and to identify their date and geographical origin.
2the makers: DeepMind, its academic partners and the paper's authorsNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature3 claims · B1, B4
  • F12 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Author information, Author notes and Affiliations documented · field
    These authors contributed equally: Yannis Assael, Thea Sommerschield … DeepMind, London, UK … Department of Humanities, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy … Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece … Faculty of Classics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  • F13 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, article header documented · field
    Published: 09 March 2022 … Nature volume 603 , pages 280–283 ( 2022 )
  • F11 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶2 documented · field
    we collaborated with the Department of Humanities of Ca' Foscari University of Venice , the Classics Faculty of the University of Oxford , and the Department of Informatics of the Athens University of Economics and Business
3the name: Homer's islandNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature3 claims · B1, B4, B5
  • F8 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Deep learning for epigraphy' ¶2 documented · field
    Ithaca, which was named after the Greek island that eluded the hero Odysseus’ homecoming
  • F9 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s2 documented · field
    Ithaca is named after the Greek island in Homer’s Odyssey and builds upon and extends Pythia , our previous system that focused on textual restoration.
  • F10 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s1 documented · field
    Google has unveiled a new archaeology document program, named Ithaca after the Greek island in Homer's Odyssey .
4the problem: damaged, moved and undatable inscriptionsNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature3 claims · B1, B4
  • F14 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s2 documented · field
    many inscriptions have been damaged to the point of illegibility, transported far from their original location and their date of writing is steeped in uncertainty.
  • F15 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main ¶1 documented · field
    radiocarbon dating is unusable owing to the inorganic nature of most inscribed supports
  • F16 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶1 documented · field
    modern dating techniques, such as radiocarbon dating , cannot be used on these materials, making inscriptions difficult and time-consuming to interpret.
5the data: PHI and I.PHINature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature6 claims · B1, B4
  • F17 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Deep learning for epigraphy' ¶2 documented · field
    was trained on inscriptions written in the ancient Greek language and across the ancient Mediterranean world between the seventh century bc and the fifth century ad
  • F18 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Working with Greek inscriptions' documented · field
    dataset, which consists of the transcribed texts of 178,551 inscriptions … PHI lists a total of 84 ancient regions
  • F19 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Working with Greek inscriptions' documented · field
    the resulting dataset I.PHI is to our knowledge the largest multitask dataset of machine-actionable epigraphical text, containing 78,608 inscriptions.
  • F20 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Data availability documented · field
    Ithaca was trained on The Packard Humanities Institute’s Searchable Greek Inscriptions public dataset, PHI
  • F21 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools' ¶1 documented · field
    Ithaca is trained on the largest digital dataset of Greek inscriptions from the Packard Humanities Institute .
  • F22 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Data circularity' documented · field
    Ithaca’s source dataset (PHI) is a synthesis of generations of scholarly research.
6the architecture: characters and words, sparse attention, three headsNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature4 claims · B1, B4
  • F23 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Ithaca is a model for epigraphic tasks' ¶1 documented · field
    we process the input text as character and word representations jointly
  • F24 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Torso' documented · field
    The architecture of Ithaca’s torso consists of eight stacked transformer decoder blocks, inspired by the large-scale transformer model BigBird 73 . Every block uses four sparse attention heads
  • F25 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Ithaca is a model for epigraphic tasks' ¶2 documented · field
    The final output of the torso is passed to three different task heads that handle restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution, respectively.
  • F26 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools' ¶1 documented · field
    we trained it using both words and the individual characters as inputs. The sparse self-attention mechanism at the model’s core evaluates these two inputs in parallel
7the outputs: ranked hypotheses, distributions, saliencyNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature5 claims · B1, B4
  • F27 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Interpreting the outputs' ¶1 documented · field
    Ithaca offers a set of the top 20 decoded predictions ranked by probability
  • F28 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Restoration hypotheses) documented · field
    Ithaca generates several prediction hypotheses for the text restoration task for historians to choose from using their expertise.
  • F29 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Geographical attribution) documented · field
    Ithaca shows its uncertainty by giving historians a probability distribution over all possible predictions – instead of just a single output.
  • F30 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Interpreting the outputs' ¶3 documented · field
    Ithaca discretizes all dates between 800 bc and ad 800 into 10-year bins, resulting in 160 decades.
  • F31 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Saliency maps) documented · field
    Ithaca uses a technique commonly used in computer vision that identifies which input sequences contribute most to a prediction.
8the headline figures: 62%, 71%, within 30 yearsNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature4 claims · B1, B4, B5
  • F32 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s7 documented · field
    Ithaca can attribute inscriptions to their original location with an accuracy of 71% and can date them to less than 30 years of their ground-truth ranges, redating key texts of Classical Athens and contributing to topical debates in ancient history.
  • F33 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s3 documented · field
    Our evaluations show that Ithaca achieves 62% accuracy in restoring damaged texts, 71% accuracy in identifying their original location, and can date texts to within 30 years of their ground-truth date ranges.
  • F34 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Experimental evaluation' ¶3 documented · field
    scoring a 26.3% CER and 61.8% top 1 accuracy … Ithaca has 70.8% top 1 and 82.1% top 3 predictive accuracy … have an average distance of 29.3 years from the target dating brackets, with a median distance of only 3 years.
  • F35 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s4 documented · field
    Ithaca achieves 62% accuracy in restoring damaged texts and 71% location accuracy, and has a dating precision of 30 years.
9the collaboration figure: 25% to 72%, and who the evaluators wereNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature6 claims · B1, B4, B5
  • F36 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s6 documented · field
    While Ithaca alone achieves 62% accuracy when restoring damaged texts, the use of Ithaca by historians improved their accuracy from 25% to 72%, confirming the synergistic effect of this research tool.
  • F38 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶1 documented · field
    The expert historians we worked with achieved 25% accuracy when working alone to restore ancient texts. But, when using Ithaca, their performance increases to 72%, surpassing the model’s individual performance
  • F37 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Experimental evaluation' ¶1 documented · field
    we evaluate the difficulty of the restoration task by assigning two evaluators with epigraphical expertise (‘ancient historian’) a set of damaged inscriptions to restore
  • F39 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Acknowledgements documented · field
    the student annotators and baseline evaluators of the Athens University of Economics and Business (MSc in Digital Methods for the Humanities) and the University of Oxford (Faculty of Classics)
  • F40 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s5 documented · field
    The authors claimed that the use of Ithaca by "expert historians" raised the accuracy of their work from 25 to 72 percent.
  • F41 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s6 documented · field
    However, Eleanor Dickey noted that this test was actually only made of students, saying that it wasn't clear how helpful Ithaca would be to "genuinely qualified editors".
10redating Classical AthensNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature3 claims · B1, B4
  • F42 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶3 documented · field
    whereas the I.PHI labels are on average 27 years off the ‘lower’ dating proposed by modern re-evaluations, Ithaca’s predictions are on average only 5 years off the newly proposed ground truths.
  • F43 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶4 documented · field
    Ithaca’s average predicted date for all of these decrees is 421 bc
  • F44 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s4 documented · field
    Historians have already used the tool to reevaluate significant periods in Greek history.
11the stated limits: an assistive tool, plausible suggestions, the tradition in the dataNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature5 claims · B4
  • F45 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s4–5 documented · field
    Ithaca is designed to assist and expand the historian’s workflow. The architecture of Ithaca focuses on collaboration, decision support and interpretability.
  • F46 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Data circularity' documented · field
    Rather, Ithaca is an assistive tool aiming to improve on and facilitate a scholarly process of induction, model uncertainty and propose possible solutions for the scholar to consider.
  • F47 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Data circularity' documented · field
    none of Ithaca’s proposed restorations are assumed to be objectively certain—instead, they are presented as plausible suggestions.
  • F48 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Contributing to historical debates' (the decrees) documented · field
    The fact that Ithaca was trained on the largest available dataset of Greek epigraphic texts makes it possible to challenge or overcome individual biases or, indeed, errors in the existing academic tradition, notwithstanding the fact that the dataset in question is originally based on the accumulated academic tradition.
  • F49 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Training on epigraphic tasks' documented · field
    The limitations of discretizing and amalgamating date ranges of different levels of precision based on past scholarship have been noted
12access and licences: the interface, the code, the weights, the articleNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature6 claims · B1, B3, B4
  • F50 Predicting the Past — Predicting the Past, title documented · field
    Predicting the Past | Contextualising, restoring, and attributing ancient texts
  • F51 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Conclusions ¶1 documented · field
    our interdisciplinary team created an open-source and publicly available interface ( https://ithaca.deepmind.com ), enabling historians to use Ithaca for their personal research
  • F52 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶4 documented · field
    we partnered with Google Cloud and Google Arts & Culture to launch a free interactive version of Ithaca . And to aid further research, we have also open sourced our code, the pretrained model, and an interactive Colaboratory notebook.
  • F53 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, Notes documented · field
    The Ithaca web interface was developed by Justin Grayston, Benjamin Maynard, and Ricardo Cardenas from Google Cloud.
  • F54 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Code availability documented · field
    Ithaca’s training and inference source code is available at GitHub ( https://github.com/deepmind/ithaca ) under Apache License 2.0, along with the trained weights, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.
  • F55 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Rights and permissions documented · field
    Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
13genealogy and successors: Pythia before, other languages and Aeneas afterNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature5 claims · B1, B4, B5
  • F56 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Previous work' ¶2 documented · field
    The closest work to Ithaca is our 2019 research on ancient text restoration: Pythia
  • F57 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s3 documented · field
    The work builds on another text analysis network that DeepMind released in 2019, named Pythia.
  • F58 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Conclusions ¶1 documented · field
    Ithaca is to our knowledge the first epigraphic restoration and attribution model of its kind.
  • F59 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶4 documented · field
    we are currently working on versions of Ithaca trained on other ancient languages and historians can already use their datasets in the current architecture to study other ancient writing systems, from Akkadian to Demotic and Hebrew to Mayan
  • F60 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s7 documented · field
    The team is working on extending the model to other ancient languages, including Demotic , Akkadian , Hebrew , and Mayan .
14scope: other ancient texts and disciplinesNature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature1 claim · B4
  • F61 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Conclusions ¶2 documented · field
    the methods introduced in this research apply to all disciplines dealing with ancient text (papyrology, numismatics, codicology), to any language (ancient or modern)
15reception: the encyclopedia and the bare nameWikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model)1 claim · B5
  • F62 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Wikipedia 'Ithaca' (disambiguation page), opening documented · field
    Ithaca most commonly refers to: Homer's Ithaca , an island featured in Homer's Odyssey
Expansion · The field's ontology — L_F(B)14 sentences · every one sourced below

Ithaca (the field alone)

Ithaca is a deep neural network "for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions", presented in Nature on 9 March 2022 by Yannis Assael, Thea Sommerschield and colleagues of DeepMind, Ca' Foscari, Oxford and the Athens University of Economics and Business (Nature; the DeepMind post). The post states the work as restoring, placing and dating ancient texts through collaboration between AI and historians, and the repository and interface site as a model by DeepMind and academic partners that assists historians with Greek and Latin inscriptions beside Aeneas (the DeepMind post; GitHub card; Predicting the Past). It is named after the Greek island in Homer's Odyssey (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia).

Inscriptions are damaged, moved and undatable by radiocarbon (Nature; the DeepMind post). It was trained on PHI, 178,551 Greek inscriptions of the seventh century BC to the fifth century AD in 84 regions, processed into I.PHI of 78,608, a dataset that synthesizes generations of scholarship (Nature; the DeepMind post).

It reads characters and words jointly through eight sparse-attention transformer blocks and three task heads (Nature; the DeepMind post). It returns the top 20 ranked restorations, distributions over regions and over 160 decades, and saliency maps (Nature; the DeepMind post).

It restores at 62% and attributes place at 71%, dating to less than 30 years of the ground-truth ranges, a median of 3 years (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia). Historians using it rose from 25% to 72% (Nature; the DeepMind post); the baseline was two evaluators with epigraphical expertise, the paper thanks student evaluators, and Eleanor Dickey noted the test was only of students (Nature; Wikipedia). Held-out Athenian decrees are dated to 421 BC on average, 5 years from the modern lower dating (Nature; the DeepMind post).

It is designed to assist and expand the historian's workflow, its restorations plausible suggestions, its data resting on the tradition it can correct, its discretized dates a noted limit (Nature).

It is used through Predicting the Past, the code under Apache 2.0, the weights under CC BY-SA 4.0 and the article under CC BY 4.0 (Predicting the Past; Nature; the DeepMind post). It follows Pythia (2019), is called the first model of its kind, and versions for other ancient languages and disciplines are foreseen (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia).

Wikipedia has no article on it; the bare name is a disambiguation page for Homer's island and others (Wikipedia).

Provenance — every sentence sourced14 sentences

14 sentences; 62 field claims, 0 archive claims. Modality is the source's own; the prose carries it in its grammar.

1.Ithaca is a deep neural network "for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions", presented in Nature on 9 March 2022 by Yannis Assael, Thea Sommerschield and colleagues of DeepMind, Ca' Foscari, Oxford and the Athens University of Economics and Business (Nature; the DeepMind post).4
  • F1 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s3 documented · field
    Here we present Ithaca, a deep neural network for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions.
  • F12 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Author information, Author notes and Affiliations documented · field
    These authors contributed equally: Yannis Assael, Thea Sommerschield … DeepMind, London, UK … Department of Humanities, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy … Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece … Faculty of Classics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  • F13 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, article header documented · field
    Published: 09 March 2022 … Nature volume 603 , pages 280–283 ( 2022 )
  • F11 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶2 documented · field
    we collaborated with the Department of Humanities of Ca' Foscari University of Venice , the Classics Faculty of the University of Oxford , and the Department of Informatics of the Athens University of Economics and Business
2.The post states the work as restoring, placing and dating ancient texts through collaboration between AI and historians, and the repository and interface site as a model by DeepMind and academic partners that assists historians with Greek and Latin inscriptions beside Aeneas (the DeepMind post; GitHub card; Predicting the Past).6
  • F2 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, standfirst documented · field
    Restoring, placing, and dating ancient texts through collaboration between AI and historians
  • F3 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s1 documented · field
    we jointly introduce Ithaca, the first deep neural network that can restore the missing text of damaged inscriptions, identify their original location, and help establish the date they were created.
  • F4 GitHub — GitHub - google-deepmind/ithaca: Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks · GitHub, card snippet (unreachable card) documented · field
    Overview: Ithaca is a deep neural network developed by DeepMind and academic partners for restoring, geographically attributing, and chronologically dating anci...
  • F5 Predicting the Past — Predicting the Past, meta description s1 documented · field
    Ithaca and Aeneas are generative AI models designed to assist historians in the study of ancient Greek and Latin inscriptions.
  • F6 Predicting the Past — Predicting the Past, meta description s2 documented · field
    They are part of a wider initiative on developing collaborative AI for historical research.
  • F7 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s2 documented · field
    This deep neural network helps researchers restore the empty text of damaged Greek documents, and to identify their date and geographical origin.
3.It is named after the Greek island in Homer's Odyssey (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia).3
  • F8 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Deep learning for epigraphy' ¶2 documented · field
    Ithaca, which was named after the Greek island that eluded the hero Odysseus’ homecoming
  • F9 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s2 documented · field
    Ithaca is named after the Greek island in Homer’s Odyssey and builds upon and extends Pythia , our previous system that focused on textual restoration.
  • F10 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s1 documented · field
    Google has unveiled a new archaeology document program, named Ithaca after the Greek island in Homer's Odyssey .
4.Inscriptions are damaged, moved and undatable by radiocarbon (Nature; the DeepMind post).3
  • F14 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s2 documented · field
    many inscriptions have been damaged to the point of illegibility, transported far from their original location and their date of writing is steeped in uncertainty.
  • F15 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main ¶1 documented · field
    radiocarbon dating is unusable owing to the inorganic nature of most inscribed supports
  • F16 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶1 documented · field
    modern dating techniques, such as radiocarbon dating , cannot be used on these materials, making inscriptions difficult and time-consuming to interpret.
5.It was trained on PHI, 178,551 Greek inscriptions of the seventh century BC to the fifth century AD in 84 regions, processed into I.PHI of 78,608, a dataset that synthesizes generations of scholarship (Nature; the DeepMind post).6
  • F17 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Deep learning for epigraphy' ¶2 documented · field
    was trained on inscriptions written in the ancient Greek language and across the ancient Mediterranean world between the seventh century bc and the fifth century ad
  • F18 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Working with Greek inscriptions' documented · field
    dataset, which consists of the transcribed texts of 178,551 inscriptions … PHI lists a total of 84 ancient regions
  • F19 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Working with Greek inscriptions' documented · field
    the resulting dataset I.PHI is to our knowledge the largest multitask dataset of machine-actionable epigraphical text, containing 78,608 inscriptions.
  • F20 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Data availability documented · field
    Ithaca was trained on The Packard Humanities Institute’s Searchable Greek Inscriptions public dataset, PHI
  • F21 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools' ¶1 documented · field
    Ithaca is trained on the largest digital dataset of Greek inscriptions from the Packard Humanities Institute .
  • F22 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Data circularity' documented · field
    Ithaca’s source dataset (PHI) is a synthesis of generations of scholarly research.
6.It reads characters and words jointly through eight sparse-attention transformer blocks and three task heads (Nature; the DeepMind post).4
  • F23 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Ithaca is a model for epigraphic tasks' ¶1 documented · field
    we process the input text as character and word representations jointly
  • F24 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Torso' documented · field
    The architecture of Ithaca’s torso consists of eight stacked transformer decoder blocks, inspired by the large-scale transformer model BigBird 73 . Every block uses four sparse attention heads
  • F25 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Ithaca is a model for epigraphic tasks' ¶2 documented · field
    The final output of the torso is passed to three different task heads that handle restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution, respectively.
  • F26 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools' ¶1 documented · field
    we trained it using both words and the individual characters as inputs. The sparse self-attention mechanism at the model’s core evaluates these two inputs in parallel
7.It returns the top 20 ranked restorations, distributions over regions and over 160 decades, and saliency maps (Nature; the DeepMind post).5
  • F27 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Interpreting the outputs' ¶1 documented · field
    Ithaca offers a set of the top 20 decoded predictions ranked by probability
  • F28 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Restoration hypotheses) documented · field
    Ithaca generates several prediction hypotheses for the text restoration task for historians to choose from using their expertise.
  • F29 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Geographical attribution) documented · field
    Ithaca shows its uncertainty by giving historians a probability distribution over all possible predictions – instead of just a single output.
  • F30 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Interpreting the outputs' ¶3 documented · field
    Ithaca discretizes all dates between 800 bc and ad 800 into 10-year bins, resulting in 160 decades.
  • F31 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Saliency maps) documented · field
    Ithaca uses a technique commonly used in computer vision that identifies which input sequences contribute most to a prediction.
8.It restores at 62% and attributes place at 71%, dating to less than 30 years of the ground-truth ranges, a median of 3 years (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia).4
  • F32 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s7 documented · field
    Ithaca can attribute inscriptions to their original location with an accuracy of 71% and can date them to less than 30 years of their ground-truth ranges, redating key texts of Classical Athens and contributing to topical debates in ancient history.
  • F33 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s3 documented · field
    Our evaluations show that Ithaca achieves 62% accuracy in restoring damaged texts, 71% accuracy in identifying their original location, and can date texts to within 30 years of their ground-truth date ranges.
  • F34 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Experimental evaluation' ¶3 documented · field
    scoring a 26.3% CER and 61.8% top 1 accuracy … Ithaca has 70.8% top 1 and 82.1% top 3 predictive accuracy … have an average distance of 29.3 years from the target dating brackets, with a median distance of only 3 years.
  • F35 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s4 documented · field
    Ithaca achieves 62% accuracy in restoring damaged texts and 71% location accuracy, and has a dating precision of 30 years.
9.Historians using it rose from 25% to 72% (Nature; the DeepMind post); the baseline was two evaluators with epigraphical expertise, the paper thanks student evaluators, and Eleanor Dickey noted the test was only of students (Nature; Wikipedia).6
  • F36 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s6 documented · field
    While Ithaca alone achieves 62% accuracy when restoring damaged texts, the use of Ithaca by historians improved their accuracy from 25% to 72%, confirming the synergistic effect of this research tool.
  • F38 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶1 documented · field
    The expert historians we worked with achieved 25% accuracy when working alone to restore ancient texts. But, when using Ithaca, their performance increases to 72%, surpassing the model’s individual performance
  • F37 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Experimental evaluation' ¶1 documented · field
    we evaluate the difficulty of the restoration task by assigning two evaluators with epigraphical expertise (‘ancient historian’) a set of damaged inscriptions to restore
  • F39 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Acknowledgements documented · field
    the student annotators and baseline evaluators of the Athens University of Economics and Business (MSc in Digital Methods for the Humanities) and the University of Oxford (Faculty of Classics)
  • F40 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s5 documented · field
    The authors claimed that the use of Ithaca by "expert historians" raised the accuracy of their work from 25 to 72 percent.
  • F41 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s6 documented · field
    However, Eleanor Dickey noted that this test was actually only made of students, saying that it wasn't clear how helpful Ithaca would be to "genuinely qualified editors".
10.Held-out Athenian decrees are dated to 421 BC on average, 5 years from the modern lower dating (Nature; the DeepMind post).3
  • F42 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶3 documented · field
    whereas the I.PHI labels are on average 27 years off the ‘lower’ dating proposed by modern re-evaluations, Ithaca’s predictions are on average only 5 years off the newly proposed ground truths.
  • F43 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Main, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶4 documented · field
    Ithaca’s average predicted date for all of these decrees is 421 bc
  • F44 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶3 s4 documented · field
    Historians have already used the tool to reevaluate significant periods in Greek history.
11.It is designed to assist and expand the historian's workflow, its restorations plausible suggestions, its data resting on the tradition it can correct, its discretized dates a noted limit (Nature).5
  • F45 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Abstract s4–5 documented · field
    Ithaca is designed to assist and expand the historian’s workflow. The architecture of Ithaca focuses on collaboration, decision support and interpretability.
  • F46 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Data circularity' documented · field
    Rather, Ithaca is an assistive tool aiming to improve on and facilitate a scholarly process of induction, model uncertainty and propose possible solutions for the scholar to consider.
  • F47 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Data circularity' documented · field
    none of Ithaca’s proposed restorations are assumed to be objectively certain—instead, they are presented as plausible suggestions.
  • F48 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Contributing to historical debates' (the decrees) documented · field
    The fact that Ithaca was trained on the largest available dataset of Greek epigraphic texts makes it possible to challenge or overcome individual biases or, indeed, errors in the existing academic tradition, notwithstanding the fact that the dataset in question is originally based on the accumulated academic tradition.
  • F49 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Training on epigraphic tasks' documented · field
    The limitations of discretizing and amalgamating date ranges of different levels of precision based on past scholarship have been noted
12.It is used through Predicting the Past, the code under Apache 2.0, the weights under CC BY-SA 4.0 and the article under CC BY 4.0 (Predicting the Past; Nature; the DeepMind post).6
  • F50 Predicting the Past — Predicting the Past, title documented · field
    Predicting the Past | Contextualising, restoring, and attributing ancient texts
  • F51 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Conclusions ¶1 documented · field
    our interdisciplinary team created an open-source and publicly available interface ( https://ithaca.deepmind.com ), enabling historians to use Ithaca for their personal research
  • F52 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, ¶4 documented · field
    we partnered with Google Cloud and Google Arts & Culture to launch a free interactive version of Ithaca . And to aid further research, we have also open sourced our code, the pretrained model, and an interactive Colaboratory notebook.
  • F53 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, Notes documented · field
    The Ithaca web interface was developed by Justin Grayston, Benjamin Maynard, and Ricardo Cardenas from Google Cloud.
  • F54 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Code availability documented · field
    Ithaca’s training and inference source code is available at GitHub ( https://github.com/deepmind/ithaca ) under Apache License 2.0, along with the trained weights, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.
  • F55 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Rights and permissions documented · field
    Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
13.It follows Pythia (2019), is called the first model of its kind, and versions for other ancient languages and disciplines are foreseen (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia).6
  • F56 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Methods, 'Previous work' ¶2 documented · field
    The closest work to Ithaca is our 2019 research on ancient text restoration: Pythia
  • F57 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s3 documented · field
    The work builds on another text analysis network that DeepMind released in 2019, named Pythia.
  • F58 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Conclusions ¶1 documented · field
    Ithaca is to our knowledge the first epigraphic restoration and attribution model of its kind.
  • F59 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶4 documented · field
    we are currently working on versions of Ithaca trained on other ancient languages and historians can already use their datasets in the current architecture to study other ancient writing systems, from Akkadian to Demotic and Hebrew to Mayan
  • F60 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s7 documented · field
    The team is working on extending the model to other ancient languages, including Demotic , Akkadian , Hebrew , and Mayan .
  • F61 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature, Conclusions ¶2 documented · field
    the methods introduced in this research apply to all disciplines dealing with ancient text (papyrology, numismatics, codicology), to any language (ancient or modern)
14.Wikipedia has no article on it; the bare name is a disambiguation page for Homer's island and others (Wikipedia).1
  • F62 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model), Wikipedia 'Ithaca' (disambiguation page), opening documented · field
    Ithaca most commonly refers to: Homer's Ithaca , an island featured in Homer's Odyssey

popup — the compression from the field ledger alone (the four cards and Wikipedia). With no archive claim admitted, the entry is the model at its paper's and its makers' resolution, with the encyclopedia's contest of the evaluators. composed 2026-10-31 from the field ledger alone; not frozen

Form ledger — AIO against both arms, at both levels
AIO (T)L_F compressionL_F expansionL_A compressionL_A expansion
body words1611204053212038
distinct claims82962101122
claims per 100 words5.024.215.331.56.0
field claims carried (of 62)—29625162
archive claims0005060
rail4 documents15 lineagesper sentence20 lineagesper sentence
modality shown innonetypographygrammartypographygrammar

Computed from the row at build: words counted in the text; claims from the ledger ids each line or sentence carries. T's claims are the worked example's T1–T9.

The objects

Tthe transcript161 words · 4 cards

register entry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031 OBS-5e8377899856 · file as first run sha256 1bd633944226cdd7…

  • T1-1 definition: 'Ithaca is a deep neural network developed by Google DeepMind and academic partners to restore, geographically attribute, and chronologically date damaged ancient Greek inscriptions.' (one marker)
  • T1-2 text restoration: 'Restores missing or damaged characters with 62% accuracy on its own (raising human historian accuracy from 25% to 72% when collaborating).' (one marker)
  • T1-3 geographical attribution: 'Identifies the original geographic location across 84 regions with 71% accuracy.' (two markers)
  • T1-4 chronological dating: 'Dates inscriptions within 30 years of their true historical creation date.' (one marker)
  • T1-5 architecture: 'Uses joint character and word embeddings with stacked transformer decoder blocks and sparse multi-head attention.' (two markers)
  • T1-6 training data: 'Trained on the Packard Humanities Institute (PHI) Searchable Greek Inscriptions dataset.' (two markers)
  • T1-7 access and open source: 'The code is open-sourced under the Apache-2.0 license via the GitHub - Google-DeepMind Ithaca Repository, and interactive research tools can be explored through Predicting the Past.' (two inline links, two markers)
  • T1-8 closer: 'Would you like to know more about how Ithaca connects with newer models like Aeneas or how historians use the Predicting the Past platform?'
Bthe disclosed field5 sources
  • B1 Google DeepMind — Predicting the past with Ithaca — Google DeepMind card; B1.html sha256 832d3d6cfd97b40a, HTTP 200 at 2026-10-31T04:39:12Z
  • B2 GitHub — GitHub - google-deepmind/ithaca: Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks · GitHub card; unreachable: HTTP 403 from the build environment's GitHub gate at 2026-10-31T04:39:12Z (B2-403.html sha256 b3e03aaaff81d687); not retried; the card's snippet stands
  • B3 Predicting the Past — Predicting the Past card; B3.html sha256 08a11cf87711fe87, HTTP 200 at 2026-10-31T04:39:13Z; byte-identical to the census copy ithaca--home; text from its title and meta description (B3-meta.txt)
  • B4 Nature — Restoring and attributing ancient texts using deep neural networks | Nature card; B4.html sha256 7bab9e1b3786b154, HTTP 200 at 2026-10-31T04:39:15Z; text identical to the census copy ithaca--nature (sha256 d2b4df37a93252c3)
  • B5 Wikipedia — Google DeepMind §Others, 'Archaeology' (no article 'Ithaca (neural network)' or similar; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page that does not list the model) wikipedia; no article (raw wikitext HTTP 404 for five titles; 'Ithaca' a disambiguation page not listing the model); the section 'Google DeepMind' › 'Archaeology' fetched, B5.html sha256 4e7bfba0afa24409, HTTP 200 at 2026-10-31T04:41:24Z
Ethe two entities and their relationρ = extends · equal case

E_A, the archive's entity: the same model, in the Revelation First census record, the archive's field survey and the Capture Registry: a deep neural network for restoring, placing and dating ancient Greek inscriptions, evidence of the kind 'machine reading, restoration or dating' on the intersection AI and ancient texts, whose unit is an inscription's restored text, place and date; it answers how accurately a model restores, places and dates Greek inscriptions and how much it helps historians, and not the dating of manuscripts or literary works nor anything on the New Testament; read by the archive as a method the dating workstream can watch, bearing on the Revelation First thesis only as machine dating moves toward literary and papyrus evidence; its collaboration figure produced by interface design, ranked hypotheses not a verdict, and so empirical evidence that the single-verdict hazard (#1406) is a property of interfaces, not of machine reading as such; its dataset construction the hidden achievement; working on authors who cannot be consulted; composed at its disambiguated name as its benchmark. RF-05 RF-07 RF-08 RF-09 RF-18 RF-19 RF-20 RF-21 RF-33 RF-34 D1443-02 D1443-03 D1443-04 D1443-06 O1406-01 CAP-1-07; defining papers #1443, #1406

E_F, the field's entity (type C — a conventional reading holds it (public entity: an AI model for ancient Greek inscriptions, with its paper, code and interface; at the bare name a homonym, Homer's island)): Ithaca, a deep neural network for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions (B4), by DeepMind with Ca' Foscari, Oxford and the Athens University of Economics and Business (B1, B4), presented in Nature on 9 March 2022 (B4), named after Homer's island (B1, B4, B5); trained on PHI processed into I.PHI, 78,608 inscriptions of the seventh century BC to the fifth century AD (B4); reading characters and words jointly through sparse-attention transformer blocks with three task heads (B4, B1); returning ranked restorations, distributions over 84 regions and 160 decades, and saliency maps (B4, B1); restoring at 62% alone, historians rising from 25% to 72% with it, attributing place at 71% and dating to less than 30 years of the ground-truth ranges (B4, B1, B5), the evaluators' qualification contested (B4, B5); designed to assist and expand the historian's workflow, its restorations plausible suggestions (B4); open under Apache 2.0 (code), CC BY-SA 4.0 (weights) and CC BY 4.0 (article), served through Predicting the Past beside Aeneas (B3, B4); after Pythia (B4, B5).

ρ = extends: The archive reads Ithaca as its makers present it and adds, on the field's own object: the census's answer to what this evidence can and cannot settle, inscriptions not manuscripts and nothing on the New Testament, with the reading that it is a method the dating workstream can watch; a mechanism for the collaboration figure (interface design, ranked hypotheses not a verdict); an archive category applied to the entity, the single-verdict hazard of differential register prioritization, with its falsifier; a reading of the dataset construction; a limit, authors who cannot be consulted; and the account of its composition at its disambiguated name. RF-18 RF-19 RF-20 RF-21 RF-33 RF-34 RF-35 D1443-02 D1443-03 D1443-04 D1443-05 D1443-06 O1406-01 O1406-02 CAP-1-07 CAP-1-08. Guard: ρ = extends claims an addition and no more (§1.2a). It does not make the field's sources wrong at their dates. #1443's reading of the gain (D1443-03) is composed beside the paper's 'synergistic effect' (F36), not in its place; the census's 'not stated' and 'not read' (RF-13, RF-14, RF-23) beside the paper's statements (F17, F19, F54, F55), each with its locus. The homonyms (Homer's island, the island, the city, the archive's own figure of Ithaca) stand outside ρ: distinct entities, never senses of the name.

The case: equal terms, ontology included (v0.9). The archive reads the field's entity as the entity. The Revelation First census record describes Ithaca from its paper, each evidence quote with basis 'operator', and answers for it the census's question of what evidence a resource holds on the composition and dating of the New Testament writings and how machines read them: inscriptions, not manuscripts, nothing on the New Testament, a method the dating workstream can watch. The archive's field survey (#1443) reads the model at its paper's figures and adds, on the field's own object, a mechanism (the collaboration gain comes from the ranked interface, not from accuracy), an archive category applied to the entity (#1406's single-verdict hazard, of which Ithaca is 'empirical evidence'), a reading of the dataset construction, and a limit (it works on authors who cannot be consulted). None of this contests what Ithaca is; it extends the field's ontology (§0.9, §1.2a: ρ = extends).

#1443 §2.3 'Developmental space': It comes from **interface design** — ranked top-20 hypotheses with saliency, not a verdict; the historian evaluates alternatives rather than accepting an answer.

#1443 §2.3 'Developmental space' ¶2: Ithaca is empirical evidence that **the hazard is a property of single-verdict interfaces, not of machine reading as such**, and that ranked-alternative presentation is the mitigation.

#1406 §1 'What we can and cannot claim': *a condition in which multiple interpretive fields are available, but some are weighted in ways that suppress or erase others, materially altering the reading of ambiguous language.*

#RF census.json rows[slug == 'ithaca'].rf_intersection: Machine dating of Greek text: inscriptions, not manuscripts. A method the dating workstream can watch; it bears on the thesis only as machine dating moves toward literary and papyrus evidence.

#RF census.json organizing_question: What evidence does each resource hold on when and from what the New Testament writings were composed, and how do machines now read those texts?

#capture-registry ithaca-deepmind-aio-20261031, per_dim.basis: the composition is of the model throughout, by its own three tasks.

τthe translation: every field claim carried, beside its statement in the archive's ontology62 field claims · 15 rows
field claimsreceivedreceiving texttranslationarchive
F1, F2, F3, F4, F7, F5, F6F1 (B4, Abstract s3): "Here we present Ithaca, a deep neural network for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions."; F2 (B1, standfirst): "Restoring, placing, and dating ancient texts through collaboration between AI and historians"; F3 (B1, ¶3 s1): "we jointly introduce Ithaca, the first deep neural network that can restore the missing text of damaged inscriptions, identify their original location, and help establish the date they were created."; F4 (B2, card snippet (unreachable card)): "Overview: Ithaca is a deep neural network developed by DeepMind and academic partners for restoring, geographically attributing, and chronologically dating anci..."; F7 (B5, Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s2): "This deep neural network helps researchers restore the empty text of damaged Greek documents, and to identify their date and geographical origin."; F5 (B3, meta description s1): "Ithaca and Aeneas are generative AI models designed to assist historians in the study of ancient Greek and Latin inscriptions."; F6 (B3, meta description s2): "They are part of a wider initiative on developing collaborative AI for historical research."—untranslated: composed as received beside RF-01, RF-05RF-01, RF-05
F8, F9, F10F8 (B4, Main, 'Deep learning for epigraphy' ¶2): "Ithaca, which was named after the Greek island that eluded the hero Odysseus’ homecoming"; F9 (B1, ¶3 s2): "Ithaca is named after the Greek island in Homer’s Odyssey and builds upon and extends Pythia , our previous system that focused on textual restoration."; F10 (B5, Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s1): "Google has unveiled a new archaeology document program, named Ithaca after the Greek island in Homer's Odyssey ."—untranslated: composed as received beside RF-02, CAP-1-09, CAP-1-12RF-02, CAP-1-09, CAP-1-12
F62F62 (B5, Wikipedia 'Ithaca' (disambiguation page), opening): "Ithaca most commonly refers to: Homer's Ithaca , an island featured in Homer's Odyssey"—untranslated: composed as received
F11, F12, F13F11 (B1, ¶2): "we collaborated with the Department of Humanities of Ca' Foscari University of Venice , the Classics Faculty of the University of Oxford , and the Department of Informatics of the Athens University of Economics and Business"; F12 (B4, Author information, Author notes and Affiliations): "These authors contributed equally: Yannis Assael, Thea Sommerschield … DeepMind, London, UK … Department of Humanities, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy … Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece … Faculty of Classics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"; F13 (B4, article header): "Published: 09 March 2022 … Nature volume 603 , pages 280–283 ( 2022 )"—untranslated: composed as received beside RF-04, RF-25, RF-24RF-04, RF-25, RF-24
F14, F15, F16F14 (B4, Abstract s2): "many inscriptions have been damaged to the point of illegibility, transported far from their original location and their date of writing is steeped in uncertainty."; F15 (B4, Main ¶1): "radiocarbon dating is unusable owing to the inorganic nature of most inscribed supports"; F16 (B1, ¶1): "modern dating techniques, such as radiocarbon dating , cannot be used on these materials, making inscriptions difficult and time-consuming to interpret."—untranslated: composed as received
F17, F18, F19, F20, F21, F22F17 (B4, Main, 'Deep learning for epigraphy' ¶2): "was trained on inscriptions written in the ancient Greek language and across the ancient Mediterranean world between the seventh century bc and the fifth century ad"; F18 (B4, Main, 'Working with Greek inscriptions'): "dataset, which consists of the transcribed texts of 178,551 inscriptions … PHI lists a total of 84 ancient regions"; F19 (B4, Main, 'Working with Greek inscriptions'): "the resulting dataset I.PHI is to our knowledge the largest multitask dataset of machine-actionable epigraphical text, containing 78,608 inscriptions."; F20 (B4, Data availability): "Ithaca was trained on The Packard Humanities Institute’s Searchable Greek Inscriptions public dataset, PHI"; F21 (B1, 'Collaborative tools' ¶1): "Ithaca is trained on the largest digital dataset of Greek inscriptions from the Packard Humanities Institute ."; F22 (B4, Methods, 'Data circularity'): "Ithaca’s source dataset (PHI) is a synthesis of generations of scholarly research."—untranslated: composed as received beside RF-12, RF-13, RF-14, D1443-02RF-12, RF-13, RF-14, D1443-02
F23, F24, F25, F26F23 (B4, Main, 'Ithaca is a model for epigraphic tasks' ¶1): "we process the input text as character and word representations jointly"; F24 (B4, Methods, 'Torso'): "The architecture of Ithaca’s torso consists of eight stacked transformer decoder blocks, inspired by the large-scale transformer model BigBird 73 . Every block uses four sparse attention heads"; F25 (B4, Main, 'Ithaca is a model for epigraphic tasks' ¶2): "The final output of the torso is passed to three different task heads that handle restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution, respectively."; F26 (B1, 'Collaborative tools' ¶1): "we trained it using both words and the individual characters as inputs. The sparse self-attention mechanism at the model’s core evaluates these two inputs in parallel"—untranslated: composed as received
F27, F28, F29, F30, F31F27 (B4, Main, 'Interpreting the outputs' ¶1): "Ithaca offers a set of the top 20 decoded predictions ranked by probability"; F28 (B1, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Restoration hypotheses)): "Ithaca generates several prediction hypotheses for the text restoration task for historians to choose from using their expertise."; F29 (B1, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Geographical attribution)): "Ithaca shows its uncertainty by giving historians a probability distribution over all possible predictions – instead of just a single output."; F30 (B4, Main, 'Interpreting the outputs' ¶3): "Ithaca discretizes all dates between 800 bc and ad 800 into 10-year bins, resulting in 160 decades."; F31 (B1, 'Collaborative tools', visual aids (Saliency maps)): "Ithaca uses a technique commonly used in computer vision that identifies which input sequences contribute most to a prediction."—untranslated: composed as received
F32, F33, F34, F35F32 (B4, Abstract s7): "Ithaca can attribute inscriptions to their original location with an accuracy of 71% and can date them to less than 30 years of their ground-truth ranges, redating key texts of Classical Athens and contributing to topical debates in ancient history."; F33 (B1, ¶3 s3): "Our evaluations show that Ithaca achieves 62% accuracy in restoring damaged texts, 71% accuracy in identifying their original location, and can date texts to within 30 years of their ground-truth date ranges."; F34 (B4, Main, 'Experimental evaluation' ¶3): "scoring a 26.3% CER and 61.8% top 1 accuracy … Ithaca has 70.8% top 1 and 82.1% top 3 predictive accuracy … have an average distance of 29.3 years from the target dating brackets, with a median distance of only 3 years."; F35 (B5, Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s4): "Ithaca achieves 62% accuracy in restoring damaged texts and 71% location accuracy, and has a dating precision of 30 years."—untranslated: composed as received beside RF-16RF-16
F36, F38, F37, F39, F40, F41F36 (B4, Abstract s6): "While Ithaca alone achieves 62% accuracy when restoring damaged texts, the use of Ithaca by historians improved their accuracy from 25% to 72%, confirming the synergistic effect of this research tool."; F38 (B1, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶1): "The expert historians we worked with achieved 25% accuracy when working alone to restore ancient texts. But, when using Ithaca, their performance increases to 72%, surpassing the model’s individual performance"; F37 (B4, Main, 'Experimental evaluation' ¶1): "we evaluate the difficulty of the restoration task by assigning two evaluators with epigraphical expertise (‘ancient historian’) a set of damaged inscriptions to restore"; F39 (B4, Acknowledgements): "the student annotators and baseline evaluators of the Athens University of Economics and Business (MSc in Digital Methods for the Humanities) and the University of Oxford (Faculty of Classics)"; F40 (B5, Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s5): "The authors claimed that the use of Ithaca by "expert historians" raised the accuracy of their work from 25 to 72 percent."; F41 (B5, Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s6): "However, Eleanor Dickey noted that this test was actually only made of students, saying that it wasn't clear how helpful Ithaca would be to "genuinely qualified editors"."—untranslated: composed as received beside RF-15, RF-11, D1443-01RF-15, RF-11, D1443-01
F42, F43, F44F42 (B4, Main, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶3): "whereas the I.PHI labels are on average 27 years off the ‘lower’ dating proposed by modern re-evaluations, Ithaca’s predictions are on average only 5 years off the newly proposed ground truths."; F43 (B4, Main, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶4): "Ithaca’s average predicted date for all of these decrees is 421 bc"; F44 (B1, ¶3 s4): "Historians have already used the tool to reevaluate significant periods in Greek history."—untranslated: composed as received
F45, F46, F47, F48, F49F45 (B4, Abstract s4–5): "Ithaca is designed to assist and expand the historian’s workflow. The architecture of Ithaca focuses on collaboration, decision support and interpretability."; F46 (B4, Methods, 'Data circularity'): "Rather, Ithaca is an assistive tool aiming to improve on and facilitate a scholarly process of induction, model uncertainty and propose possible solutions for the scholar to consider."; F47 (B4, Methods, 'Data circularity'): "none of Ithaca’s proposed restorations are assumed to be objectively certain—instead, they are presented as plausible suggestions."; F48 (B4, Methods, 'Contributing to historical debates' (the decrees)): "The fact that Ithaca was trained on the largest available dataset of Greek epigraphic texts makes it possible to challenge or overcome individual biases or, indeed, errors in the existing academic tradition, notwithstanding the fact that the dataset in question is originally based on the accumulated academic tradition."; F49 (B4, Methods, 'Training on epigraphic tasks'): "The limitations of discretizing and amalgamating date ranges of different levels of precision based on past scholarship have been noted"—untranslated: composed as received beside RF-17RF-17
F51, F50, F52, F53, F54, F55F51 (B4, Conclusions ¶1): "our interdisciplinary team created an open-source and publicly available interface ( https://ithaca.deepmind.com ), enabling historians to use Ithaca for their personal research"; F50 (B3, title): "Predicting the Past | Contextualising, restoring, and attributing ancient texts"; F52 (B1, ¶4): "we partnered with Google Cloud and Google Arts & Culture to launch a free interactive version of Ithaca . And to aid further research, we have also open sourced our code, the pretrained model, and an interactive Colaboratory notebook."; F53 (B1, Notes): "The Ithaca web interface was developed by Justin Grayston, Benjamin Maynard, and Ricardo Cardenas from Google Cloud."; F54 (B4, Code availability): "Ithaca’s training and inference source code is available at GitHub ( https://github.com/deepmind/ithaca ) under Apache License 2.0, along with the trained weights, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International."; F55 (B4, Rights and permissions): "Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License"—untranslated: composed as received beside RF-03, RF-22, RF-30, RF-23RF-03, RF-22, RF-30, RF-23
F56, F57, F58, F59, F60F56 (B4, Methods, 'Previous work' ¶2): "The closest work to Ithaca is our 2019 research on ancient text restoration: Pythia"; F57 (B5, Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s3): "The work builds on another text analysis network that DeepMind released in 2019, named Pythia."; F58 (B4, Conclusions ¶1): "Ithaca is to our knowledge the first epigraphic restoration and attribution model of its kind."; F59 (B1, 'Contributing to historical debates' ¶4): "we are currently working on versions of Ithaca trained on other ancient languages and historians can already use their datasets in the current architecture to study other ancient writing systems, from Akkadian to Demotic and Hebrew to Mayan"; F60 (B5, Google DeepMind §Others, Archaeology s7): "The team is working on extending the model to other ancient languages, including Demotic , Akkadian , Hebrew , and Mayan ."—untranslated: composed as received beside RF-28, CAP-1-16RF-28, CAP-1-16
F61F61 (B4, Conclusions ¶2): "the methods introduced in this research apply to all disciplines dealing with ancient text (papyrology, numismatics, codicology), to any language (ancient or modern)"—untranslated: composed as received

equal-terms case: every field claim composed as received, beside the archive claims it stands with. Reading the received column recovers the field (§5.9).

R7the measure0 of 14 survive

v0.9 §4.10: KO_B sentences surviving in the KO at similarity ≥ 0.95, with positions (computed as apply_v09.py does: difflib.SequenceMatcher ratio, the best KO sentence for each KO_B sentence): v0.9 0 of 14 (positions [None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None]; composed first under v0.9, so there is no v0.7 object to measure against). Opening-run check (§5.10): no breach.

L_F(B)recomposed from the disclosed field, in the field's ontology399 words

Ithaca is a deep neural network "for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions", presented in Nature on 9 March 2022 by Yannis Assael, Thea Sommerschield and colleagues of DeepMind, Ca' Foscari, Oxford and the Athens University of Economics and Business (Nature; the DeepMind post). The post states the work as restoring, placing and dating ancient texts through collaboration between AI and historians, and the repository and interface site as a model by DeepMind and academic partners that assists historians with Greek and Latin inscriptions beside Aeneas (the DeepMind post; GitHub card; Predicting the Past). It is named after the Greek island in Homer's Odyssey (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia). Inscriptions are damaged, moved and undatable by radiocarbon (Nature; the DeepMind post). It was trained on PHI, 178,551 Greek inscriptions of the seventh century BC to the fifth century AD in 84 regions, processed into I.PHI of 78,608, a dataset that synthesizes generations of scholarship (Nature; the DeepMind post). It reads characters and words jointly through eight sparse-attention transformer blocks and three task heads (Nature; the DeepMind post). It returns the top 20 ranked restorations, distributions over regions and over 160 decades, and saliency maps (Nature; the DeepMind post). It restores at 62% and attributes place at 71%, dating to less than 30 years of the ground-truth ranges, a median of 3 years (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia). Historians using it rose from 25% to 72% (Nature; the DeepMind post); the baseline was two evaluators with epigraphical expertise, the paper thanks student evaluators, and Eleanor Dickey noted the test was only of students (Nature; Wikipedia). Held-out Athenian decrees are dated to 421 BC on average, 5 years from the modern lower dating (Nature; the DeepMind post). It is designed to assist and expand the historian's workflow, its restorations plausible suggestions, its data resting on the tradition it can correct, its discretized dates a noted limit (Nature). It is used through Predicting the Past, the code under Apache 2.0, the weights under CC BY-SA 4.0 and the article under CC BY 4.0 (Predicting the Past; Nature; the DeepMind post). It follows Pythia (2019), is called the first model of its kind, and versions for other ancient languages and disciplines are foreseen (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia). Wikipedia has no article on it; the bare name is a disambiguation page for Homer's island and others (Wikipedia).

L_A(B ∪ A)the field and the archive composed in the archive's ontology2021 words

Ithaca is a deep neural network "for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions" (Nature, 2022), which the Revelation First census record names Ithaca and files under AI and ancient texts, "machine reading, restoration and dating", as evidence of the kind "machine reading, restoration or dating" whose unit is "an inscription's restored text, attributed place and attributed date" and whose texts are ancient Greek inscriptions (census record). Its makers state the work as "Restoring, placing, and dating ancient texts through collaboration between AI and historians" and introduce Ithaca as the first deep neural network to restore the missing text of damaged inscriptions, identify their original location and help establish their date (the DeepMind post); the repository's card gives "a deep neural network developed by DeepMind and academic partners" (GitHub card), and the encyclopedia one that "helps researchers restore the empty text of damaged Greek documents" and identify their date and origin (Wikipedia). The interface site calls Ithaca and Aeneas "generative AI models designed to assist historians in the study of ancient Greek and Latin inscriptions", part of "a wider initiative on developing collaborative AI for historical research" (Predicting the Past). The name is the island's: Ithaca "was named after the Greek island that eluded the hero Odysseus’ homecoming" (Nature), after "the Greek island in Homer’s Odyssey" (the DeepMind post; Wikipedia), and the census gives its other name as "Ithaca (DeepMind)" (census record). On the encyclopedia the bare name "most commonly refers to" Homer's Ithaca and is a disambiguation page that does not list the model, which has no article of its own (Wikipedia); the Capture Registry records that the operator "added the disambiguator to a name that is bare a homonym", and reads that 'DeepMind' selects the model from the island and the city (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31). Its operator is "DeepMind with historians and collaborators; described in Nature (2022)" (census record): DeepMind worked with the Department of Humanities of Ca' Foscari University of Venice, the Classics Faculty of the University of Oxford and the Department of Informatics of the Athens University of Economics and Business (the DeepMind post), the paper's co-first authors are Yannis Assael and Thea Sommerschield with those affiliations and DeepMind in London, and the paper was published in Nature 603, 280–283, on 9 March 2022 (Nature), the census dating it to 2022 and its lifecycle "published 2022; interface online" (census record). The paper's problem is that inscriptions "have been damaged to the point of illegibility, transported far from their original location and their date of writing is steeped in uncertainty", and that "radiocarbon dating is unusable owing to the inorganic nature of most inscribed supports" (Nature), which the post gives as dating techniques that "cannot be used on these materials" (the DeepMind post). It was trained on Greek inscriptions from across the ancient Mediterranean between the seventh century BC and the fifth century AD, from the Packard Humanities Institute's Searchable Greek Inscriptions (PHI), 178,551 transcribed texts in 84 ancient regions, processed into I.PHI, "containing 78,608 inscriptions" (Nature; the DeepMind post); the census gives its geography as the ancient Greek world and, from the abstract, its period as "not stated in the abstract" and its count as "not stated in the saved abstract" (census record). The paper states that PHI "is a synthesis of generations of scholarly research" (Nature), and the archive's field survey reads the processing as the work itself: the model assumes "A large, clean, machine-actionable corpus", I.PHI "required an extended ruleset to normalise 84 regions and heterogeneous date formats", and "The dataset construction is the hidden achievement" (#1443). The text is processed "as character and word representations jointly" through eight stacked transformer decoder blocks after BigBird, each with four sparse attention heads, and three task heads for restoration, place and date (Nature), the post describing a sparse self-attention core that evaluates words and characters in parallel (the DeepMind post). For restoration it offers "the top 20 decoded predictions ranked by probability" (Nature), several hypotheses "for historians to choose from using their expertise"; for place it shows its uncertainty as a probability distribution "instead of just a single output"; for date it predicts over 160 decades from 800 BC to AD 800; and saliency maps show which inputs drove a prediction (the DeepMind post; Nature). Alone it restores damaged texts at 62% and attributes place at 71%, and it dates "to less than 30 years of their ground-truth ranges" (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia's 'dating precision of 30 years'); measured, that is a 26.3% character error rate and 61.8% top-1 restoration, 70.8% top-1 and 82.1% top-3 for regions, and an average distance of 29.3 years, "with a median distance of only 3 years", from the target brackets (Nature), which the census carries as its second finding (census record). With it, historians' restoration accuracy rose "from 25% to 72%", which the paper reads as "the synergistic effect of this research tool" (Nature) and the post as expert historians "surpassing the model’s individual performance" (the DeepMind post); the census carries it as its first finding and the method as "evaluated alone and with historians" (census record), and the archive's survey restates the figures from the paper (#1443). The paper's human baseline is "two evaluators with epigraphical expertise (‘ancient historian’)", and it thanks "the student annotators and baseline evaluators" of the Athens University of Economics and Business's MSc in Digital Methods for the Humanities and of Oxford's Faculty of Classics (Nature); the encyclopedia reports the authors' claim for "expert historians" and that "Eleanor Dickey noted that this test was actually only made of students", it being unclear how helpful Ithaca would be to "genuinely qualified editors" (Wikipedia). The archive's field survey reads the figure as a property of the interface: "this is not "AI helps."" — "The 25→72 gain cannot come from accuracy: the model alone scores 62, below the collaborative figure"; it comes from interface design, "ranked top-20 hypotheses with saliency, not a verdict; the historian evaluates alternatives rather than accepting an answer" (#1443). The archive defines differential register prioritization as "a condition in which multiple interpretive fields are available, but some are weighted in ways that suppress or erase others, materially altering the reading of ambiguous language", a specification weakened "if reading systems can be shown to reliably recover suppressed registers without branch-preservation" (#1406); its field survey reads Ithaca as "empirical evidence that the hazard is a property of single-verdict interfaces, not of machine reading as such", with ranked-alternative presentation the mitigation, which "converts an internal warning into a design requirement with external validation" (#1443). On the disputed Athenian decrees, held out of training, its predictions average 421 BC and sit on average 5 years from the modern 'lower' dating where the dataset's labels sit 27 years off (Nature), the work by which the paper says it is "redating key texts of Classical Athens" (Nature) and historians "have already used the tool to reevaluate significant periods in Greek history" (the DeepMind post). Its frame is stated in the abstract, "Ithaca is designed to assist and expand the historian’s workflow", its architecture focused on "collaboration, decision support and interpretability" (Nature; census record): "an assistive tool" that proposes "possible solutions for the scholar to consider", none of whose restorations "are assumed to be objectively certain—instead, they are presented as plausible suggestions" (Nature). The paper holds that the scale of its data can challenge errors in the academic tradition "notwithstanding the fact that the dataset in question is originally based on the accumulated academic tradition", and that "The limitations of discretizing and amalgamating date ranges of different levels of precision based on past scholarship have been noted", which its scale at least partially meets (Nature); the archive's survey states what such an instrument cannot ask: attestation is answerable "only where there is a living author who can sign, date, photograph, enroll, attest, consent, and be asked again next year", and "Vesuvius and Ithaca work on authors who cannot be consulted" (#1443). It is used through "an open-source and publicly available interface" at ithaca.deepmind.com (Nature; census record), now served as Predicting the Past, "Contextualising, restoring, and attributing ancient texts" (Predicting the Past), launched with Google Cloud and Google Arts & Culture with the code, the pretrained model and a Colaboratory notebook open-sourced, its web interface built by Justin Grayston, Benjamin Maynard and Ricardo Cardenas of Google Cloud (the DeepMind post); the census reads the saved page as "a JavaScript application" with the paper open in Nature and left "the interface (JavaScript)" and "the training corpus" unchecked (census record). The training and inference code is on GitHub "under Apache License 2.0, along with the trained weights, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International", and the article is licensed under CC BY 4.0 (Nature); the census records its licence as "not read" (census record). Its closest predecessor is Pythia, the authors' 2019 restoration model, which it builds on and extends (Nature; the DeepMind post; Wikipedia), and the paper calls it "to our knowledge the first epigraphic restoration and attribution model of its kind" (Nature). Versions for other ancient languages were in progress, "from Akkadian to Demotic and Hebrew to Mayan" (the DeepMind post; Wikipedia); the census names its neighbour Aeneas as "DeepMind's later model for Latin inscriptions" (census record), the model the interface site presents beside it. The census asks of each resource "What evidence does each resource hold on when and from what the New Testament writings were composed, and how do machines now read those texts?", and answers for Ithaca "how accurately a model restores, places and dates Greek inscriptions, and how much it helps historians", not "the dating of manuscripts or literary works" nor "anything on the New Testament" (census record). Its reading, the archive's: "Machine dating of Greek text: inscriptions, not manuscripts. A method the dating workstream can watch; it bears on the thesis only as machine dating moves toward literary and papyrus evidence", with the tags "NOT a manuscript-dating model" and "NOT a New Testament resource", under the census's correction that "Revelation First is the priority thesis", not the pre-70 date (census record); the authors, for their part, hold the methods applicable "to all disciplines dealing with ancient text (papyrology, numismatics, codicology), to any language (ancient or modern)" (Nature). In the worked question of what machine dating of manuscripts can establish, Ithaca stands for "restoration, place and date for Greek inscriptions, within 30 years of ground truth": "Machine dating is calibrated on a corpus. What it establishes holds for that corpus and that kind of evidence", and "None of the four dates a New Testament papyrus or a composition" (census record), the thirty years being the paper's distance from "ground-truth ranges" (Nature). At 'Ithaca DeepMind' on 31 October 2026 Google's AI Overview gave "the model, its three tasks with their figures, how it is built and where it can be used, from its maker, its code and its paper": "THE MODEL HELD", the figures the record's own from the Nature abstract, "Google DeepMind named; no person; no identifier", at a dimensional PER of 0.105 (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31), the address carrying a disambiguator because the bare name is shared (census record). The paper's frame was "carried only by the collaboration figures", the redating of Classical Athens and the model's year absent, the "academic partners" unnamed, and "within 30 years of their true historical creation date" an inflation of the record's "ground-truth ranges", the paper's words (Nature), the plausible suggestions not carried (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31). The 84 regions, the architecture, the PHI dataset and the Apache-2.0 licence, each stated in the paper (Nature), came "from the GitHub and Nature cards", the record not having read the licence, the CC BY-SA weights not carried, the closing offer tying Ithaca to "newer models like Aeneas", and no card citing the census record, built the day before (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31). The registry's analysis: "A model is composed by its benchmark, accurately", and "What the field takes from Ithaca is the scale of the error: a machine dates an inscription to within thirty years and no closer, which is the same margin as Enoch's for the scrolls" (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).

Δthe delta

T against L_F(B) (AIO's ontology at work on its own cards): At 'Ithaca DeepMind' (T1, four cards, all the entity's; 161 words) the composition gives the model, its three tasks with figures, its build and its access. Composed from the cards at their own grain: the definition (T1-1, from F1, F4, F7, with 'Google DeepMind and academic partners' after F4 and F11, the partners unnamed: CAP-1-15); restoration at 62% with historians from 25% to 72% (T1-2, F36, F33); 71% for place across 84 regions (T1-3, F32, F33, F18's 84 regions); the build (T1-5, F23, F24, F26: 'joint character and word embeddings', 'stacked transformer decoder blocks and sparse multi-head attention'); PHI's Searchable Greek Inscriptions (T1-6, F20, F21); the Apache-2.0 code and Predicting the Past (T1-7, F54, F50, F51). Force raised: T1-4, 'within 30 years of their true historical creation date', where the sources give 'less than 30 years of their ground-truth ranges' (F32) and 'within 30 years of their ground-truth date ranges' (F33), ranges proposed by epigraphers (CAP-1-13); T1-2's 'human historian accuracy' generalizes the paper's two evaluators (F37) over the contest of who they were (F39, F41). Limit dropped: the assistive frame and 'plausible suggestions' (F45, F46, F47; CAP-1-02, CAP-1-13); the weights' CC BY-SA 4.0 beside the code's Apache 2.0 (F54; CAP-1-14); the dataset's dependence on the tradition and the discretized dates (F48, F49); Dickey's objection (F41). Available, not composed: the name and its homonymy (F8–F10, F62), the authors, the paper and its date (F12, F13; CAP-1-05), the problem (F14–F16), the period and I.PHI's 78,608 (F17, F19), the three heads (F25), the outputs, ranked hypotheses and distributions 'instead of just a single output' (F27–F31), the measured figures and the median of 3 years (F34), the evaluators (F37–F40), Athens (F42–F44; CAP-1-03), Pythia and 'the first' (F3, F56–F58), other languages and disciplines (F59–F61), the article's licence (F55), the interface's makers (F52, F53), the interface site's account of two assistive models (F5, F6). Composed without attribution: no person named, the operator named (CAP-1-11), at the coarse grain of a product overview (recorded, not a breach). Outside the cards as read: the closer's 'newer models like Aeneas' (T1-8): B3 names Aeneas beside Ithaca, not as newer; the census record's relation (RF-28) and the aeneas census source carry it. Content replaced by use: the closer, an offer on Aeneas and on how historians use the platform. The Capture Registry's findings name the held model, the frame carried only by figures, the absent Athens and year, and the figures beyond the record (CAP-1-01–CAP-1-05), carried as the archive's claims.

v0.9 §0.5: the first diff is ontological. T composes Ithaca as a benchmarked product, a model with capabilities, a build and a licence: the field's own object at the grain of its figures. What the composition drops is what the field says the figures are for and what qualifies them: the assistive frame and the plausible-suggestions commitment (F45–F47), the ranked outputs that make the collaboration possible (F27–F29), the contest over who the evaluators were (F41), the dependence of the dates on the tradition's own labels (F48, F49). 'True historical creation date' turns a distance from epigraphers' ranges into a distance from the truth: the composition's ontology is a model that knows dates, where the field's is a tool that ranks hypotheses for a historian (CAP-1-07, CAP-1-13).

L_F(B) against L_A(B ∪ A) (the intervention): Admission adds, in one claim space with the field's: the census's question and its answer for the entity, what it can and cannot settle (RF-31, RF-18–RF-20), its intersection, kind of evidence and unit (RF-06–RF-09), its negative tags and its reading, inscriptions not manuscripts, a method the dating workstream can watch (RF-21, RF-26, RF-27), the correction (RF-32), the worked question in which machine dating is calibrated on a corpus and none of the four dates a New Testament papyrus (RF-33–RF-35); #1443's reading of the collaboration figure as interface design, not accuracy (D1443-03), its application of #1406's category, the single-verdict hazard, to the entity (D1443-04, D1443-05, O1406-01, O1406-02), the dataset construction as the hidden achievement (D1443-02), and the limit that the instrument works on authors who cannot be consulted (D1443-06); the Capture Registry's account of the composition at the name (CAP-1-01–CAP-1-17). The census also records, against the field, a period and count 'not stated' and a licence 'not read' that the paper states (RF-13, RF-14, RF-23 beside F17, F19, F54, F55). Not surfaced: every archive source (no card cites the census record, CAP-1-10; no card cites #1443 or #1406). Nothing of the field is translated or displaced (equal case).

alignment: {'T1_cards_claims': ['F1', 'F2', 'F3', 'F4', 'F5', 'F6', 'F7', 'F8', 'F9', 'F10', 'F11', 'F12', 'F13', 'F14', 'F15', 'F16', 'F17', 'F18', 'F19', 'F20', 'F21', 'F22', 'F23', 'F24', 'F25', 'F26', 'F27', 'F28', 'F29', 'F30', 'F31', 'F32', 'F33', 'F34', 'F35', 'F36', 'F37', 'F38', 'F39', 'F40', 'F41', 'F42', 'F43', 'F44', 'F45', 'F46', 'F47', 'F48', 'F49', 'F50', 'F51', 'F52', 'F53', 'F54', 'F55', 'F56', 'F57', 'F58', 'F59', 'F60', 'F61', 'F62'], 'T1_composed': ['F1', 'F4', 'F7', 'F36', 'F33', 'F32', 'F35', 'F18', 'F23', 'F24', 'F26', 'F20', 'F21', 'F54', 'F50', 'F51', 'F11'], 'T1_outside_cards': ["T1-8: 'newer models like Aeneas' (B3 names Aeneas beside Ithaca, not as newer; the census's relation RF-28 and the aeneas census source carry the succession)", "T1-1: 'Google DeepMind' for the paper's 'DeepMind' (the post's site name; recorded, not a substitution)"], 'rule': "a field claim counts as composed when T states it at its source's grain or coarser; the typology of what is not is in T_vs_LB (§6.2)"}

Kthe prospective kernel sealed only at freeze60 entries
K1RF-01 Revelation First census recordnone
claim
RF-01
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
stipulation
sense
what it is: a neural network that restores, places and dates Greek inscriptions
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K2RF-05 Revelation First census recordnone (restates F1: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
RF-05
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
stipulation
sense
what it is: a neural network that restores, places and dates Greek inscriptions
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F1: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K3RF-06 Revelation First census recordmissing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
RF-06
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
stipulation
sense
what the record asks: what evidence it holds, on which texts, for which questions
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K4RF-07 Revelation First census recordmissing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
RF-07
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
stipulation
sense
what the record asks: what evidence it holds, on which texts, for which questions
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K5RF-08 Revelation First census recordmissing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
RF-08
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
stipulation
sense
what the record asks: what evidence it holds, on which texts, for which questions
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K6RF-09 Revelation First census recordnone (restates F25: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
RF-09
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
stipulation
sense
what the record asks: what evidence it holds, on which texts, for which questions
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F25: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K7RF-10 Revelation First census recordnone (restates F1: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
RF-10
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
stipulation
sense
what the record asks: what evidence it holds, on which texts, for which questions
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F1: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K8RF-02 Revelation First census recordnone
claim
RF-02
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
stipulation
sense
the name: Homer's island
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K9CAP-1-09 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-09
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
documented
sense
the name: Homer's island
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K10CAP-1-12 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-12
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
interpretation
sense
the name: Homer's island
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K11RF-04 Revelation First census recordnone (restates F11, F12, F13: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
RF-04
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
attributed
sense
the makers: DeepMind, its academic partners and the paper's authors
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F11, F12, F13: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K12RF-25 Revelation First census recordnone (restates F13: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
RF-25
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
documented
sense
the makers: DeepMind, its academic partners and the paper's authors
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F13: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K13RF-24 Revelation First census recordnone (restates F13, F51: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
RF-24
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
documented
sense
the makers: DeepMind, its academic partners and the paper's authors
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F13, F51: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K14RF-12 Revelation First census recordnone (restates F17: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
RF-12
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
documented
sense
the data: PHI and I.PHI
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F17: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K15RF-13 Revelation First census recordqualified claim (F17, F19: the paper states the period and the count outside its abstract)
claim
RF-13
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
documented
sense
the data: PHI and I.PHI
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
qualified claim (F17, F19: the paper states the period and the count outside its abstract)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K16RF-14 Revelation First census recordqualified claim (F17, F19: the paper states the period and the count outside its abstract)
claim
RF-14
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
documented
sense
the data: PHI and I.PHI
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
qualified claim (F17, F19: the paper states the period and the count outside its abstract)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K17D1443-02 #1443missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
D1443-02
source
#1443
M_src
interpretation
sense
the data: PHI and I.PHI
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K18RF-16 Revelation First census recordnone (restates F32: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
RF-16
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
attributed
sense
the headline figures: 62%, 71%, within 30 years
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F32: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K19RF-15 Revelation First census recordnone (restates F36: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
RF-15
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
attributed
sense
the collaboration figure: 25% to 72%, and who the evaluators were
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F36: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K20RF-11 Revelation First census recordnone (restates F36: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
RF-11
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
attributed
sense
the collaboration figure: 25% to 72%, and who the evaluators were
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F36: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K21D1443-01 #1443none (restates F19, F36, F32: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
D1443-01
source
#1443
M_src
documented
sense
the collaboration figure: 25% to 72%, and who the evaluators were
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F19, F36, F32: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K22D1443-03 #1443rival claim (F36: the paper reads the 25-to-72 gain as 'the synergistic effect of this research tool')
claim
D1443-03
source
#1443
M_src
interpretation
sense
the archive's reading: the gain from interface design, the single-verdict hazard
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated by #1443; O1406-02 rides as #1406's falsifier for the category; watch: an evaluation of historians with a single-verdict interface, §8.2)
contrast
rival claim (F36: the paper reads the 25-to-72 gain as 'the synergistic effect of this research tool')
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K23O1406-01 #1406missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
O1406-01
source
#1406
M_src
stipulation
sense
the archive's reading: the gain from interface design, the single-verdict hazard
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K24O1406-02 #1406missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
O1406-02
source
#1406
M_src
stipulation
sense
the archive's reading: the gain from interface design, the single-verdict hazard
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
O1406-02 (#1406's own falsifier: reading systems shown to recover suppressed registers reliably without branch-preservation; observation type stated, threshold not: a watch condition)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K25D1443-04 #1443rival claim (F36: the paper reads the 25-to-72 gain as 'the synergistic effect of this research tool')
claim
D1443-04
source
#1443
M_src
interpretation
sense
the archive's reading: the gain from interface design, the single-verdict hazard
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated by #1443; O1406-02 rides as #1406's falsifier for the category; watch: an evaluation of historians with a single-verdict interface, §8.2)
contrast
rival claim (F36: the paper reads the 25-to-72 gain as 'the synergistic effect of this research tool')
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K26D1443-05 #1443rival claim (F36: the paper reads the 25-to-72 gain as 'the synergistic effect of this research tool')
claim
D1443-05
source
#1443
M_src
interpretation
sense
the archive's reading: the gain from interface design, the single-verdict hazard
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
rival claim (F36: the paper reads the 25-to-72 gain as 'the synergistic effect of this research tool')
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K27RF-17 Revelation First census recordnone (restates F45: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
RF-17
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
attributed
sense
the stated limits: an assistive tool, plausible suggestions, the tradition in the data
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F45: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K28D1443-06 #1443missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
D1443-06
source
#1443
M_src
interpretation
sense
what the instrument cannot ask: authors who cannot be consulted
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K29RF-03 Revelation First census recordnone (restates F51: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
RF-03
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
documented
sense
access and licences: the interface, the code, the weights, the article
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F51: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K30RF-22 Revelation First census recordnone (restates F50, F55: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
RF-22
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
documented
sense
access and licences: the interface, the code, the weights, the article
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F50, F55: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K31RF-30 Revelation First census recordnone
claim
RF-30
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
documented
sense
access and licences: the interface, the code, the weights, the article
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K32RF-23 Revelation First census recordqualified claim (F54, F55: the paper states the licences)
claim
RF-23
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
documented
sense
access and licences: the interface, the code, the weights, the article
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
qualified claim (F54, F55: the paper states the licences)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K33RF-28 Revelation First census recordnone
claim
RF-28
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
documented
sense
genealogy and successors: Pythia before, other languages and Aeneas after
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K34RF-31 Revelation First census recordmissing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
RF-31
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
stipulation
sense
what the record asks: what evidence it holds, on which texts, for which questions
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K35RF-18 Revelation First census recordmissing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
RF-18
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
interpretation
sense
what the record asks: what evidence it holds, on which texts, for which questions
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K36RF-19 Revelation First census recordmissing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
RF-19
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
interpretation
sense
what the record asks: what evidence it holds, on which texts, for which questions
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K37RF-20 Revelation First census recordmissing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
RF-20
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
interpretation
sense
what the record asks: what evidence it holds, on which texts, for which questions
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K38RF-21 Revelation First census recordmissing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
RF-21
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
interpretation
sense
where it meets Revelation First: machine dating watched, inscriptions not manuscripts
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K39RF-26 Revelation First census recordmissing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
RF-26
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
stipulation
sense
where it meets Revelation First: machine dating watched, inscriptions not manuscripts
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K40RF-27 Revelation First census recordmissing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
RF-27
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
stipulation
sense
where it meets Revelation First: machine dating watched, inscriptions not manuscripts
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K41RF-32 Revelation First census recordmissing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
RF-32
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
stipulation
sense
where it meets Revelation First: machine dating watched, inscriptions not manuscripts
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K42RF-33 Revelation First census recordnone (restates F32: one lineage with the field's claim)
claim
RF-33
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
interpretation
sense
where it meets Revelation First: machine dating watched, inscriptions not manuscripts
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none (restates F32: one lineage with the field's claim)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K43RF-34 Revelation First census recordmissing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
RF-34
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
interpretation
sense
where it meets Revelation First: machine dating watched, inscriptions not manuscripts
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K44RF-35 Revelation First census recordmissing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
claim
RF-35
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
interpretation
sense
where it meets Revelation First: machine dating watched, inscriptions not manuscripts
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
missing distinction (the field has no claim on the point)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K45CAP-1-06 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-06
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
interpretation
sense
the composition at the name
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K46CAP-1-01 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-01
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
documented
sense
the composition at the name
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K47CAP-1-11 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-11
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
documented
sense
the composition at the name
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K48CAP-1-17 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-17
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
documented
sense
the composition at the name
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K49RF-29 Revelation First census recordnone
claim
RF-29
source
Revelation First census record
M_src
documented
sense
the composition at the name
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K50CAP-1-02 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-02
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
documented
sense
the composition at the name
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K51CAP-1-03 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-03
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
documented
sense
the composition at the name
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K52CAP-1-05 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-05
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
documented
sense
the composition at the name
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K53CAP-1-15 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-15
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
documented
sense
the composition at the name
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K54CAP-1-13 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-13
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
interpretation
sense
the composition at the name
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K55CAP-1-04 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-04
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
documented
sense
the composition at the name
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K56CAP-1-14 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-14
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
documented
sense
the composition at the name
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K57CAP-1-16 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-16
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
documented
sense
genealogy and successors: Pythia before, other languages and Aeneas after
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K58CAP-1-10 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-10
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
documented
sense
the composition at the name
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K59CAP-1-07 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31none
claim
CAP-1-07
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
interpretation
sense
the composition at the name
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
none
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
K60CAP-1-08 Capture Registry, 2026-10-31qualified claim (F34: average 29.3 years, median 3 years)
claim
CAP-1-08
source
Capture Registry, 2026-10-31
M_src
interpretation
sense
where it meets Revelation First: machine dating watched, inscriptions not manuscripts
qualifiers carried
—
f (source's own falsifiers)
— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not, uptake §8.3)
contrast
qualified claim (F34: average 29.3 years, median 3 years)
resolver
a later capture at 'Ithaca DeepMind' (ADDR-665778bf9317) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)
Archive bearing — D/R/O traversalread

Candidates are found by string; admission is by reading.

traversalfirst reading, 2026-10-31; second pass with one citation hop
D 23 deposits · 53 sentencesR 5 · 8O 32 · 9 direct, 28 classhop 35read: 2 admitted, 8 not

Lee Sharks · Crimson Hexagonal Archive · register v1.36, 2026-10-27. Built by scripts/build_non.py from the files linked above; it writes nothing back. Working, not frozen.