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not frozen; ledgers unaudited", "compression": { "title": "The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence", "lede": "is an online exhibit of Columbia's Rare Book & Manuscript Library, made with the English Department and Digital Scholarship, on the shared history of literature and computation, circa 1890–1970; the layer census holds it as historical lineage, where the machine is method and, in Strachey's program, writer." }, "sentences": [ { "n": 1, "para": 0, "text": "The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence, also called Literary AI, is an online exhibit of Columbia University's Rare Book & Manuscript Library on the long, shared history of literature and computation, told through the Columbia Library's holdings.", "claims": [ "F1", "F3", "TLL-01", "TLL-02", "TLL-05" ] }, { "n": 2, "para": 0, "text": "It is a collaboration between the Columbia English Department, the Columbia University Rare Books & Manuscript Library and Columbia University's Digital Scholarship department, a description the CU Narrative Intelligence Lab repeats in its own entry for the project.", "claims": [ "F2", "F32", "TLL-04" ] }, { "n": 3, "para": 0, "text": "Its about page, On Literary AI, stands at literaryai.library.columbia.edu; the exhibit is laid out in eight cases with a credits page, its site copyright 2022 by Columbia University Libraries with its contents offered under a CC-BY 4.0 International License, built with Minicomp/Wax and linking a GitHub repository and a contact page.", "claims": [ "TLL-03", "F25", "TLL-21", "F26", "TLL-30", "F27", "F28", "TLL-17", "TLL-29" ] }, { "n": 4, "para": 0, "text": "No founding date is stated: the census records the 2022 copyright line and an online exhibit, and neither whether a physical exhibition ran at the Rare Book & Manuscript Library nor when; Wikipedia has no article under the exhibit's title.", "claims": [ "TLL-32", "TLL-31", "TLL-37", "F72" ] }, { "n": 5, "para": 1, "text": "The exhibit presents texts from early debates over whether writing was a skill to be honed or a gift to be appreciated, and whether the skills of writing could be learned and even made into repeatable algorithms, and it asks whether writing is like any other craft that can be learned and taught.", "claims": [ "F4", "F5" ] }, { "n": 6, "para": 1, "text": "Following a timeline from circa 1890 to 1970, it explores professional manuals, devices and techniques that promised to make writing easier and even to automate it, and it shows examples of algorithmic composition, prose and poetry written by machines, beside literature written with the aid of algorithmic and combinatorial devices.", "claims": [ "F6", "TLL-23", "F7" ] }, { "n": 7, "para": 1, "text": "As a curated library exhibition it tracks two stories, production and analysis; its unit is an exhibited item, a manual, device, patent, program or analysis, arranged in the eight cases, and the census records no geography beyond the holdings being Columbia's.", "claims": [ "F8", "F33", "TLL-19", "TLL-13", "TLL-20" ] }, { "n": 8, "para": 2, "text": "The first story, \"AI & Literary Production: Romance, Mystery, and Defense Aeronautics\", follows literature as a professional and technical craft through writing manuals and guides for churning out mystery or romance plots, such as Wycliffe Hill's Plot Genies, and plot generators such as William Wallace Cook's Plotto series.", "claims": [ "F9", "F10", "TLL-14" ] }, { "n": 9, "para": 2, "text": "Some how-to manuals carried simple plot generators, with spinning devices or automatic number generators to guide would-be novelists past writers' block, and in the exhibit's account automated text generation catalyzed a wave of early 20th-century patents, from Arthur Blanchard's \"movie-writer\" machine to Henrietta Rose Montague's \"name selector\".", "claims": [ "F12", "F11" ] }, { "n": 10, "para": 2, "text": "The story follows the manuals into mid-twentieth-century computer experiments in algorithmic and automated writing, from Christopher Strachey, who wrote a love letter program in the 1940s, to Margaret Masterman, a linguist who pioneered the use of computers to aid automatic translation.", "claims": [ "F13", "TLL-22" ] }, { "n": 11, "para": 2, "text": "In the exhibit's account the mid-twentieth century faced an existential question, whether programs should be written from frames or from grammar, situational specifics or universal linguistic structures, a divide that drew its vocabulary from comparing literary genres to linguistic rules and that would influence early chat bots, baseball analytics, defense training programs and match-making algorithms.", "claims": [ "F14", "F15", "F16" ] }, { "n": 12, "para": 2, "text": "The exhibit holds that early 20th-century popular texts for aspiring screenplay writers, romance novelists and pulp fictioneers influence and shape contemporary, machine learning-based tools used in automating aviation accident reports and defense logistics.", "claims": [ "F17" ] }, { "n": 13, "para": 3, "text": "The second story, \"AI & Literary Analysis: Character types, story pieces, chat bots, and medical care\", tracks the use of algorithms to analyze literature, from Columbia alumna Harriot Fansler's dissection of Types of Prose Narratives, which she called a \"textbook for the story writer\", to Georges Polti's Les trente-six situations dramatiques (1895), with the thirty-six situations he theorized as structuring human experience.", "claims": [ "F18", "F19" ] }, { "n": 14, "para": 3, "text": "It includes analyses and compendia of folk tales, diagrams of plot structures, among them Harry Stephen Keeler's \"web-word\" designs, and Carolyn Well's distillation of the mystery novel.", "claims": [ "F20" ] }, { "n": 15, "para": 3, "text": "In its account the interest in narrative analysis and plot visualization catalyzed techniques for organizing story elements: databases, scrapbooks and notecards forecast zettelkasten, Evernote and Google Docs, and information storage came to be understood as central both to analysis and to composition.", "claims": [ "F21", "F22", "F23" ] }, { "n": 16, "para": 3, "text": "It holds that early twentieth-century techniques for generating prose were paralleled by advances in natural language processing, which today animate narratively \"intelligent\" bots such as Apple's Siri and Amazon's Alexa and influence automated medical diagnostics, the exhibit's own account of how early writing techniques relate to later language processing.", "claims": [ "F24", "TLL-24" ] }, { "n": 17, "para": 4, "text": "The Columbia University Narrative Intelligence Lab files the project under curatorial work, as Literary AI, and names on its entry Alex Gil, Melina Moe and Dennis Yi Tenen; the lab's site carries an MIT License dated 2026 and quotes its founding letter of February 2025.", "claims": [ "F29", "F30", "F31", "F34" ] }, { "n": 18, "para": 4, "text": "The census record names the three Columbia departments and no person, and the Capture Registry finds the three names on a card whose page the census did not save.", "claims": [ "CAP-1-09" ] }, { "n": 19, "para": 4, "text": "A video card pairs Tenen's name with the title Literary Theory for Robots: How Computers Learned to Write, a work distinct from the exhibit.", "claims": [ "F53" ] }, { "n": 20, "para": 5, "text": "The traininglayerliterature.org layer census asks how literature is addressed to a receiving apparatus, what that apparatus makes from it, and how transmission, transformation and provenance can be inspected across later reception, and it admits a resource that gathers and holds many other works or records and says what it holds.", "claims": [ "TLL-11", "TLL-12" ] }, { "n": 21, "para": 5, "text": "It enters the exhibit as an exhibition in its area of field history, the history and indexes of electronic, generative and computational literature, standing to the census as historical lineage, with no relation stated to another of its rows, and gives as the question the exhibit answers what devices, manuals and programs for producing and analysing literature preceded machine-learning text generation, as Columbia's library holds them, circa 1890 to 1970.", "claims": [ "TLL-09", "TLL-06", "TLL-07", "TLL-08", "TLL-38", "TLL-10" ] }, { "n": 22, "para": 5, "text": "In the census's record the exhibit's place in the layer is not applicable: it holds library items of circa 1890 to 1970 and records no text entering a machine-learning model, while its about page draws a line from these materials to contemporary machine learning-based tools; it is no evidence that any text entered a model, and no corpus or dataset.", "claims": [ "TLL-15", "TLL-33", "TLL-34" ] }, { "n": 23, "para": 5, "text": "The exhibit names the authors and inventors of its items, from Hill and Cook to Strachey, Masterman, Fansler and Polti; how it attributes the machine-written prose and poetry it shows is not recorded on the saved page, since the eight cases, the credits and the exhibit's dates are unread.", "claims": [ "TLL-16", "TLL-26", "TLL-36" ] }, { "n": 24, "para": 5, "text": "What the exhibit makes, in the record's terms, is algorithmic composition, plots produced by plot generators with spinning devices or number generators, and analyses that sort narrative into types, recorded as production and analysis; the record leaves unanswered whether any particular text entered a machine-learning model, and anything after circa 1970 beyond the about page's claims of influence.", "claims": [ "TLL-18", "TLL-25", "TLL-39" ] }, { "n": 25, "para": 6, "text": "The archive's field survey defines training-layer literature apart from AI-generated literature, where the machine is writer, literature about AI, where it is subject, and procedural or computational poetry, where it is method, and sorts the contemporary field into four practices told apart by the direction of address.", "claims": [ "O186-01", "O186-02" ] }, { "n": 26, "para": 6, "text": "In writing through AI the machine is method or procedure, asking \"What does the algorithm reveal?\"; in writing for AI it is reader, asking \"What should the machines learn, retrieve, and repeat?\"; AI-generated poetry has a machine writer and a human reader, training-layer literature a human writer and a machine reader.", "claims": [ "O186-03", "O186-04", "O186-07" ] }, { "n": 27, "para": 6, "text": "Four lineages of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries converge on training-layer literature, among them the procedural lineage, which, from the Oulipo through electronic literature to contemporary computational poetics, established that composition can be delegated to systems; there the machine \"is method, not yet addressee\", and the lineage normalized its presence inside the poem.", "claims": [ "O186-05", "O186-06" ] }, { "n": 28, "para": 6, "text": "The census reads the exhibit as a historical field resource for that procedural lineage, the delegation of composition to devices and systems, where the machine is method and, in Strachey's program, writer; its timeline closes about 1970, it records no text entering a model, and the machine reader of the survey's fourth column is outside what it holds, so that it is no record of writing addressed to a machine reader.", "claims": [ "TLL-27", "TLL-28", "TLL-35" ] }, { "n": 29, "para": 6, "text": "The archive names procedural and constraint writing, with electronic literature, among the comparators of its own literary corpus.", "claims": [ "O1680-01" ] }, { "n": 30, "para": 6, "text": "Its account of machine composition, the second wing of training-layer literature, asks what an encountered work makes it possible for a machine to write, and holds that whether a machine wrote something new and whether it told the truth about where it came from are different questions.", "claims": [ "O1543-01", "O1543-02" ] }, { "n": 31, "para": 7, "text": "The exhibit's title also names a wider subject, the story of artificial intelligence in literature and fiction, which runs further back: a University of Cambridge story by Stuart Roberts, \"From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives\", holds that writing about artificial intelligence is almost as old as stories, from the women of gold Homer's Hephaestus forges as handmaidens in the Iliad and the bronze Talos of Apollonius Rhodius's Argonautica (300 BCE) to the mechanisation imagined by Mary Shelley, Fritz Lang and Arthur C. Clarke.", "claims": [ "F35", "F37", "F38", "F40", "F49" ] }, { "n": 32, "para": 7, "text": "Karel Čapek coined the term \"robot\" for his play R.U.R. (1921), in which artificial servants rise up against their masters and which introduced the idea of \"artificial people\".", "claims": [ "F39", "F50" ] }, { "n": 33, "para": 7, "text": "The story announces the AI Narratives research programme of Cambridge's Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence and the Royal Society, in its own words the first large-scale project of its kind on how AI is portrayed in popular culture, whose report it dates to 11 December 2019; its researchers hold that the stories told about AI will bear on all futures, and its team found that many such narratives pivot on control.", "claims": [ "F41", "F42", "F49", "F36", "F46" ] }, { "n": 34, "para": 7, "text": "Sarah Dillon, a project lead, holds that today's questions about AI were long explored in science fiction, that such narratives are an important dataset and that fiction has influenced science as much as science has influenced fiction; she asks which novels are being chosen to \"teach\" AI morality and proposes that more diverse narratives could feed back into the language and data of actual AI systems.", "claims": [ "F43", "F44", "F45", "F47", "F48" ] }, { "n": 35, "para": 7, "text": "An article in The Science Survey by Aissatou Barry (11 August 2026) asks whether an AI can truly create a story worth telling and what happens to the value of human storytelling if a machine can write: large language models learn patterns from enormous amounts of text, some writers use them as brainstorming partners, AI \"has started becoming the author\", and studies find its writing weak in emotional depth, consistency and originality.", "claims": [ "F57", "F58", "F59", "F60", "F61", "F62", "F63" ] }, { "n": 36, "para": 7, "text": "It asks who owns a story an AI system writes, where copyright largely recognizes human creators, finds that literature predicted these concerns, among its earliest examples Samuel Butler's Erewhon (1872), divides the AI of science fiction into helpful companions such as Data, R2-D2 and WALL-E and threats such as HAL 9000, holds that AI analysis has transformed literary criticism, and proposes that AI may be the next stage in writing's evolution.", "claims": [ "F64", "F65", "F66", "F67", "F68", "F69", "F70", "F71" ] }, { "n": 37, "para": 7, "text": "Other cards on the same words carry an article titled \"Literature and Artificial Intelligence\" from the IEEE Computer Society, a \"literary\" perspective on the history of artificial intelligence that cites the project proposal of McCarthy, Minsky, Rochester and Shannon, and three short video histories of artificial intelligence, one on its origins in Ada Lovelace.", "claims": [ "F51", "F52", "F54", "F55", "F56" ] }, { "n": 38, "para": 8, "text": "The Capture Registry records that, asked for the exhibit's title on 1 November 2026, Google's AI Overview read the title as the name of a field of study and wrote that field's history in three eras, from Homer's Iliad to contemporary transformer-based text generation, mentioning the exhibit in the second; its first card was Cambridge's story.", "claims": [ "CAP-1-01", "CAP-1-02" ] }, { "n": 39, "para": 8, "text": "The registry finds that the first and third eras have no counterpart on the exhibit's page, that the second era is headed with the exhibit's dates and opens on one of its items, Polti, and that the composition carries the page's prose and poetry written by machines and leaves out its two stories, production and analysis.", "claims": [ "CAP-1-03", "CAP-1-04", "CAP-1-05" ] }, { "n": 40, "para": 8, "text": "It finds the composition's one plot device on no saved page and its machine composition beginning at the 1956 Dartmouth Workshop, with Strachey's program, the census's point where the machine is writer, absent and Columbia University the one maker named.", "claims": [ "CAP-1-06", "CAP-1-07", "CAP-1-08" ] }, { "n": 41, "para": 8, "text": "It sets the page's own line forward, to machine learning-based tools and to the question of frames or grammar, against the composition's line back through rule-based symbolic AI and connectionist neural networks and its offer to relate modern language models to early plot generators, and it reads the whole as a topic answer in which the exhibit is one bullet and its holdings, its three departments and Strachey's program are not carried.", "claims": [ "CAP-1-11", "CAP-1-10", "CAP-1-12" ] } ], "claims": { "F1": { "kind": "field", "quote": "A Columbia RBML Exhibit", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "site header", "modality": "stipulation" }, "F3": { "kind": "field", "quote": "This exhibition explores the long, shared history of literature and computation through the Columbia Library’s holdings.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "On Literary AI, ¶2", "modality": "stipulation" }, "TLL-01": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].name", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-02": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "On Literary AI", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].aka", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-05": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "a Columbia RBML exhibit, online in eight cases, on the long shared history of literature and computation through the Columbia Library's holdings", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].kind", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "F2": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence is a collaboration between the Columbia English Department, the Columbia University Rare Books & Manuscript Library, and Columbia University’s Digital Scholarship department.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "On Literary AI, ¶1", "modality": "documented" }, "F32": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Literary History of Artificial Intelligence is a collaboration between the Columbia English Department, the Columbia University Rare Books & Manuscript Library, and Columbia University’s Digital Scholarship department.", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Narrative Intelligence Lab — Literary AI - CU Narrative Intelligence Lab - Columbia University", "locus": "project description", "modality": "documented" }, "TLL-04": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "a collaboration between the Columbia English Department, the Columbia University Rare Books & Manuscript Library and Columbia University's Digital Scholarship department; 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(https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].data_access", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-32": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "not stated; the site's copyright line is 2022", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].founded", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-31": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "an online exhibit, copyright 2022; whether a physical exhibit ran, and when, is not recorded on the saved page", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].lifecycle.detail", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-37": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "whether a physical exhibition ran at the Rare Book & Manuscript Library, and when", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].unchecked", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "F72": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name.", "source": "B11", "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (no article)", "locus": "rendered page (HTTP 404)", "modality": "documented" }, "F4": { "kind": "field", "quote": "We present texts that participate in early debates about whether writing was a skill to be honed or a gift to be appreciated and whether the skills of writing could be learned and even made into repeatable algorithms.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "On Literary AI, ¶2", "modality": "stipulation" }, "F5": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Is writing like any other craft that can be learned and taught?", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "On Literary AI, ¶2", "modality": "stipulation" }, "F6": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Following a timeline from circa 1890–1970, this exhibition explores professional manuals, devices, and techniques that promised to make writing easier—and even to automate it.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "On Literary AI, ¶2", "modality": "stipulation" }, "TLL-23": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "the timeline runs 'from circa 1890–1970'", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].stated_limits", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "F7": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The Literary History of AI showcases examples of algorithmic composition, such as prose and poetry written by machines, alongside literature written with the aid of algorithmic and combinatorial devices.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "On Literary AI, ¶2", "modality": "documented" }, "F8": { "kind": "field", "quote": "This exhibition broadly tracks two broad stories related to the literary history of AI: production and analysis.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "On Literary AI, ¶2", "modality": "stipulation" }, "F33": { "kind": "field", "quote": "This exhibition broadly tracks two broad stories related to the literary history of AI: production and analysis.", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Narrative Intelligence Lab — Literary AI - CU Narrative Intelligence Lab - Columbia University", "locus": "project description", "modality": "stipulation" }, "TLL-19": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "a curated library exhibition drawn from the Columbia Library's holdings, arranged along two stories, production and analysis", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].method", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-13": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "an exhibited item from the Columbia Library's holdings (a manual, device, patent, program or analysis), arranged in eight cases", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].unit", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-20": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "not recorded; the holdings are Columbia University's", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].coverage.geography", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "F9": { "kind": "field", "quote": "AI & Literary Production: Romance, Mystery, and Defense Aeronautics", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "section head (first story)", "modality": "documented" }, "F10": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The first story follows experiments in the genesis of literature as a professional and technical craft, facilitated by writing manuals, guides for churning out mystery or romance plots, such as Wycliffe Hill’s Plot Genies, and plot generators such as William Wallace Cook’s Plotto series.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "first story, ¶1", "modality": "documented" }, "TLL-14": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "from plot generators (Wycliffe Hill's Plot Genie, William Wallace Cook's Plotto) to Christopher Strachey's love letter program and Margaret Masterman's machine translation work", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].record_object", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "F12": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Some how-to manuals incorporated simple plot generators, with spinning devices or automatic number generators that would guide would-be novelists past writers’ block.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "first story, ¶1", "modality": "documented" }, "F11": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Automated text generation catalyzed a wave of early 20th-century patents, from Arthur Blanchard’s “movie-writer” machine and Henrietta Rose Montague’s “name selector.”", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "first story, ¶1", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F13": { "kind": "field", "quote": "We follow these professional how-to manuals into mid-twentieth century computer experimentation in algorithmic and automated writing, from Christopher Strachey, who wrote a love letter program in the 1940s, to Margaret Masterman, a linguist who pioneered the use of computers to aid automatic translation.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "first story, ¶1", "modality": "documented" }, "TLL-22": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Christopher Strachey's 1940s love letter program", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].holdings", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "F14": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The mid 20th-century saw an existential question arise as to whether programs should be written based on frames or grammar, a divide that drew much of its vocabulary from comparing literary genres to linguistic rules.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "first story, ¶1", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F15": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Were situational specifics or universal linguistic structures the better way to teach text-generating computers to write?", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "first story, ¶1", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F16": { "kind": "field", "quote": "This debate would influence early experiments with chat bots, baseball analytics, defense training programs, and match-making algorithms.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "first story, ¶1", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F17": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The Literary History of AI showcases how early 20th-century popular texts for aspiring screenplay writers, romance novelists, and pulp fictioneers influence and shape contemporary, machine learning-based tools used in automating aviation accident reports and defense logistics.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "first story, ¶2", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F18": { "kind": "field", "quote": "AI & Literary Analysis: Character types, story pieces, chat bots, and medical care", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "section head (second story)", "modality": "documented" }, "F19": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The second story tracks the use of algorithms to analyze literature, highlighting works such as Columbia alumna Harriot Fansler’s dissection of Types of Prose Narratives, which she called a “textbook for the story writer” to Georges Polti’s Les trente-six situations dramatiques (1895), which categorized what he theorized were the 36 timeless situations that structured human experience, from vengeance and retribution to love and sacrifice.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "second story, ¶1", "modality": "documented" }, "F20": { "kind": "field", "quote": "This section of the exhibition includes analyses and compendia of folk tales, diagrams of plot structures, including Harry Stephen Keeler’s “web-word” designs, and Carolyn Well’s distillation of the mystery novel.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "second story, ¶1", "modality": "documented" }, "F21": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The interest in narrative analysis and plot visualization also catalyzed the development of new techniques for organizing story elements.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "second story, ¶2", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F22": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Databases, scrapbooks, and notecards forecast zettelkasten, Evernote, and Google Docs.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "second story, ¶2", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F23": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Information storage was increasingly understood to be central both to analysis and to composition.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "second story, ¶2", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F24": { "kind": "field", "quote": "These materials illustrate how early twentieth-century techniques used to generate prose were paralleled by advances in natural language processing, which today animate narratively “intelligent” bots such as Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa , as well as influence interactive and automated forms of medical diagnostics.", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Columbia University — On Literary AI", "locus": "second story, ¶2", "modality": "interpretation" }, "TLL-24": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "how the exhibit relates early writing techniques to later natural language processing, in its own account", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].answers", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "F29": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Columbia University Narrative Intelligence Lab", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Narrative Intelligence Lab — Literary AI - CU Narrative Intelligence Lab - Columbia University", "locus": "page head", "modality": "documented" }, "F30": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Filed under: curatorial", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Narrative Intelligence Lab — Literary AI - CU Narrative Intelligence Lab - Columbia University", "locus": "project description", "modality": "documented" }, "F31": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Literary AI … Alex Gil, … Melina Moe, … Dennis Yi Tenen", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Narrative Intelligence Lab — Literary AI - CU Narrative Intelligence Lab - Columbia University", "locus": "project description", "modality": "documented" }, "F34": { "kind": "field", "quote": "MIT License … 2026. … From the Founding Letter, February 2025.", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Narrative Intelligence Lab — Literary AI - CU Narrative Intelligence Lab - Columbia University", "locus": "footer notes 4 and 6", "modality": "documented" }, "CAP-1-09": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "The census row's operator field names departments and no person; the three names are on a card whose page the census did not save.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry the-literary-history-of-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101 (OBS-9942898f4ff2, AXN:0BB9.CAPTURE.♍🔓🟡🎭🌕🟣)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/the-literary-history-of-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/", "locus": "the-literary-history-of-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101, findings[3]", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "F53": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Dennis Yi Tenen | Literary Theory for Robots: How Computers Learned to Write", "source": "B6", "source_label": "YouTube·Author Events — Dennis Yi Tenen | Literary Theory for Robots: How Computers Learned to Write", "locus": "video card title", "modality": "documented" }, "TLL-11": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "How is literature addressed to a receiving apparatus, what does that apparatus make from it, and how can transmission, transformation and provenance be inspected across later reception?", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json organizing_question", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-12": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "A row is an aggregator: a resource that gathers and holds many other works or records and says what it holds (operator, 2026-11-01).", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json admission_rule", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-09": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "exhibition", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].record_type", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-06": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "field-history", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].areas", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-07": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Field history and indexes of electronic, generative and computational literature", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json areas.field-history", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-08": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "historical lineage", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].host_relation", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-38": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "[]", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].relations", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-10": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "What devices, manuals and programs for producing and analysing literature preceded machine-learning text generation, as held in Columbia's library, circa 1890–1970 (field history)?", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].question", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-15": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "not applicable: the exhibition holds library items of circa 1890–1970 and records no text entering a machine-learning model; its about page draws a line from these materials to contemporary machine learning-based tools", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].record.in_layer", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-33": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "NOT evidence that any text entered a model: it is a library exhibition of circa 1890–1970 material", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].negative_tags", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-34": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "NOT a corpus or dataset", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].negative_tags", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-16": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "the exhibit names the authors and inventors of its items (Wycliffe Hill, William Wallace Cook, Arthur Blanchard, Henrietta Rose Montague, Christopher Strachey, Margaret Masterman, Harriot Fansler, Georges Polti); how it attributes the machine-written prose and poetry it shows is not recorded on the saved page", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].record.name", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-26": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "how generated text is attributed in the items shown (the cases are unread)", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].does_not_answer", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-36": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "the eight exhibit cases and the credits page (linked and unsaved): item-level records, how generated texts are attributed, and the exhibit's dates", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].unchecked", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-18": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "in the exhibit's terms, 'algorithmic composition, such as prose and poetry written by machines', plots produced by plot generators with 'spinning devices or automatic number generators', and analyses that sort narrative into types; it records these as production and analysis", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].record.makes", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-25": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "whether any particular text entered a machine-learning model", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].does_not_answer", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "TLL-39": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "anything after circa 1970, beyond the about page's claims of influence on contemporary tools", "deposit": null, "source_label": "traininglayerliterature.org layer census record: The Literary History of Artificial Intelligence (https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "record": "https://www.traininglayerliterature.org/aggregators/literary-ai", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'literary-ai'].does_not_answer", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "O186-01": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Distinct from AI-generated literature (machine as writer), literature about AI (machine as subject), and procedural or computational poetry (machine as method).", "deposit": 186, "source_label": "#186 Who Is Writing for the Machines? 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Did the machine write something new? and Did the machine tell the truth about where it came from? are different questions", "deposit": 1543, "source_label": "#1543 Generative Uptake: Training-Layer Literature Extended from Machine Reading to Machine Composition (EA-TLL-COMPOSITION-01, v1.0)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/1543/", "locus": "§10, the discovery underneath (line 272)", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-08-25" }, "F35": { "kind": "field", "quote": "From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives … We have been writing about artificial intelligence for almost as long as stories have been written.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "University of Cambridge — From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives", "locus": "title and standfirst", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F37": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Nearly 3,000 ago, in the Iliad, Homer described Hephaestus, the god of fire, forging women made of gold to serve as his handmaidens", "source": "B1", "source_label": "University of Cambridge — From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives", "locus": "¶1", "modality": "documented" }, "F38": { "kind": "field", "quote": "In 300 BCE, Apollonius Rhodius imagined Talos, a giant bronze automaton who protected Europa on the Island of Crete, in his Greek epic poem Argonautica.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "University of Cambridge — From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives", "locus": "¶2", "modality": "documented" }, "F40": { "kind": "field", "quote": "the kind of mechanisation that existed solely in the minds of visionaries such as Mary Shelley, Fritz Lang or Arthur C. Clarke", "source": "B1", "source_label": "University of Cambridge — From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives", "locus": "¶4", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F49": { "kind": "field", "quote": "By Stuart Roberts … Portrayals and perceptions of AI and why they matter by the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence and the Royal Society is published today (11 December 2019).", "source": "B1", "source_label": "University of Cambridge — From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives", "locus": "byline and last line", "modality": "documented" }, "F39": { "kind": "field", "quote": "while the term ‘robot’ was only coined in the 20th century by Karel Čapek for his play R.U.R (Rossum’s Universal Robots), in which artificial servants rise up against their masters", "source": "B1", "source_label": "University of Cambridge — From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives", "locus": "¶2", "modality": "documented" }, "F50": { "kind": "field", "quote": "1921: Czech playwright Karel Čapek released a science fiction play “Rossum's Universal Robots ” which introduced the idea of “artificial people” which he named", "source": "B4", "source_label": "Tableau — What is the history of artificial intelligence (AI)? - Tableau", "locus": "card snippet", "modality": "documented" }, "F41": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Cambridge’s Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence (CFI) and the Royal Society have come together to form the AI Narratives research programme.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "University of Cambridge — From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives", "locus": "¶5", "modality": "documented" }, "F42": { "kind": "field", "quote": "It’s the first large-scale project of its kind to look at how AI has, and is, being portrayed in popular culture", "source": "B1", "source_label": "University of Cambridge — From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives", "locus": "¶5", "modality": "self-description" }, "F36": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Now, researchers want us to consider why the stories we tell ourselves about AI will have an impact on all our futures.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "University of Cambridge — From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives", "locus": "standfirst", "modality": "attributed" }, "F46": { "kind": "field", "quote": "the team has not been surprised to find that many pivot around the notion of control: AI as a tool we are unable to master or a tool that will acquire agency of its own and turn against us.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "University of Cambridge — From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives", "locus": "¶10", "modality": "documented" }, "F43": { "kind": "field", "quote": "“All the questions being raised about AI today have already been explored in a very sophisticated fashion, for a very long time, in science fiction,” says Dillon.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "University of Cambridge — From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives", "locus": "¶6 (Dillon)", "modality": "attributed" }, "F44": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Such narratives ought not to be discarded or derided merely because they’re fiction, but rather thought of as an important dataset.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "University of Cambridge — From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives", "locus": "¶7 (Dillon)", "modality": "attributed" }, "F45": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Fiction has influenced science as much as science has influenced fiction, and will continue to do so.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "University of Cambridge — From Homer to HAL: 3000 years of AI narratives", "locus": "¶8 (Dillon)", "modality": "attributed" }, "F47": { "kind": "field", "quote": "“Who is telling AI its narratives? 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The page draws its own line forward: early popular texts 'influence and shape contemporary, machine learning-based tools used in automating aviation accident reports and defense logistics', and a mid-century question 'whether programs should be written based on frames or grammar'.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry the-literary-history-of-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101 (OBS-9942898f4ff2, AXN:0BB9.CAPTURE.♍🔓🟡🎭🌕🟣)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/the-literary-history-of-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/", "locus": "the-literary-history-of-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101, findings[4]", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "CAP-1-10": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "The composition's line runs 'back through decades of debate between rule-based symbolic AI and connectionist neural networks', and its offer is to 'focus on how modern LLMs relate to early plot generators'.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry the-literary-history-of-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101 (OBS-9942898f4ff2, AXN:0BB9.CAPTURE.♍🔓🟡🎭🌕🟣)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/the-literary-history-of-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/", "locus": "the-literary-history-of-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101, findings[4]", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-11-01" }, "CAP-1-12": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "A topic answer to the exhibit's title, in which the exhibit is one bullet and its own timeline heads a section of general history. Its holdings, its three departments and Strachey's program, the census row's machine as writer, are not carried; three curators surface on a card.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry the-literary-history-of-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101 (OBS-9942898f4ff2, AXN:0BB9.CAPTURE.♍🔓🟡🎭🌕🟣)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/the-literary-history-of-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/", "locus": "the-literary-history-of-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101, analysis", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-11-01" } }, "note": "The knowledge object (KO): the entry as public knowledge, each sentence sourced by the claims it lists. The compression, the field-only arm, the transcript, the delta and the kernel are in the row (links.row), which is the authority." }, "source": "operator, 2026-11-01 09:56 EDT, with the 18 captures of the traininglayerliterature.org layer census names: 'captures, then /nons, then single pages'", "stage": "composed 2026-11-01 under EA-NEGONT-02 v0.10, #1726, from the traininglayerliterature.org layer census (CENSUS literary-ai; anchors #186, #1543); equal case, ρ = extends. 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