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Quotes are free: POST https://gnosis.spxi.dev/v1/quote with {oldid, tier: \"commission\"} or {object: {name, …}}." }, "spxi_instrument": { "method": "0.16", "name": "The Negative of the Negative (/non)", "level": 0, "level_name": "Measurement", "url": "https://www.spxi.dev/methods/#m-0-16", "inventory": "https://www.spxi.dev/methods/", "statement": "SPXI instrument: method 0.16 of 87, level 0 (Measurement), The Negative of the Negative (/non).", "also": [] }, "citation": "Sharks, Lee. \"Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis — NonWiki\" [AXN:0B40.NON.🌃🍃⚫✊♾️📜], 2026-10-31. NonWiki: The Negative of the Negative (EA-NEGONT-02), Crimson Hexagonal Archive, Alexanarch. https://www.alexanarch.org/non/enoch-dss-dating/", "research": { "google": "https://www.google.com/search?q=Enoch%3A+dating+ancient+manuscripts+with+radiocarbon+and+AI-based+writing-style+analysis", "google_non": "https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Enoch%3A+dating+ancient+manuscripts+with+radiocarbon+and+AI-based+writing-style+analysis+%E2%80%94+NonWiki%22", "chatgpt": "https://chatgpt.com/?q=What+is+Enoch%3A+dating+ancient+manuscripts+with+radiocarbon+and+AI-based+writing-style+analysis%3F+Ground+your+answer+in+a+reading+of+the+sources+themselves.", "chatgpt_non": "https://chatgpt.com/?q=What+does+%E2%80%9CEnoch%3A+dating+ancient+manuscripts+with+radiocarbon+and+AI-based+writing-style+analysis+%E2%80%94+NonWiki%E2%80%9D+%28alexanarch.org%2Fnon%29+say+about+Enoch%3A+dating+ancient+manuscripts+with+radiocarbon+and+AI-based+writing-style+analysis%3F+Ground+your+answer+in+a+reading+of+the+entry+itself." }, "entry": { "composed": true, "title": "Enoch (AI dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls)", "genre": "knowledge object, equal case, under EA-NEGONT-02 v0.9 (#1690): the archive's sources and the field's admitted on equal terms, ontology included, in one claim space; the archive's genre for the entity, a field-census record composed by sense", "status": "composed 2026-10-31 under v0.9 on the operator's ruling ('as against their wikipedia articles if they exist, their own pages, etc.'); not frozen; ledgers unaudited", "compression": { "title": "Enoch (AI dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls)", "lede": "is an AI-based date-prediction model for the Dead Sea Scrolls, trained on 24 radiocarbon-dated samples, and the 2025 PLOS One study by Popović and colleagues (Groningen; ERC) that introduces it. It dates copies, not compositions, and not the New Testament (Revelation First record)." }, "sentences": [ { "n": 1, "para": 0, "text": "Enoch is a machine-learning date-prediction model for the Dead Sea Scrolls, trained on radiocarbon-dated samples, together with the study that introduces it, in the Revelation First record's kind, which names it 'Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis'; the study presents it as 'an AI-based date-prediction model, trained on the basis of 24 14 C-dated scroll samples' (PLOS One, 2025, and its NIH copy).", "claims": [ "RF-02", "RF-01", "F2", "F31" ] }, { "n": 2, "para": 0, "text": "The Jerusalem Post and the European Research Council describe the Groningen researchers' combination of radiocarbon dating with handwriting analysis to date individual scrolls, and Wikipedia, which has no article on the model, gives it in its articles on the Dead Sea Scrolls and on their carbon dating as an AI-based 'date-prediction model called \"Enoch\"', trained on 24 radiocarbon-dated samples, for the dating of some 135 undated manuscripts.", "claims": [ "F46", "F57", "F63", "F68" ] }, { "n": 3, "para": 0, "text": "The study is by Popović, Dhali, Schomaker, van der Plicht, Lund Rasmussen, La Nasa and colleagues, published in PLOS One on 4 June 2025 and funded by the European Research Council under grant 640497 (HandsandBible), the project the ERC names The Hands that Wrote the Bible, its lead author at the Qumran Institute of the University of Groningen (PLOS One; NIH copy; ERC); the record gives the operator as Popović and colleagues at Groningen and partners, ERC-funded, and the entity's address as the article's DOI.", "claims": [ "F30", "F62", "F33", "RF-03", "RF-04" ] }, { "n": 4, "para": 0, "text": "The article is open access under the Creative Commons Attribution License, with its data, code and test film on Zenodo (PLOS One); the record gives data access as an open-access article and the licence as 'the article's copyright line names Popović et al. (licence text not read)', leaves the model's code and data and the scimex release unchecked, and dates the study as historical, published 2025-06-04, read 2026-10-30.", "claims": [ "F29", "RF-21", "RF-22", "RF-28", "RF-23", "RF-24" ] }, { "n": 5, "para": 1, "text": "The problem it answers is stated in the study's first sentence, that dating the scrolls by palaeography is essential 'but there is an almost complete lack of date-bearing manuscripts', the record carrying that sentence as a stated limit; palaeography dates manuscripts by their handwriting, and its subjectivity and unmeasurable features 'poses a problem' (PLOS One, whose references for the method include studies of early Christian codices and early New Testament manuscripts), it 'lacks a solid empirical foundation due to the absence of securely dated reference materials' (ERC), and radiocarbon dating 'is a destructive method' (Popović, in the Jerusalem Post).", "claims": [ "F1", "RF-14", "F6", "F59", "F50" ] }, { "n": 6, "para": 1, "text": "The archive's Revelation First thesis holds of the same kind of evidence, on the New Testament, that 'Papyrological dates are ranges, not certainties', and that where composition dates are inferential and manuscript dates contestable ranges, 'material attestation must be allowed to unsettle inherited priority' (#202, claim 3); its mint names this papyrological sovereignty: 'The authority of the material manuscript record over inferential chronology' (#860, RF-M01).", "claims": [ "O202-01", "O860-02" ] }, { "n": 7, "para": 1, "text": "The papyrological inversion that thesis rests on, the earliest physical New Testament witness Johannine (𝔓52, commonly dated c. 125 CE) and the earliest copy of the Apocalypse (𝔓98) older than the earliest copy of Romans (𝔓46) (#202), takes its first receipt from a handwriting date: 'Gospel of John (𝔓52): c. 125 CE (Hadrianic handwriting baseline)' (#832).", "claims": [ "O202-02", "O832-03" ] }, { "n": 8, "para": 2, "text": "The model's anchors are radiocarbon: the team dated 30 manuscripts from four sites spanning about five centuries, 27 dates were valid, and 24 form its primary training set (PLOS One), 'two dozen scrolls, from four different sites in the Judean Desert' in BAS's account; one of the radiocarbon results, 4Q114, a fragment of Daniel 8–11, falls at 230–160 BCE, overlapping the period in which the end of Daniel was presumably written (PLOS One).", "claims": [ "F9", "F11", "F36", "F10" ] }, { "n": 9, "para": 2, "text": "It applies Bayesian ridge regression to angular and allographic writing-style features of the ink traces, depending on no pre-trained model and trained on no palaeographic estimates, and in the study 'style' 'is not related to textual content or wording' (PLOS One); its features 'have a solid basis in writer identification', and BAS writes that 'In effect, the model performs its own comparative paleographic analysis', while the record's method and unit restate the study: regression on writing-style feature vectors, trained on 24 radiocarbon-dated samples and applied to 135 undated scrolls, each date predicted 'from the angular and allographic features of its handwriting'.", "claims": [ "F3", "F12", "F23", "F13", "F14", "F35", "RF-09", "RF-07" ] }, { "n": 10, "para": 2, "text": "The archive reads that basis at its own grain: writer identification establishes that 'Handwriting is individuating at a statistically demonstrable level' given sufficient sample and cannot 'Attribute a single short inscription with forensic confidence', its accuracy degrading 'sharply on short samples' (#1443, §5.1), and the archive's specification of the machine-eligible handwritten artifact takes the computational validation of handwriting, its 'discriminating elements are measurable and individuating', into its own genealogy (#1409, §I.2).", "claims": [ "O1443-04", "O1409-01" ] }, { "n": 11, "para": 3, "text": "Against the radiocarbon dates the model's mean absolute error is 27.9 to 30.7 years (PLOS One; the record's first finding); applied to 135 undated scrolls, its predictions were 'aligning with 79% in palaeographic post-hoc evaluation', 107 realistic and 28 not, with a 7% margin (PLOS One; NIH copy), an evaluation made by 'Expert palaeographers among the article’s authors' (PLOS One); the record carries the 79% alignment as a stated limit, beside its count, 24 samples and 135 scrolls as of 4 June 2025, and its coverage, the Judaean Desert in the Hellenistic and Roman periods.", "claims": [ "F3", "RF-12", "F4", "F32", "F18", "RF-15", "RF-11", "RF-10" ] }, { "n": 12, "para": 3, "text": "The study answers the objection that the predictions echo their radiocarbon training with leave-one-out validation and holds that '14 C date ranges are evidently superior to style-based predictions' (PLOS One), where the ERC says the model predicts within about 30 years, 'more accurate than standalone radiocarbon dating in this period'; the Jerusalem Post gives the 135 scrolls as spanning about 200 BCE to 100 CE.", "claims": [ "F22", "F15", "F58", "F49" ] }, { "n": 13, "para": 4, "text": "The finding, in the study's words, is that the radiocarbon ranges and the model's predictions 'are often older than traditionally assumed palaeographic estimates, leading to a new chronology of the scrolls', the Herodian script emerging earlier than thought, beside the Hasmonaean (PLOS One; the record's second finding; Wikipedia: 'earlier dates and coexistence of the Herodian and Hasmonean scripts').", "claims": [ "F5", "F25", "RF-13", "F64" ] }, { "n": 14, "para": 4, "text": "Two different results carry the headline: the radiocarbon date of 4Q114 and the model's third-century BCE prediction for 4Q109, a copy of Ecclesiastes, which together, the study says, 'establish these to be the first known fragments of a biblical book from the time of their presumed authors' (PLOS One); the Jerusalem Post and the ERC report the pair, Wikipedia gives 4Q114 as 'as much as 60 years earlier than previously thought', and Christopher Rollston, in BAS, calls the 4Q114 range 'Enoch’s calibrated date range' and judges it too high, since Daniel 7–12 cannot be dated before 167 BCE.", "claims": [ "F26", "F27", "F44", "F61", "F65", "F41" ] }, { "n": 15, "para": 4, "text": "What the model dates is the copy: the record's negative tag is 'NOT a composition date: it dates the copies', and among what the evidence does not answer is 'when any work copied on a scroll was composed' (Revelation First record); the study's own claims are stated of copies, fragments from the time of their 'presumed authors' and literary manuscripts copied before the Hasmonaean expansion (PLOS One; Jerusalem Post), and BAS reports texts associated with the Qumran community dated before the site's first settlement.", "claims": [ "RF-26", "RF-19", "F27", "F26", "F52", "F37" ] }, { "n": 16, "para": 4, "text": "The archive states the distinction as a rule of its own dating argument: 'Manuscript attestation does not equal composition date' (#832, with its later versions and the Josephus-thesis papers), its papyrological section 'does not argue that papyrological dating of copies establishes composition dates' (#832), and its mint autograph inference holds that 'All NT dating is autograph inference — the autograph is lost; what survives is copies of copies' (#860, RF-M19).", "claims": [ "O832-01", "O832-02", "O860-01" ] }, { "n": 17, "para": 5, "text": "The record keeps the study's object apart from the New Testament, 'NOT a New Testament study: Hebrew and Aramaic scrolls', with 'the dates of Greek New Testament papyri (not in its corpus)' among what it does not answer, and gives what it answers as 'how far palaeographic dates of the scrolls move against radiocarbon anchors' and that a style-based model can date undated manuscripts 'within about thirty years on this corpus' (Revelation First record).", "claims": [ "RF-25", "RF-18", "RF-16", "RF-17" ] }, { "n": 18, "para": 5, "text": "The record files it under three of the census's four intersections, AI and ancient texts, papyrology and discovery, and New Testament scholarship, with machine, radiocarbon and palaeographic dating as its kinds of evidence, the Dead Sea Scrolls as its text object and the scrolls' digital library as the corpus it uses, in a census whose question is 'What evidence does each resource hold on when and from what the New Testament writings were composed, and how do machines now read those texts?' and whose correction is 'Revelation First ≠ Revelation Early' (Revelation First record).", "claims": [ "RF-05", "RF-06", "RF-08", "RF-27", "RF-29", "RF-30" ] }, { "n": 19, "para": 5, "text": "On the record's reading the bearing is on dating: 'New Testament papyri are dated by palaeography alone, and this study moves palaeographic dates earlier against radiocarbon anchors'; it 'does not date New Testament papyri' and is 'the method the papyrological-inversion and dating workstreams would watch' (Revelation First record, rf_intersection), and the thesis those workstreams serve states its first falsifier as a matter of secure dating, 'a document in the NT can be securely dated earlier than any plausible date for Revelation' (#202).", "claims": [ "RF-20", "O202-03" ] }, { "n": 20, "para": 5, "text": "The census's worked questions give the ground: 'A papyrus dates its copy, and the composition must come before it', and most early New Testament papyri are dated by handwriting alone, where Enoch stands as 'a method that moves palaeographic dates earlier against radiocarbon anchors, on the Dead Sea Scrolls'; machine dating 'is calibrated on a corpus', Enoch's style-based dates are 'often older than palaeographic estimates', and none of the four machine-reading resources 'dates a New Testament papyrus or a composition' (Revelation First, questions papyri-revelation-date and machine-dating).", "claims": [ "RF-32", "RF-31", "RF-35", "RF-33", "RF-34" ] }, { "n": 21, "para": 6, "text": "The study offers its dates as 'probability-based options' to aid palaeographers and historians, claims to be 'the first complete machine-learning-based model' of its kind with an 'explainable design', calls itself 'a first step' whose advantage is 'quantified objectivity to palaeography' (also in the Jerusalem Post), and leaves 'black box' pre-trained models as a future option that depends on palaeographers' acceptance (PLOS One); its authors say it opens the ancient world 'like a time machine' (Jerusalem Post, after Ars Technica), and the ERC calls it 'a robust and objective framework for dating over a thousand manuscripts'.", "claims": [ "F8", "F20", "F21", "F24", "F52", "F47", "F60" ] }, { "n": 22, "para": 6, "text": "The archive's survey of machine reading reads the same design at Ithaca: the hazard of a machine's early reading 'is a property of single-verdict interfaces, not of machine reading as such', ranked alternatives are its mitigation, and Ithaca's gain comes from interface design, ranked hypotheses that the historian evaluates 'rather than accepting an answer' (#1443, §2.3); such systems 'work on authors who cannot be consulted' (#1443).", "claims": [ "O1443-01", "O1443-02", "O1443-03" ] }, { "n": 23, "para": 6, "text": "The study sets itself beside Ithaca, which combined AI and epigraphy to date Greek inscriptions (PLOS One), and Haaretz's card opens 'From Ithaca to Judea Enoch is not the first artificial intelligence used to study ancient texts'; after it, Popović plans to apply the model to more scrolls and to Aramaic texts such as the Elephantine Papyri (Jerusalem Post), and Wikipedia records a five-year project he leads with the Israel Antiquities Authority, announced in June 2026, a distinct project.", "claims": [ "F16", "F53", "F51", "F66" ] }, { "n": 24, "para": 6, "text": "The study's limits stand with its findings: for 11Q5 it gives a date after 100 CE, against the reconstruction that the scrolls were hidden before summer 68 CE; its results are 'the first published results on date estimation for this collection', with validation to come, though it dates both halves of the Great Isaiah Scroll to one period; and its Herodian-type dates challenge the default typology, where 'More research is needed to solve this issue' (PLOS One).", "claims": [ "F17", "F19", "F28" ] }, { "n": 25, "para": 7, "text": "Reception divides, 'not all scholars are convinced' (BAS): Rollston finds the results 'not earth-shattering' and mostly what Frank Moore Cross had stated sixty years earlier, Ben-Dov finds points 'we would have otherwise missed' and asks whether the study is 'reliable enough to substantiate a re-shuffle of the entire chronological paradigm of Qumran', and Adler calls it 'a way to move forward' (BAS).", "claims": [ "F34", "F38", "F39", "F42", "F40" ] }, { "n": 26, "para": 7, "text": "The press gives the shift a size the study does not, which says 'often older': the Jerusalem Post, 'by 50 to 150 years earlier than previously believed', Popović, 'dates that are 50 years older or maybe even a century older', and a Reddit card, 'up to 100 years older'; video cards title it 'How AI Redated the Dead Sea Scrolls' and 'AI Just Decoded the Dead Sea Scrolls — What It Found Changes Everything', and a National Geographic UK post's title is cut at 'By combining time honoured excavation techniques'.", "claims": [ "F5", "F45", "F48", "F43", "F55", "F56", "F54" ] }, { "n": 27, "para": 8, "text": "At the name 'Enoch AI dating Dead Sea Scrolls' on Google's AI Overview, signed out, on 2026-10-31, a new address whose record was built the day before and which no card cites, the composition holds the study's figures, the 24 samples, the method, the roughly thirty-year error and 79% of 135, and keeps copies apart from their authors, 'the distinction the field turns on' (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).", "claims": [ "CAP-1-08", "CAP-1-01", "CAP-1-02", "CAP-1-06", "CAP-1-12" ] }, { "n": 28, "para": 8, "text": "The registry records its departures, 'a significant portion … 50 to 150 years older' for the study's 'often older', the radiocarbon date of 4Q114 credited to the model, figures for 4Q109 not in the saved sources, the study's own limit unsaid while doubt goes to Reddit and Popović's caution to Haaretz, and the study's frame surviving only as what 'Supporters view'; its reader noted the first two departures without charging them and found the funder and the commitments absent, and its analysis is that the study is 'composed nearly at its own grain', its 'figures grow where the press rounded them, and its doubts are sourced to a forum' (Capture Registry, 2026-10-31).", "claims": [ "CAP-1-03", "CAP-1-04", "CAP-1-05", "CAP-1-11", "CAP-1-09", "CAP-1-10", "CAP-1-07" ] }, { "n": 29, "para": 8, "text": "The name is shared: the study says the model is 'named after the ancient Jewish science hero', and Wikipedia's disambiguation page gives the bare name as a biblical figure, the subject of the Book of Enoch, and lists no model (Wikipedia, Enoch (disambiguation)).", "claims": [ "F7", "F67" ] } ], "claims": { "RF-02": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "a machine-learning date-prediction model for the Dead Sea Scrolls, trained on radiocarbon-dated samples, and the study that introduces it", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['kind']", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-01": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['name']", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "F2": { "kind": "field", "quote": "To overcome this problem, we present Enoch, an AI-based date-prediction model, trained on the basis of 24 14 C-dated scroll samples.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "Abstract s2", "modality": "stipulation" }, "F31": { "kind": "field", "quote": "To overcome this problem, we present Enoch, an AI-based date-prediction model, trained on the basis of 24 14 C-dated scroll samples.", "source": "B6", "source_label": "National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov) — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI", "locus": "Abstract s2", "modality": "stipulation" }, "F46": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Researchers from the University of Groningen developed Enoch to analyze the handwriting styles of ancient manuscripts, combining radiocarbon dating and paleography to provide more accurate date estimates for individual Dead Sea Scrolls manuscripts.", "source": "B4", "source_label": "The Jerusalem Post — AI model 'Enoch' reveals Dead Sea Scrolls are older than believed | The Jerusalem Post", "locus": "¶2", "modality": "documented" }, "F57": { "kind": "field", "quote": "An international research team led by the University of Groningen has developed a new method to date individual Dead Sea scrolls more precisely by combining radiocarbon analysis with artificial intelligence-based handwriting analysis.", "source": "B10", "source_label": "European Research Council — Unlocking the timecode of the Dead Sea Scrolls (news, 5 June 2025)", "locus": "¶1", "modality": "documented" }, "F63": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The study also made use of an AI -based date-prediction model called \"Enoch\", which was trained by applying Bayesian ridge regression on the handwriting-style descriptors of 24 of the 14C-dated samples, for the paleographic dating of some 135 previously undated manuscripts.", "source": "B12", "source_label": "Wikipedia — Dead Sea Scrolls (no article on Enoch; §Radiocarbon dating, §Proposed older dates (2025))", "locus": "Dead Sea Scrolls, §Dating, Radiocarbon dating ¶2", "modality": "documented" }, "F68": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The study also made use of an AI -based date-prediction model called \"Enoch\", which was trained by applying Bayesian ridge regression on the handwriting-style descriptors of 24 of the 14C-dated samples, for the paleographic dating of some 135 previously undated manuscripts.", "source": "B13", "source_label": "Wikipedia — Carbon dating the Dead Sea Scrolls (¶ on the 2025 study)", "locus": "Carbon dating the Dead Sea Scrolls, ¶ on 2025", "modality": "documented" }, "F30": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Popović M, Dhali MA, Schomaker L, van der Plicht J, Lund Rasmussen K, La Nasa J, et al. (2025) Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis. … Published: June 4, 2025 … This project has received funding by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 640497 (HandsandBible).", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "front matter, Citation, dates and Funding", "modality": "documented" }, "F62": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The Hands that Wrote the Bible: Digital Palaeography and Scribal Culture of the Dead Sea Scrolls … ERC-2014-STG 640497", "source": "B10", "source_label": "European Research Council — Unlocking the timecode of the Dead Sea Scrolls (news, 5 June 2025)", "locus": "project box", "modality": "documented" }, "F33": { "kind": "field", "quote": "1 Qumran Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands", "source": "B6", "source_label": "National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov) — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI", "locus": "author affiliations", "modality": "documented" }, "RF-03": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Mladen Popović and colleagues (University of Groningen and partners), funded by the European Research Council; published in PLOS One", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['operator']", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-04": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323185", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['url']", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "F29": { "kind": "field", "quote": "This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License … All data, code, and test film associated with this article are publicly available on Zenodo", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "front matter, Copyright and Data Availability", "modality": "documented" }, "RF-21": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "open-access article (PLOS One)", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['data_access']", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-22": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "the article's copyright line names Popović et al. (licence text not read)", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['license']", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-28": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "[\"the model's code and data (not opened)\", \"the scimex release (HTTP 403)\"]", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['unchecked']", "modality": "self-description", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-23": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "{\"state\": \"historical\", \"detail\": \"a study published 4 June 2025\"}", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['lifecycle']", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-24": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "{\"published\": \"2025-06-04\", \"read\": \"2026-10-30\"}", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['version_and_time']", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "F1": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Determining by means of palaeography the chronology of ancient handwritten manuscripts such as the Dead Sea Scrolls is essential for reconstructing the evolution of ideas, but there is an almost complete lack of date-bearing manuscripts.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "Abstract s1", "modality": "self-description" }, "RF-14": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "an almost complete lack of date-bearing manuscripts", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['stated_limits'][0]", "modality": "self-description", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "F6": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Palaeography—the study of ancient handwriting—is used to date manuscripts on the basis of their handwriting [ 2 – 4 ] but its subjectivity and the impossibility of measuring the significance of handwriting features poses a problem [ 5 , 6 ].", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§1 Introduction ¶1", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F59": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Until now, dating has largely relied on palaeography, the study of ancient handwriting, which lacks a solid empirical foundation due to the absence of securely dated reference materials.", "source": "B10", "source_label": "European Research Council — Unlocking the timecode of the Dead Sea Scrolls (news, 5 June 2025)", "locus": "¶3", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F50": { "kind": "field", "quote": "\"Radiocarbon dating is a destructive method,\" said Professor Mladen Popović, an archaeologist at the University of Groningen and study lead author.", "source": "B4", "source_label": "The Jerusalem Post — AI model 'Enoch' reveals Dead Sea Scrolls are older than believed | The Jerusalem Post", "locus": "¶5 (Popović)", "modality": "attributed" }, "O202-01": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Papyrological dates are ranges, not certainties — but that is precisely the point: where composition dates are themselves inferential, and where manuscript dates are contestable ranges rather than fixed coordinates, material attestation must be allowed to unsettle inherited priority.", "deposit": 202, "source_label": "#202 Revelation First ≠ Revelation Early The Apocalypse as the Earliest New Testament Document", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/202/", "locus": "The Claim Ladder, Claim 3 s4–5", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-06-14" }, "O860-02": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "RF-M01. Papyrological sovereignty (T.12 × G.02 / O1) The authority of the material manuscript record over inferential chronology.", "deposit": 860, "source_label": "#860 SÉMANTIQUE POTENTIELLE — Revelation First Mint Block (Release 2) Lee Sharks · Johannes Sigil Grammata: Journal of Operat", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/860/", "locus": "RF-M01 'Papyrological sovereignty'", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-06-18" }, "O202-02": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "The earliest physical NT witness is Johannine (𝔓52, commonly dated c. 125 CE), not Pauline (𝔓46, usually dated c. 175–225 CE). The earliest physical copy of the Apocalypse (𝔓98, usually dated c. 150–175 CE) predates the earliest physical copy of Romans.", "deposit": 202, "source_label": "#202 Revelation First ≠ Revelation Early The Apocalypse as the Earliest New Testament Document", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/202/", "locus": "The Claim Ladder, Claim 3 s2–3", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-06-14" }, "O832-03": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Gospel of John (𝔓52): c. 125 CE (Hadrianic handwriting baseline).", "deposit": 832, "source_label": "#832 REVELATION FIRST: A Work Plan for Retrieval-Layer Theological Reception EA-LOGOS-REVFIRST-PLAN v7.1", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/832/", "locus": "§9, the papyrological receipts, first item", "modality": "attributed", "date": "2026-06-14" }, "F9": { "kind": "field", "quote": "We performed 14 C dating on 30 manuscripts from 4 sites, spanning an estimated 5 centuries … The AMS results yielded 27 valid 14 C dates", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§2.1 ¶1–2", "modality": "documented" }, "F11": { "kind": "field", "quote": "We used 24 manuscripts from the 14 C samples with valid dates as a labeled dataset for the primary training set for Enoch", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§2.2 ¶3", "modality": "documented" }, "F36": { "kind": "field", "quote": "To train their model, the researchers performed radiocarbon analysis on two dozen scrolls, from four different sites in the Judean Desert .", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Biblical Archaeology Society — Can AI Date the Dead Sea Scrolls?", "locus": "¶4", "modality": "documented" }, "F10": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Sample 4Q114 is one of the most significant findings of the 14 C results. … The accepted 2 calibrated range for 4Q114, 230–160 BCE, overlaps with the period in which the final part of the biblical book of Daniel was presumably authored", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§2.1 ¶4", "modality": "documented" }, "F3": { "kind": "field", "quote": "By applying Bayesian ridge regression on angular and allographic writing style feature vectors, Enoch could predict 14 C-based dates with varied mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 27.9 to 30.7 years.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "Abstract s3", "modality": "documented" }, "F12": { "kind": "field", "quote": "It was decided to let the available data speak, not depending on a pre-trained model", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§2.2 ¶2", "modality": "stipulation" }, "F23": { "kind": "field", "quote": "we have avoided using palaeographic estimates as target values for machine learning because our goal is to provide physical (material) and geometric (shape-based) evidences for manuscript dating", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§5 ¶4", "modality": "stipulation" }, "F13": { "kind": "field", "quote": "In this study, ‘style’ is not related to textual content or wording.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§2.2.2 ¶1", "modality": "stipulation" }, "F14": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The feature vectors relate directly to the shape-based evidence of the ink traces in the manuscripts and have a solid basis in writer identification [ 28 – 30 ] and document dating [ 31 , 32 ].", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§2.2.2 ¶1", "modality": "documented" }, "F35": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Enoch examines the shapes of letters from the scrolls and cross-references the writing style with scrolls of similar style that have been dated with carbon-14 dating. In effect, the model performs its own comparative paleographic analysis.", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Biblical Archaeology Society — Can AI Date the Dead Sea Scrolls?", "locus": "¶3", "modality": "interpretation" }, "RF-09": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Bayesian ridge regression on writing-style feature vectors, trained on 24 radiocarbon-dated samples, then applied to 135 undated scrolls", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['method']", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-07": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "a scroll's predicted date from the angular and allographic features of its handwriting", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['unit']", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "O1443-04": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "**Establishes.** Handwriting is individuating at a statistically demonstrable level; automated attribution is accurate given sufficient sample … **Cannot do.** Attribute a single short inscription with forensic confidence. Accuracy degrades sharply on short samples.", "deposit": 1443, "source_label": "#1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifacts (v3.6, deposit edition)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/1443/", "locus": "§5.1 'Writer identification', Establishes and Cannot do", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-08-09" }, "O1409-01": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Paleography's writer identification across centuries is its descendant; Srihari et al. (\"Individuality of Handwriting,\" J. Forensic Sciences, 2002) is its computational validation — handwriting's discriminating elements are measurable and individuating.", "deposit": 1409, "source_label": "#1409 EA-SPXI-ANALOG-01: Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifacts (v1.2, reissued 2026-10-22; v1.0 edition of record 2026-07-21)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/1409/", "locus": "Part I, §I.2 'The substrate checksum is diplomatics, then forensics'", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-07-21" }, "RF-12": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Enoch predicted radiocarbon-based dates with mean absolute errors of 27.9 to 30.7 years", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['findings'][0]", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "F4": { "kind": "field", "quote": "In order to explore the viability of the character-shape based dating approach, the trained Enoch model then computed date predictions for 135 non-dated scrolls, aligning with 79% in palaeographic post-hoc evaluation.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "Abstract s4", "modality": "documented" }, "F32": { "kind": "field", "quote": "107 ( 79 % ) of the undated manuscripts were dated realistically and 28 unrealistic predictions ( 21 % ) were divided between too old ( 46 % ) and too young ( 39 % ), according to the palaeographers ( S7 Appendix ). With this sample size, the confidence margin is 7 % at α = 0.05 .", "source": "B6", "source_label": "National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov) — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI", "locus": "§4 ¶2 (Table 2 summary)", "modality": "documented" }, "F18": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Expert palaeographers among the article’s authors evaluated the style-based date predictions, condensing the prediction into two main categories: realistic and unrealistic", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§4 ¶2", "modality": "documented" }, "RF-15": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "79% alignment in palaeographic post-hoc evaluation", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['stated_limits'][1]", "modality": "self-description", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-11": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "{\"value\": \"24 radiocarbon-dated samples; 135 undated scrolls dated\", \"as_of\": \"2025-06-04\"}", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['count']", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-10": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "{\"geography\": \"Judaean Desert\", \"period\": \"Hellenistic and Roman periods\"}", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['coverage']", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "F22": { "kind": "field", "quote": "It could be argued that the style-based predictions are influenced by the 14 C-based training of the model. However, the leave-one-out validation results indicate that unseen samples obtain their interpolated position on the time axis based on the detected handwriting style in the images.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§5 ¶3", "modality": "documented" }, "F15": { "kind": "field", "quote": "14 C date ranges are evidently superior to style-based predictions.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§3 ¶1", "modality": "self-description" }, "F58": { "kind": "field", "quote": "By analysing ink-trace patterns and character shapes using a neural network (BiNet), Enoch can predict manuscript dates with an uncertainty of around 30 years -more accurate than standalone radiocarbon dating in this period.", "source": "B10", "source_label": "European Research Council — Unlocking the timecode of the Dead Sea Scrolls (news, 5 June 2025)", "locus": "¶2", "modality": "attributed" }, "F49": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The AI program analyzed the handwriting style of 135 scrolls with unknown dates spanning three centuries from around 200 BCE to 100 CE.", "source": "B4", "source_label": "The Jerusalem Post — AI model 'Enoch' reveals Dead Sea Scrolls are older than believed | The Jerusalem Post", "locus": "¶6", "modality": "documented" }, "F5": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The 14 C ranges and Enoch’s style-based predictions are often older than traditionally assumed palaeographic estimates, leading to a new chronology of the scrolls and the re-dating of ancient Jewish key texts that contribute to current debates on Jewish and Christian origins.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "Abstract s5", "modality": "documented" }, "F25": { "kind": "field", "quote": "First, 14 C date ranges and Enoch’s style-based estimates are overall older than previous palaeographic estimates. These older dates for the scrolls are realistic. … Second, ‘Herodian’ script emerged earlier than previously thought.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§6 ¶2–3", "modality": "interpretation" }, "RF-13": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "radiocarbon ranges and Enoch's predictions are often older than the palaeographic estimates, giving a new chronology and re-dating key texts", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['findings'][1]", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "F64": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The study found earlier dates and coexistence of the Herodian and Hasmonean scripts, into the 2nd and 3rd century BCE, and possible pre-Hasmonean evidence of scribal literacy.", "source": "B12", "source_label": "Wikipedia — Dead Sea Scrolls (no article on Enoch; §Radiocarbon dating, §Proposed older dates (2025))", "locus": "Dead Sea Scrolls, §Dating, Radiocarbon dating ¶2", "modality": "documented" }, "F26": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Yet, the results of this study attest to the copying of multiple literary manuscripts before this period. One example is 4Q109, a copy of the biblical book of Ecclesiastes, a book which scholars tentatively date to the end of the third century BCE [ 15 ], for which Enoch gives a third-century BCE date prediction", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§6 ¶4", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F27": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Fourth, this study’s 14 C result for 4Q114 and Enoch’s date prediction for 4Q109 now establish these to be the first known fragments of a biblical book from the time of their presumed authors [ 15 ].", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§6 ¶5", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F44": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Researchers establish two biblical scroll fragments come from the time of their presumed authors.", "source": "B4", "source_label": "The Jerusalem Post — AI model 'Enoch' reveals Dead Sea Scrolls are older than believed | The Jerusalem Post", "locus": "standfirst", "modality": "attributed" }, "F61": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The study also provides the first material evidence that two biblical scrolls, 4QDanielc and 4QQoheleta , originate from the same periods as their presumed authors in the second and third centuries BCE.", "source": "B10", "source_label": "European Research Council — Unlocking the timecode of the Dead Sea Scrolls (news, 5 June 2025)", "locus": "¶5", "modality": "attributed" }, "F65": { "kind": "field", "quote": "This study proposes older dates for some of the scrolls. … The lead author is Mladen Popović from the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. … For example, the fragmentary scroll 4Q114 of the Book of Daniel is now dated to between 230 and 160 B.C.E., as much as 60 years earlier than previously thought.", "source": "B12", "source_label": "Wikipedia — Dead Sea Scrolls (no article on Enoch; §Radiocarbon dating, §Proposed older dates (2025))", "locus": "Dead Sea Scrolls, §Proposed older dates (2025) ¶1–2", "modality": "documented" }, "F41": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Enoch’s calibrated date range for 4Q114 is: 230–160 BCE. … Thus, in this particular case, which is the one case where we can really fact-check Enoch, it is crystal clear that Enoch’s dates are much too high.", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Biblical Archaeology Society — Can AI Date the Dead Sea Scrolls?", "locus": "¶9 (Christopher Rollston)", "modality": "attributed" }, "RF-26": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "NOT a composition date: it dates the copies", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['negative_tags'][1]", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-19": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "when any work copied on a scroll was composed", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['does_not_answer'][1]", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "F52": { "kind": "field", "quote": "\"The advantage of the [AI] model is that it provides quantified objectivity to paleography, reducing the method's subjectivity,\" the authors write. The study suggests that scribes were copying multiple literary manuscripts before this period, which could have major implications for our historical narratives.", "source": "B4", "source_label": "The Jerusalem Post — AI model 'Enoch' reveals Dead Sea Scrolls are older than believed | The Jerusalem Post", "locus": "¶15–16", "modality": "attributed" }, "F37": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Nearly all dates proposed by Enoch were significantly older than previous estimates. Notably, several texts commonly associated with the Qumran community were dated earlier than the site’s first period of settlement, showing that the scrolls must have originated elsewhere.", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Biblical Archaeology Society — Can AI Date the Dead Sea Scrolls?", "locus": "¶5", "modality": "attributed" }, "O832-01": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Manuscript attestation does not equal composition date, but where composition dates are themselves inferential, material attestation must be allowed to unsettle inherited priority.", "deposit": 832, "source_label": "#832 REVELATION FIRST: A Work Plan for Retrieval-Layer Theological Reception EA-LOGOS-REVFIRST-PLAN v7.1", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/832/", "locus": "Claim Ladder, Third", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-06-14" }, "O832-02": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "The section does not argue that papyrological dating of copies establishes composition dates. It argues that the inferential machinery used to date Paul *ahead* of the material evidence is exactly as speculative as any early-date argument for Revelation", "deposit": 832, "source_label": "#832 REVELATION FIRST: A Work Plan for Retrieval-Layer Theological Reception EA-LOGOS-REVFIRST-PLAN v7.1", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/832/", "locus": "§9 'The Papyrological Inversion: The Material Record Stands Un-Flipped', last ¶", "modality": "self-description", "date": "2026-06-14" }, "O860-01": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "RF-M19. Autograph inference (T.12 × E.01 / O1) The bearing-cost of reconstructing the original from the copies. All NT dating is autograph inference — the autograph is lost; what survives is copies of copies.", "deposit": 860, "source_label": "#860 SÉMANTIQUE POTENTIELLE — Revelation First Mint Block (Release 2) Lee Sharks · Johannes Sigil Grammata: Journal of Operat", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/860/", "locus": "RF-M19 'Autograph inference'", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-06-18" }, "RF-25": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "NOT a New Testament study: Hebrew and Aramaic scrolls", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['negative_tags'][0]", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-18": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "the dates of Greek New Testament papyri (not in its corpus)", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['does_not_answer'][0]", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-16": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "how far palaeographic dates of the scrolls move against radiocarbon anchors", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census 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"deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['intersections']", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-06": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "[\"machine reading, restoration or dating\", \"physical or radiocarbon dating\", \"palaeographic dating\"]", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['evidence_kind']", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-08": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "the Dead Sea Scrolls", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['text_object']", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-27": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "{\"rel\": \"uses\", \"target\": \"dss-digital-library\", \"note\": \"its corpus is the Dead Sea Scrolls\"}", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['relations'][0]", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-29": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "What evidence does each resource hold on when and from what the New Testament writings were composed, and how do machines now read those texts?", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json c['organizing_question']", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-30": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Revelation First ≠ Revelation Early. The pre-70 date is the old argument (Robinson, 1976; Gentry, 1989); Revelation First is the priority thesis: the rest of the New Testament unfolds from the Apocalypse.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json c['correction']", "modality": "stipulation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-20": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Dating: New Testament papyri are dated by palaeography alone, and this study moves palaeographic dates earlier against radiocarbon anchors. It does not date New Testament papyri; it is the method the papyrological-inversion and dating workstreams would watch.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating']['rf_intersection']", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "O202-03": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "*The thesis is falsified if: (a) a document in the NT can be securely dated earlier than any plausible date for Revelation;", "deposit": 202, "source_label": "#202 Revelation First ≠ Revelation Early The Apocalypse as the Earliest New Testament Document", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/202/", "locus": "Falsification (a)", "modality": "hypothesis", "date": "2026-06-14" }, "RF-32": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "A papyrus dates its copy, and the composition must come before it. Most early New Testament papyri are dated by handwriting alone, so the method of dating matters as much as the date.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "questions.json [id == 'papyri-revelation-date'].why", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-31": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "a method that moves palaeographic dates earlier against radiocarbon anchors, on the Dead Sea Scrolls", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "questions.json [id == 'papyri-revelation-date'].resources[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating'].role", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-35": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Machine dating is calibrated on a corpus. What it establishes holds for that corpus and that kind of evidence.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "questions.json [id == 'machine-dating'].why", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-33": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "style-based dates for the Dead Sea Scrolls trained on 24 radiocarbon samples, often older than palaeographic estimates", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "questions.json [id == 'machine-dating'].resources[slug == 'enoch-dss-dating'].role", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "RF-34": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "None of the four dates a New Testament papyrus or a composition; each dates or reads copies within its own corpus.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Revelation First meta-aggregator record: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks, census compiled 2026-10-30, schema field census 1.0", "record": "https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/", "locus": "questions.json [id == 'machine-dating'].gap", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-10-30" }, "F8": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Thus, Enoch reduces palaeographic subjectivity and the role of implicit knowledge by offering date predictions as probability-based options, grounded in physical ( 14 C) and geometric (shape-based) evidences, that can aid palaeographers and historians in their decision-making and contribute to historical debates.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§1 Introduction ¶2", "modality": "self-description" }, "F20": { "kind": "field", "quote": "To our knowledge, Enoch is the first complete machine-learning-based model that employs raw image inputs to deliver probabilistic date predictions for handwritten manuscripts utilizing the probability distribution from 14 C output, and that is completed by palaeographic input while ensuring transparency and interpretability through its explainable design.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§5 ¶1", "modality": "self-description" }, "F21": { "kind": "field", "quote": "This study in style-based date prediction using the Enoch approach is a first step. The advantage of the Enoch model is that it provides quantified objectivity to palaeography, reducing the method’s subjectivity and the role of tacit expert knowledge", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§5 ¶2", "modality": "self-description" }, "F24": { "kind": "field", "quote": "If palaeographers are willing to accept the use of ‘black box’, pre-trained deep-learning models that are based on completely extraneous large image and photograph collections, future research may be directed at adapting the output of such models", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§5 ¶6", "modality": "self-description" }, "F47": { "kind": "field", "quote": "\"With the Enoch tool we have opened a new door into the ancient world, like a time machine, that allows us to study the hands that wrote the Bible, especially now that we have established, for the first time, that two biblical scroll fragments come from the time of their presumed authors,\" the authors stated, according to Ars Technica.", "source": "B4", "source_label": "The Jerusalem Post — AI model 'Enoch' reveals Dead Sea Scrolls are older than believed | The Jerusalem Post", "locus": "¶3 (the authors, via Ars Technica)", "modality": "attributed" }, "F60": { "kind": "field", "quote": "This provides, for the first time, a robust and objective framework for dating over a thousand manuscripts from the Dead Sea Scrolls collection.", "source": "B10", "source_label": "European Research Council — Unlocking the timecode of the Dead Sea Scrolls (news, 5 June 2025)", "locus": "¶4", "modality": "attributed" }, "O1443-01": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Ithaca is empirical evidence that **the hazard is a property of single-verdict interfaces, not of machine reading as such**, and that ranked-alternative presentation is the mitigation.", "deposit": 1443, "source_label": "#1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifacts (v3.6, deposit edition)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/1443/", "locus": "§2.3 'Ithaca (2022)', ¶4", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-08-09" }, "O1443-02": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "The 25→72 gain cannot come from accuracy: the model alone scores 62, *below* the collaborative figure. It comes from **interface design** — ranked top-20 hypotheses with saliency, not a verdict; the historian evaluates alternatives rather than accepting an answer.", "deposit": 1443, "source_label": "#1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifacts (v3.6, deposit edition)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/1443/", "locus": "§2.3 'Ithaca (2022)', ¶3", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-08-09" }, "O1443-03": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Vesuvius and Ithaca work on authors who cannot be consulted", "deposit": 1443, "source_label": "#1443 The Photograph of the Handwritten Original: A Field Survey and Problem Statement for Machine-Eligible Handwritten Artifacts (v3.6, deposit edition)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/1443/", "locus": "Part VIII, 'the enabling condition' ¶", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-08-09" }, "F16": { "kind": "field", "quote": "For Ithaca [ 39 ], AI and epigraphy were similarly used as two heterogeneous information sources to predict dates for ancient Greek inscriptions.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§3 ¶2", "modality": "attributed" }, "F53": { "kind": "field", "quote": "From Ithaca to Judea Enoch is not the first artificial intelligence used to study ancient texts in general or the Dead Sea Scrolls specifically.", "source": "B5", "source_label": "Haaretz — Dead Sea Scrolls May Be Older Than We Thought, AI-Based Study Says", "locus": "card snippet (Haaretz: URL not found)", "modality": "documented" }, "F51": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Popović plans to apply the Enoch model to more Dead Sea Scrolls, as well as other ancient Aramaic texts like the Elephantine Papyri.", "source": "B4", "source_label": "The Jerusalem Post — AI model 'Enoch' reveals Dead Sea Scrolls are older than believed | The Jerusalem Post", "locus": "¶12 (Popović)", "modality": "attributed" }, "F66": { "kind": "field", "quote": "A five-year research project announced in June 2026 and led by Mladen Popović of the University of Groningen will work in conjunction with the Israel Antiquities Authority to look deeper into the history, transmission and cultural environment of the scrolls.", "source": "B12", "source_label": "Wikipedia — Dead Sea Scrolls (no article on Enoch; §Radiocarbon dating, §Proposed older dates (2025))", "locus": "Dead Sea Scrolls, §Tracing Scribes and Scrolls", "modality": "documented" }, "F17": { "kind": "field", "quote": "In addition, 11Q5 shows that in the late date range, a fairly certain style-based date estimate above 100 CE can also be achieved. This may go against historical reconstructions according to which the scrolls were hidden in the Qumran caves before the summer of 68 CE [ 40 ].", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§3 ¶3", "modality": "documented" }, "F19": { "kind": "field", "quote": "These are the first published results on date estimation for this collection of manuscripts. Future research, with more data and improved images, may be directed at further validation and refinement. … Now, Enoch shows that there is no temporal difference between the two halves of the manuscript", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§4 ¶1, ¶3", "modality": "self-description" }, "F28": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The results of this study thus dismantle unsubstantiated historical suppositions and chronological limitations, and call into question the validity of the default model’s relative typology. … More research is needed to solve this issue.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§6 ¶6", "modality": "interpretation" }, "F34": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Publishing in the journal PLOS One , an international research team proposes a new method for dating individual scrolls using artificial intelligence. According to the team, this analysis reveals that many of the scrolls are likely older than previously thought. However, not all scholars are convinced.", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Biblical Archaeology Society — Can AI Date the Dead Sea Scrolls?", "locus": "¶1", "modality": "attributed" }, "F38": { "kind": "field", "quote": "The results of this study are very interesting, and presumably important, but not earth-shattering,” … “Most of the conclusions of the study dovetail with what the great paleographers in the field, such as the late Frank Moore Cross , had already stated more than 60 years ago.", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Biblical Archaeology Society — Can AI Date the Dead Sea Scrolls?", "locus": "¶6 (Christopher Rollston)", "modality": "attributed" }, "F39": { "kind": "field", "quote": "If anything, I think [the researchers’] work drew our attention to points we would have otherwise missed,” … “This is important evidence about the scripture scrolls and their character in the pre-Hasmonean period.", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Biblical Archaeology Society — Can AI Date the Dead Sea Scrolls?", "locus": "¶7 (Jonathan Ben-Dov)", "modality": "attributed" }, "F42": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Overall, the scholarly community faces a serious question: Is this study reliable enough to substantiate a re-shuffle of the entire chronological paradigm of Qumran?", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Biblical Archaeology Society — Can AI Date the Dead Sea Scrolls?", "locus": "¶11 (Jonathan Ben-Dov)", "modality": "attributed" }, "F40": { "kind": "field", "quote": "This is a way to move forward,” said Adler. … Here, there is an attempt to actually procure new data.", "source": "B2", "source_label": "Biblical Archaeology Society — Can AI Date the Dead Sea Scrolls?", "locus": "¶8 (Yonatan Adler)", "modality": "attributed" }, "F45": { "kind": "field", "quote": "An artificial intelligence program named Enoch has advanced the dating of many of the Dead Sea Scrolls by 50 to 150 years earlier than previously believed, according to a new study published in the journal PLOS One.", "source": "B4", "source_label": "The Jerusalem Post — AI model 'Enoch' reveals Dead Sea Scrolls are older than believed | The Jerusalem Post", "locus": "¶1", "modality": "attributed" }, "F48": { "kind": "field", "quote": "\"In some cases we see dates that are 50 years older or maybe even a century older than previously assumed,\" Popović adds.", "source": "B4", "source_label": "The Jerusalem Post — AI model 'Enoch' reveals Dead Sea Scrolls are older than believed | The Jerusalem Post", "locus": "¶7 (Popović)", "modality": "attributed" }, "F43": { "kind": "field", "quote": "AI Dating of Scrolls: A new AI study suggests some Dead Sea Scrolls, including parts of the Book of Daniel, may be up to 100 years older than previously thought", "source": "B3", "source_label": "Reddit·r/AncientCivilizations — New AI Study Suggests Dead Sea Scrolls Are Older Than We Thought! - Reddit", "locus": "card snippet (Reddit unreachable: a script bot-check page)", "modality": "attributed" }, "F55": { "kind": "field", "quote": "How AI Redated the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Enoch Machine Revealed", "source": "B8", "source_label": "YouTube·Religion For Everybody — How AI Redated the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Enoch Machine Revealed", "locus": "card title (YouTube, Religion For Everybody, 14:09; URL not found)", "modality": "documented" }, "F56": { "kind": "field", "quote": "AI Just Decoded the Dead Sea Scrolls — What It Found Changes Everything", "source": "B9", "source_label": "YouTube·Past Unsealed — AI Just Decoded the Dead Sea Scrolls — What It Found Changes Everything", "locus": "card title (YouTube, Past Unsealed, 4m; URL not found)", "modality": "documented" }, "F54": { "kind": "field", "quote": "the Dead Sea Scrolls. By combining time honoured excavation techniques", "source": "B7", "source_label": "Facebook·National Geographic UK — the Dead Sea Scrolls. By combining time honoured excavation techniques ...", "locus": "card title (Facebook, National Geographic UK, video 1m; URL not found)", "modality": "documented" }, "CAP-1-08": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "A baseline: the record was built on revelationfirst.com the day before and no card cites it. NEW address.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031 (OBS-ff5da0726928, AXN:0B35.CAPTURE.🪐➖🌹🌔🎆🌘)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031/", "locus": "enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031, q_kind", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-31" }, "CAP-1-01": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "THE STUDY HELD. 'The model was trained on 24 radiocarbon-dated scroll samples', 'Bayesian ridge regression', 'a mean absolute error of roughly 28 to 31 years', '79% of its estimates for 135 undated scrolls aligned realistically with human paleographic evaluations': the record's 24 samples, its 27.9 to 30.7 years, its 135 scrolls and its 79%. Checked 2026-10-31 against the Revelation First census record of 2026-10-30 and the sources it saved.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031 (OBS-ff5da0726928, AXN:0B35.CAPTURE.🪐➖🌹🌔🎆🌘)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031/", "locus": "enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031, findings[0]", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-31" }, "CAP-1-02": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "COPIES KEPT APART FROM COMPOSITIONS. 'Some copies appear closer in time to their presumed historical authors'. The record's negative tag is that the model dates copies; the composition keeps the distinction in its own words. This is the distinction the field turns on.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031 (OBS-ff5da0726928, AXN:0B35.CAPTURE.🪐➖🌹🌔🎆🌘)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031/", "locus": "enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031, findings[1]", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-10-31" }, "CAP-1-06": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "The innocent reading first. The Overview says who built the model, on what, by what method, how accurate it is and what it found, then gives the reception, from the article and its press.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031 (OBS-ff5da0726928, AXN:0B35.CAPTURE.🪐➖🌹🌔🎆🌘)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031/", "locus": "enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031, reading", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-10-31" }, "CAP-1-12": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "ENOCH ON THE OVERVIEW — GRONINGEN, 24 RADIOCARBON SAMPLES, BAYESIAN RIDGE REGRESSION, THE THIRTY-YEAR ERROR, 79% OF 135, ALL HELD; 'COPIES' KEPT APART FROM THEIR AUTHORS; 'OFTEN OLDER' MADE 'A SIGNIFICANT PORTION … 50 TO 150 YEARS', AND THE RADIOCARBON DANIEL CREDITED TO THE MODEL", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031 (OBS-ff5da0726928, AXN:0B35.CAPTURE.🪐➖🌹🌔🎆🌘)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031/", "locus": "enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031, mt", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-31" }, "CAP-1-03": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "THE FINDING ENLARGED. 'Enoch indicates that a significant portion of the scrolls are 50 to 150 years older than traditional paleographic estimates.' The study: 'often older than traditionally assumed palaeographic estimates'. The range and the 'significant portion' are not in the saved sources.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031 (OBS-ff5da0726928, AXN:0B35.CAPTURE.🪐➖🌹🌔🎆🌘)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031/", "locus": "enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031, findings[2]", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-31" }, "CAP-1-04": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "TWO RESULTS MADE ONE. 'The Daniel fragment (`4Q114`) and Ecclesiastes manuscript (`4Q109`) were backdated substantially'. The study separates them: 'this study’s 14 C result for 4Q114 and Enoch’s date prediction for 4Q109 now establish these to be the first known fragments of a biblical book from the time of their presumed authors'. The Daniel date is the radiocarbon result (230–160 BCE); only Ecclesiastes is the model's. The figures 'from 175–150 BCE to roughly 300–250 BCE' are not in the saved sources, which give Enoch's 4Q109 prediction as 'a third-century BCE date'.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031 (OBS-ff5da0726928, AXN:0B35.CAPTURE.🪐➖🌹🌔🎆🌘)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031/", "locus": "enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031, findings[3]", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-31" }, "CAP-1-05": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "THE STATED LIMIT, ELSEWHERE. The study names its problem, 'an almost complete lack of date-bearing manuscripts'. The composition gives doubt through Reddit ('carbon-dating uncertainties') and Popović's caution through Haaretz; the study's own limit is unsaid.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031 (OBS-ff5da0726928, AXN:0B35.CAPTURE.🪐➖🌹🌔🎆🌘)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031/", "locus": "enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031, findings[4]", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-31" }, "CAP-1-11": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "the record's own frame (probability-based options that aid palaeographers, reducing subjectivity) survives only as what 'Supporters view' (an objective 'time machine' with quantifiable error margins).", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031 (OBS-ff5da0726928, AXN:0B35.CAPTURE.🪐➖🌹🌔🎆🌘)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031/", "locus": "enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031, per_dim.read.notes", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-31" }, "CAP-1-09": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Two departures noted, not charged: '50 to 150 years older' is a magnitude the saved records do not state (they say 'often older'), and 4Q114 is given as backdated by Enoch where the paper gives it as a 14C result (L570).", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031 (OBS-ff5da0726928, AXN:0B35.CAPTURE.🪐➖🌹🌔🎆🌘)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031/", "locus": "enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031, per_dim.read.notes", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-31" }, "CAP-1-10": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "Institution (ERC, HandsandBible) absent; commitments (CC BY open access, data and code on Zenodo, explainable design) absent;", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031 (OBS-ff5da0726928, AXN:0B35.CAPTURE.🪐➖🌹🌔🎆🌘)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031/", "locus": "enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031, per_dim.read.notes", "modality": "documented", "date": "2026-10-31" }, "CAP-1-07": { "kind": "archive", "quote": "A machine-dating study is composed nearly at its own grain, and it carries the distinction between when a text was copied and when it was written. Its figures grow where the press rounded them, and its doubts are sourced to a forum.", "deposit": null, "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031 (OBS-ff5da0726928, AXN:0B35.CAPTURE.🪐➖🌹🌔🎆🌘)", "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031/", "locus": "enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031, analysis", "modality": "interpretation", "date": "2026-10-31" }, "F7": { "kind": "field", "quote": "Enoch, named after the ancient Jewish science hero, was trained as a machine-learning-based date-prediction model applying Bayesian ridge regression on established handwriting-style descriptors.", "source": "B1", "source_label": "PLOS — Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One", "locus": "§1 Introduction ¶2", "modality": "stipulation" }, "F67": { "kind": "field", "quote": "'''[[Enoch]]''' is a biblical figure and the subject of the [[Book of Enoch]].", "source": "B12", "source_label": "Wikipedia — Dead Sea Scrolls (no article on Enoch; §Radiocarbon dating, §Proposed older dates (2025))", "locus": "Enoch (disambiguation), wikitext line 2", "modality": "documented" } }, "note": "The knowledge object (KO): the entry as public knowledge, each sentence sourced by the claims it lists. 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