{
 "id": "EA-NEGONT-02-NON-CLAIMS",
 "title": "The Negative of the Negative — every field claim quoted, by row",
 "canonical": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/claims.json",
 "date": "2026-10-20",
 "statement": "Every field claim of every /non row with its quote as the row holds it, unquoted: a sentence-level reader matches a sentence against these to name the row that already holds it. The row and its ledgers are the authority; this is their index.",
 "rows": {
  "ai-overview-capture-registry": {
   "axn": "AXN:0721.NON.🛸🏴🌍♎🔝📌",
   "row_sha256": "5e520eaff546917935d5f8df2724db0734e23cbf438528d516383fb9fdc69f60"
  },
  "american-civil-war": {
   "axn": "AXN:070F.NON.♋🪟⭐🦋⭕🪝",
   "row_sha256": "ac25087cee343c50de0601c6bd28b0b04579c970b85000b41dded431495ceab8"
  },
  "anne-carson": {
   "axn": "AXN:071B.NON.♣️🧲🔙☽🟠✨",
   "row_sha256": "8335f3a8c2e909a12bcc68931632285d9f235bb289f31bca860106bd646ab0e2"
  },
  "aristotle-originality-claim": {
   "axn": "AXN:0722.NON.🟠👐☿➗🎨🏰",
   "row_sha256": "c2b2a2938627b6532a5235343c095e9916c376c4ffa2f12abfa1acb3460c8788"
  },
  "book-of-revelation": {
   "axn": "AXN:0710.NON.🗼🚀🏙️♦️👈∞",
   "row_sha256": "2a5de582b8ff88ed132ce36ae148ecc406a75e153e0c18b3b8c58df88a5e1f2f"
  },
  "crimson-hexagon": {
   "axn": "AXN:071E.NON.🔮🍃♻️👉🕙⛳",
   "row_sha256": "3d18feb96b543f4eab14374d4cbf1e1ed9512b195823603418cabdcd73b193c5"
  },
  "germany-role-wwii": {
   "axn": "AXN:0711.NON.📦♌✨🌋●🖊️",
   "row_sha256": "4bade9159c44ca9f7f6ab39925e0034ac20e7cc9a5f53bd69d473f5fa2304622"
  },
  "google-ai-overviews": {
   "axn": "AXN:071C.NON.❌⊕♾️🪟🪸☿",
   "row_sha256": "ef9694257ba286d74a7c6b711804773061fba97f1714972ca2675f9ef3ed2223"
  },
  "howl": {
   "axn": "AXN:0712.NON.🌔🍀🤙🏗️⛳🫶",
   "row_sha256": "0374be2154bd854e4d14ed1ff2c9b79a45ae347d50b0b553c0ff6151581c72a3"
  },
  "literary-heteronym": {
   "axn": "AXN:0713.NON.🪧🟣👋∮▽🔥",
   "row_sha256": "4dc6bf959910403b86d3b51fb9a4fe75b063ff899933255397a0208c1a25c01e"
  },
  "marxism": {
   "axn": "AXN:0714.NON.🟢🕙💎👁‍🗨📐🐚",
   "row_sha256": "c46b1cb04e7ac470a8fd41577298ecd3c6ddbc5857f27de0a38830981ffa4b4b"
  },
  "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators": {
   "axn": "AXN:0715.NON.🖊️🕌♍⏏️⏪⛵",
   "row_sha256": "4429aef8d75cc591145cc2bf9c4fb051bfed33a5d427ae24640feedecb53500b"
  },
  "model-collapse": {
   "axn": "AXN:070E.NON.🌕⊗🔼🌃🪐🏗️",
   "row_sha256": "0497d4e20d2112b0bcf702a243cbb9a5f08c5f423f508d14c84770c51cc4b8ac"
  },
  "political-economy": {
   "axn": "AXN:0716.NON.🤲👇🌃🪟📦🌍",
   "row_sha256": "b1b7e2254b0edb8e9e44691e660dffb422185edac9df1a085693afcac3847d90"
  },
  "prince-of-poets": {
   "axn": "AXN:071F.NON.△🕒🔬🌌🌠↗️",
   "row_sha256": "986437e6eada79ed355d727808c188973a71aa027f73c5a602a33e46ef8e4125"
  },
  "sappho-31": {
   "axn": "AXN:0717.NON.🎶🔗🔵🌃🕔⚫",
   "row_sha256": "8833c5e266c82878794d298129f9e5c54f9635beb91f19322054f48a63d13f33"
  },
  "se-183b34": {
   "axn": "AXN:0723.NON.🌆🏺🗝️▶️🪧📐",
   "row_sha256": "e32f3fd34d4e539b2c005ac43472f2aaa2c8f3564dbff73620bd1f6b5ca4947b"
  },
  "secret-book-of-walt": {
   "axn": "AXN:0720.NON.🌘🌖🎬⌛🎲🗼",
   "row_sha256": "0705f16e8d2ac252e1468905a356132e69a2cd91c8ce4d5091c97e5f17dae637"
  },
  "spxi": {
   "axn": "AXN:071D.NON.⛵🤲▶️●🪄💥",
   "row_sha256": "5cb1d39c3eeb822a250741920955c33911ce2ec926f560fb717c3c5444588dcc"
  },
  "the-singularity": {
   "axn": "AXN:0718.NON.↘️🔺♊🔄☁️🕓",
   "row_sha256": "dbd0ab6f1f65ac2ffc3ab693602a091132395b4c151da583780d60268bf98b82"
  },
  "the-socratic-problem": {
   "axn": "AXN:0719.NON.⏪🌘🔍💜🌈🌓",
   "row_sha256": "d70756ca1e022f7998b5307c197c803ca04c32d91ae4b97e485b33fb64fd6497"
  },
  "theophrastus": {
   "axn": "AXN:071A.NON.🌗⚫🔖♈🎬🔵",
   "row_sha256": "06c848a9f1c543708a8783cb3ed10f2b72b46158dd96ac6ba31aab5486c5359d"
  }
 },
 "count": 1021,
 "claims": [
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "An AI registry is a live catalog of every AI model, agent, and use case with ownership, risk tier, and regulatory status.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Atlan — What Is an AI Registry? Enterprise AI Governance Guide",
   "locus": "the page, key points",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "An AI registry is the central record of every AI system your company runs — including trained models, bought-in agents, internal copilots, and AI features SaaS vendors activated last quarter.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Atlan — What Is an AI Registry? Enterprise AI Governance Guide",
   "locus": "the page, 'What is an AI registry?'",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "An AI registry prevents that from happening again. It puts every AI system in one place, with the owner, the risk tier, and the regulatory status attached to each entry.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Atlan — What Is an AI Registry? Enterprise AI Governance Guide",
   "locus": "the page (the card's snippet)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "EU AI Act Article 12 requires high-risk systems to support automatic event logging — static spreadsheets will not comply.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Atlan — What Is an AI Registry? Enterprise AI Governance Guide",
   "locus": "the page, key points",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "A 12-field schema maps directly to EU AI Act Annex IV, NIST AI RMF, and ISO/IEC 42001 obligations.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Atlan — What Is an AI Registry? Enterprise AI Governance Guide",
   "locus": "the page, key points",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "As organizations scale AI initiatives, AI assets are increasingly created across multiple heterogeneous environments such as Google Vertex AI, Azure and Databricks.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Collibra — Unified AI registry: Your central inventory for AI use cases, models and agents",
   "locus": "the page, opening (the card's snippet)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "It acts as a single inventory where teams can track AI use cases, models and agents while maintaining governance context such as ownership, lifecycle status and trust metrics.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Collibra — Unified AI registry: Your central inventory for AI use cases, models and agents",
   "locus": "the page, 'What's new: Unified AI registry'",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "An AI Registry is a centralized system of record for all your organization's AI assets — models, agents, systems, use cases, and third-party vendors.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "trail - AI Governance — The AI Registry with Superpowers",
   "locus": "the page, FAQ",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "trail automates this AI intake process through integrations with your existing asset inventories, GRC platforms, and the environments where AI is actively built",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "trail - AI Governance — The AI Registry with Superpowers",
   "locus": "the page (the card's snippet)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "It's the foundation for any effective AI governance program.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "trail - AI Governance — The AI Registry with Superpowers",
   "locus": "the page, FAQ",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "Agent Registry is a centralized catalog that lets you store, discover, and govern agentic components , such as Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers, tools, standalone skills, and AI agents, within Google Cloud.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Google Cloud Documentation — Agent Registry overview",
   "locus": "the page, opening (the card's snippet)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "By consolidating these agents, MCP servers, skills, and endpoints, Agent Registry addresses common challenges in complex AI deployments, such as fragmented tool access, isolated data, and redundant implementations.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Google Cloud Documentation — Agent Registry overview",
   "locus": "the page, ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "Google AI Overviews show up on a large share of search queries now, and that share has kept climbing since the feature rolled out.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Scrape.do — Scraping Google AI Overviews in 2026: Extract Summary Text, Source ...",
   "locus": "the page, opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "Two working approaches handle this: a Playwright-based browser scraper that renders the full DOM and extracts text blocks with source references, and a SERP API that returns the same data as structured JSON without any browser overhead.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Scrape.do — Scraping Google AI Overviews in 2026: Extract Summary Text, Source ...",
   "locus": "the page, opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "Most AIO scraping attempts fail because they send a single HTTP request and get back an empty container.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Scrape.do — Scraping Google AI Overviews in 2026: Extract Summary Text, Source ...",
   "locus": "the page, 'Three States of AI Overviews'",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "The EASIEST Way to Track Google AI Overviews (Find Ranking Opportunities)",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "YouTube · John Reinesch — The EASIEST Way to Track Google AI Overviews (Find Ranking Opportunities), 10:04",
   "locus": "the video's title (oEmbed; the card)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "Monitor how Google's AI Overviews display your brand on mobile search. Real 4G/5G carrier IPs show exactly what users see - no datacenter detection, no filtered results.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "Proxies.sx — Track Google AI Overviews",
   "locus": "the page, opening (the card's snippet)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "Track Google AI Overviews for free: see whether Google shows one for a keyword, which sites it cites and in what order, and whether your domain is one of them.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Honeyb AI — Free AI Overview Tracker: Monitor Google AI Overview Citations",
   "locus": "the page, opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "Each keyword is one Google search from the United States, desktop, in English, with the asynchronously loaded AI Overview included. We record whether an overview appeared, every source it cited in the order Google listed them, the brands its text links to, and the organic top 10 for comparison.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Honeyb AI — Free AI Overview Tracker: Monitor Google AI Overview Citations",
   "locus": "the page, method (the card's snippet)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "The domain in position one is cited 48% of the time and the share falls with every place down the page, to 26% by the last row. Meanwhile 40% of overviews lead with a source that is not on page one at all.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Honeyb AI — Free AI Overview Tracker: Monitor Google AI Overview Citations",
   "locus": "the page, findings",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "The limit is the one every single capture has: overviews change between days, by location and by account. A monthly snapshot shows the shape of a query, not its day-to-day movement.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Honeyb AI — Free AI Overview Tracker: Monitor Google AI Overview Citations",
   "locus": "the page, method",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "Effective AI Overview tracking requires monitoring a defined query set at a fixed weekly cadence, recording citation sources historically, and detecting competitive shifts before they consolidate.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "www.useomnia.com — How to Track Rankings & Visibility in Google AI Overviews",
   "locus": "the page, opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "Google Search Console doesn't isolate AI Overview clicks, and standard rank trackers measure organic position, not citation presence.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "www.useomnia.com — How to Track Rankings & Visibility in Google AI Overviews",
   "locus": "the page, opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "Manually checking whether you appear in AI Overviews is not tracking. It's a snapshot of one query, on one device, at one moment, and by tomorrow, the citation could be someone else's.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "www.useomnia.com — How to Track Rankings & Visibility in Google AI Overviews",
   "locus": "the page, opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "AI Overview tracking helps you understand when AI Overviews appear for your keywords, whether your website is cited, which pages and competitors are featured and how your visibility changes over time.",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "Advanced Web Ranking — AI Overviews Tracking: The Complete Guide",
   "locus": "the page, opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "AI Overview citations don't necessarily match the pages ranking in the organic top 10. BrightEdge found that only about 17% of sources cited in AI Overviews also ranked in the organic top 10, showing that traditional rankings alone don't capture all of the pages Google surfaces in AI Overviews.",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "Advanced Web Ranking — AI Overviews Tracking: The Complete Guide",
   "locus": "the page, 'A different set of cited sources'",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "Google Universal picks up AI Overviews as part of a standard SERP crawl, which works well in most cases but can occasionally return incomplete or missing source URLs for that feature specifically.",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "Advanced Web Ranking — AI Overviews Tracking: The Complete Guide",
   "locus": "the page (the card's snippet), 'Google Universal vs. Google Search + AIO'",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "Google AI Overviews are reshaping how informational queries get answered, and the data inside them, including the AI-generated summary, the cited sources, and the source URLs, has become some of the most valuable SEO data on the web.",
   "source": "B11",
   "source_label": "Octoparse — How to Scrape Google AI Overviews | Step-by-Step",
   "locus": "the page, opening (the card's snippet)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "There are four ways to scrape Google AI Overviews: pre-built templates , AI Chrome extensions, commercial SERP APIs, and general scraping APIs with custom parsing.",
   "source": "B11",
   "source_label": "Octoparse — How to Scrape Google AI Overviews | Step-by-Step",
   "locus": "the page, methods",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "A Google AI Overview Tracker monitors whether your keywords trigger AI-generated summaries in Google search, identifies every website cited inside those summaries, tracks their positions over time, and generates automated reports — giving complete visibility into AI search performance that Google Search Console does not provide.",
   "source": "B12",
   "source_label": "aioverviewtrack.com — Google AI Overview Tracker — Track Every AI Result",
   "locus": "the page, FAQ (the card's snippet)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "An AI model registry is a centralized system of record that tracks every model an organization builds, buys, or deploys.",
   "source": "B13",
   "source_label": "Alation — What Is an AI Model Registry?",
   "locus": "the page, opening (the organic snippet)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "Alation AI Governance is built on the premise that AI governance and data governance are the same discipline, not two separate programs bolted together.",
   "source": "B13",
   "source_label": "Alation — What Is an AI Model Registry?",
   "locus": "the page, Alation's position",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "this growing list of registries of Artificial Intelligence (AI) use cases is hereby launched on January 28, 2026",
   "source": "B14",
   "source_label": "thoughtfox.xyz — Registries of Artificial Intelligence Use Cases - Thoughtfox",
   "locus": "the page, opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "Provides descriptions of AI systems used by the city and was among the earliest municipal registers.",
   "source": "B14",
   "source_label": "thoughtfox.xyz — Registries of Artificial Intelligence Use Cases - Thoughtfox",
   "locus": "the page, Helsinki (the organic snippet)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "In this video, two speakers demonstrate a custom-built Windows Registry Inspector tool created rapidly using Claude AI.",
   "source": "B15",
   "source_label": "YouTube · AUTOHOTKEY Gurus — I Built a Windows Registry Inspector in 30 Minutes Using AI | Hero Extract, 5:26",
   "locus": "the organic snippet (results page)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "Admins can now view all their agents in a single, centralized registry providing a unified view of agent adoption, activity, and agent health.",
   "source": "B16",
   "source_label": "Microsoft Learn — Overview of Microsoft Agent 365",
   "locus": "the page, 'Observe' (the organic snippet)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ai-overview-capture-registry",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "Microsoft Agent 365 provides the ability to observe , govern , and secure the growing number of agents within organizations.",
   "source": "B16",
   "source_label": "Microsoft Learn — Overview of Microsoft Agent 365",
   "locus": "the page, opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-overview-capture-registry/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (\"the North\") and the Confederacy (\"the South\"), which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union to preserve slavery in the United States.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "The war ended with Union victory, the dissolution of the Confederacy and the abolition of slavery, freeing four million African Americans.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "Decades of controversy over slavery came to a head when Abraham Lincoln, a Republican who opposed slavery's expansion, won the 1860 presidential election. Seven slave states in the South responded to Lincoln's victory by seceding from the United States and forming the Confederate States of America.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "The war began on April 12, 1861, when the Confederacy bombarded Fort Sumter in South Carolina.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "Four more Southern states seceded after the war began and, led by its president, Jefferson Davis, the Confederacy comprised eleven states, containing a third of the US population.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "The abolition of slavery became a Union war goal on January 1, 1863, when Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared all slaves in rebel states to be free, applying to more than 3.5 million of the 4 million enslaved people in the country.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "The successful 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River, while Confederate general Robert E. Lee's incursion north failed at the Battle of Gettysburg.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "The Confederates abandoned Richmond, and on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant following the Battle of Appomattox Court House, setting in motion the end of the war. Lincoln lived to see this victory but was shot by an assassin on April 14, dying the next day.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶4",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "The Confederacy collapsed, the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, and four million enslaved black people were freed. The war-torn nation then entered the Reconstruction era in an attempt to rebuild the country, bring the former Confederate states back into the United States, and grant civil rights to freed slaves.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶5",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "The war was among the first to use industrial warfare.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶5",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "The war left an estimated 700,000 soldiers dead, along with an undetermined number of civilian deaths, making it the deadliest in American history.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶5",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "The origins of the war were rooted in the desire of the Southern states to preserve the institution of slavery. Historians in the 21st century overwhelmingly agree on the centrality of slavery in the conflict—at least for the Southern states. They disagree on the North's reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Origins ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "The pseudo-historical Lost Cause ideology denies that slavery was the principal cause of the secession, a view disproven by historical evidence, including the seceding states' own secession documents. After leaving the Union, Mississippi issued a declaration stating, \"Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery—the greatest material interest of the world.\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Origins ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "The principal political battle leading to Southern secession was over whether slavery would expand into the Western territories destined to become states.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Origins ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on American nationalism.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Origins ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "As a panel of historians said in 2011, \"while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion, it was disunion itself that sparked the war.\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Origins ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "As Southerners resigned their Senate and House seats, Republicans could pass projects that had been blocked. These included the Morrill Tariff, land grant colleges, a Homestead Act, a transcontinental railroad, the National Bank Act, authorization of United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862, the end of slavery in the District of Columbia, and a ban on slavery in the territories.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Secession crisis",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "The war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties (3 percent of the population), including an estimated 698,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Casualties ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "Professor Jim Downs states that tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease, starvation, or exposure, and that if these deaths are counted in the war's total, the death toll would exceed 1 million.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Casualties",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "Abolishing slavery was not a Union war goal from the outset but quickly became one. Lincoln initially claimed that preserving the Union was the central goal. In contrast, the South fought to preserve slavery.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Emancipation ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "The war destroyed much of the South's wealth, in part because wealth held in enslaved people (at least $1,000 each for a healthy adult prior to the war) was wiped off the books.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Reconstruction ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "From the Union perspective, the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate victory by reuniting the Union, to guarantee a \"republican form of government\" for the ex-Confederate states, and to permanently end slavery—and prevent semi-slavery status.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Reconstruction ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "With the withdrawal of federal troops, white men retook control of every Southern legislature, and the Jim Crow era of disenfranchisement and legal segregation was ushered in.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Reconstruction ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "The Lost Cause myth was formalized by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, whose The Rise of American Civilization (1927) spawned Beardian historiography. The Beards downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. Though this interpretation was abandoned by the Beards in the 1940s, and by historians generally by the 1950s, Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lost Cause",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "The war is one of the most extensively studied and written about episodes in the history of the United States. It remains the subject of cultural and historiographical debate. Of continuing interest is the myth of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶5",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "2,200,000 total",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Infobox, Strength",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "750,000–1,000,000 total",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — American Civil War - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Infobox, Strength",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "The Civil War in the United States began in 1861, after decades of simmering tensions between northern and southern states over slavery, states’ rights and westward expansion. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 caused seven southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America; four more states soon joined them. The War Between the States, as the conflict is also known, ended in Confederate surrender in 1865.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "History.com — American Civil War: Causes, Dates & Battles | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "In the North, manufacturing and industry were well established, and agriculture was mostly limited to small-scale farms, while the South’s economy was based on a system of large-scale farming that depended on the labor of Black enslaved people to grow certain crops, especially on cotton and tobacco plantations.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "History.com — American Civil War: Causes, Dates & Battles | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Causes",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "Growing abolitionist sentiment in the North in the early 1800s and northern opposition to slavery’s extension into the new western territories led many southerners to fear that the existence of slavery in America—and thus the backbone of their economy—was in danger.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "History.com — American Civil War: Causes, Dates & Battles | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Causes",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "On July 21, 1861, in the First Battle of Bull Run (known in the South as First Manassas), 35,000 Confederate soldiers under the command of General “Stonewall” Jackson forced a greater number of Union forces (or Federals) to retreat towards Washington, D.C., dashing any hopes of a quick Union victory and leading Lincoln to call for 500,000 more recruits.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "History.com — American Civil War: Causes, Dates & Battles | HISTORY",
   "locus": "First Bull Run",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "On September 17, the Army of the Potomac hit Lee’s forces (reinforced by Jackson’s) in what became the war’s bloodiest single day of fighting.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "History.com — American Civil War: Causes, Dates & Battles | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Antietam",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "Lincoln used the occasion of the Union victory at Antietam to issue a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all enslaved people in the rebellious states after January 1, 1863. He justified his decision as a wartime measure, and did not go so far as to free the enslaved people in the border states loyal to the Union.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "History.com — American Civil War: Causes, Dates & Battles | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Emancipation Proclamation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "Still, the Emancipation Proclamation deprived the Confederacy of the bulk of its labor forces and put international public opinion strongly on the Union side. Some 186,000 Black Civil War soldiers would join the Union Army by the time the war ended in 1865, and 38,000 lost their lives.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "History.com — American Civil War: Causes, Dates & Battles | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Emancipation Proclamation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "Over three days of fierce fighting, the Confederates were unable to push through the Union center and suffered casualties close to 60 percent.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "History.com — American Civil War: Causes, Dates & Battles | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Gettysburg",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "Days later, Sherman received Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston's surrender at Durham Station, North Carolina, on April 26, effectively ending the Civil War.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "History.com — American Civil War: Causes, Dates & Battles | HISTORY",
   "locus": "End of the war",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "The Civil War was the costliest and deadliest war ever fought on American soil, with an estimated 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers killed, millions more injured and much of the South left in ruin.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "History.com — American Civil War: Causes, Dates & Battles | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Legacy",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "An emerging manufacturing and industrial center before the war, America quickly grew into an international economic and cultural powerhouse, though the economy in ravaged former Confederate states would lag behind the rest of the country.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "History.com — American Civil War: Causes, Dates & Battles | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Legacy",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "Reconstruction was an attempt to help the South and assist former Black slaves, but Jim Crow laws, Black Codes and other impediments would slow progress for generations.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "History.com — American Civil War: Causes, Dates & Battles | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Legacy",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "American Civil War, four-year war (1861–65) fought between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded to form the Confederate States of America.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Britannica — American Civil War | History, Summary, Dates, Causes, Map ... - Britannica",
   "locus": "Opening (card snippet and summary)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "It arose out of disputes over slavery and states' rights.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Britannica — American Civil War | History, Summary, Dates, Causes, Map ... - Britannica",
   "locus": "Summary",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F42",
   "quote": "When antislavery candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected president (1860), the Southern states seceded.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Britannica — American Civil War | History, Summary, Dates, Causes, Map ... - Britannica",
   "locus": "Summary",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F43",
   "quote": "Causes: Secession of eleven slaveholding states in 1860–1861 over slavery and territorial expansion disputes triggered the American Civil War in April 1861.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History — The American Civil War | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History",
   "locus": "Card snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F44",
   "quote": "The Civil War is the central event in America's historical consciousness. While the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the United States, the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined what kind of nation it would be.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "American Battlefield Trust — A Brief Overview of the American Civil War | American Battlefield Trust",
   "locus": "¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F45",
   "quote": "The war resolved two fundamental questions left unresolved by the revolution: whether the United States was to be a dissolvable confederation of sovereign states or an indivisible nation with a sovereign national government; and whether this nation, born of a declaration that all men were created with an equal right to liberty, would continue to exist as the largest slaveholding country in the world.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "American Battlefield Trust — A Brief Overview of the American Civil War | American Battlefield Trust",
   "locus": "¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F46",
   "quote": "Northern victory in the war preserved the United States as one nation and ended the institution of slavery that had divided the country from its beginning. But these achievements came at the cost of 625,000 lives--nearly as many American soldiers as died in all the other wars in which this country has fought combined.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "American Battlefield Trust — A Brief Overview of the American Civil War | American Battlefield Trust",
   "locus": "¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F47",
   "quote": "The American Civil War was the largest and most destructive conflict in the Western world between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the onset of World War I in 1914.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "American Battlefield Trust — A Brief Overview of the American Civil War | American Battlefield Trust",
   "locus": "¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F48",
   "quote": "The Civil War started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave states over the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in the territories that had not yet become states.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "American Battlefield Trust — A Brief Overview of the American Civil War | American Battlefield Trust",
   "locus": "¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F49",
   "quote": "The event that triggered war came at Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay on April 12, 1861.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "American Battlefield Trust — A Brief Overview of the American Civil War | American Battlefield Trust",
   "locus": "¶4",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F50",
   "quote": "By 1864 the original Northern goal of a limited war to restore the Union had given way to a new strategy of \"total war\" to destroy the Old South and its basic institution of slavery and to give the restored Union a \"new birth of freedom,\" as President Lincoln put it in his address at Gettysburg to dedicate a cemetery for Union soldiers killed in the battle there.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "American Battlefield Trust — A Brief Overview of the American Civil War | American Battlefield Trust",
   "locus": "¶5",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "american-civil-war",
   "id": "F51",
   "quote": "By the spring of 1865 all the principal Confederate armies surrendered, and when Union cavalry captured the fleeing Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Georgia on May 10, 1865, resistance collapsed and the war ended. The long, painful process of rebuilding a united nation free of slavery began.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "American Battlefield Trust — A Brief Overview of the American Civil War | American Battlefield Trust",
   "locus": "¶7",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/american-civil-war/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "Anne Patricia Carson (born June 21, 1950) is a Canadian poet, essayist, translator, classicist, professor, and Nobel Laureate.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "Trained at the University of Toronto, Carson has taught classics, comparative literature, and creative writing at universities across the United States and Canada since 1979, including McGill, University of Michigan, New York University, and Princeton University.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "With more than twenty books of writings and translations published to date, Carson has been awarded Guggenheim and MacArthur Fellowships, has won the Lannan Literary Award, two Griffin Poetry Prizes, the T. S. Eliot Prize, the Princess of Asturias Award, the Governor General's Award for English-language poetry, and the PEN/Nabokov Award, and was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada in 2005 for her contribution to Canadian letters.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Lead ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "In 2026, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature \"for her bold and inventive oeuvre that, in playful dialogue with the classical tradition, has created new forms for contemporary literature.\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Lead ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "In high school, a Latin instructor introduced Carson to the world and language of Ancient Greece and tutored her privately.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Early life and education",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "She did eventually return to the University of Toronto where she completed her Bachelor of Arts in 1974, her Master of Arts in 1975, and her Ph.D. in 1981. She also spent a year studying Greek metrics and Greek textual criticism at the University of St Andrews.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Early life and education",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "She frequently references, modernises, and translates Ancient Greek and Latin literature – writers such as Aeschylus, Catullus, Euripides, Homer, Ibycus, Mimnermus, Sappho, Simonides, Sophocles, Stesichorus, and Thucydides.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Writing ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "Many of her books blend the forms of poetry, essay, prose, criticism, translation, dramatic dialogue, fiction, and non-fiction to varying degrees.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Writing ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "Eros the Bittersweet – Carson's first book of criticism, published in 1986 – examines eros as a simultaneous experience of pleasure and pain best exemplified by \"glukupikron\", a word of Sappho's creation and the \"bittersweet\" of the book's title.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Works",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "It considers how triangulations of desire appear in the writings of Sappho, ancient Greek novelists, and Plato.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Works",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "A reworking of her 1981 doctoral thesis Odi et Amo Ergo Sum (\"I Hate and I Love, Therefore I Am\"), Eros the Bittersweet \"laid the groundwork for her subsequent publications, […] formulating the ideas on desire that would come to dominate her poetic output\", and establishing her \"style of patterning her writings after classical Greek literature\".",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Works",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "the book \"first stunned the classics community as a work of Greek scholarship; then it stunned the nonfiction community as an inspired return to the lyrically based essays once produced by Seneca, Montaigne, and Emerson; and then, and only then, deep into the 1990s, reissued as 'literature' and redesigned for an entirely new audience, it finally stunned the poets.\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Reception ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "Shortlisted for the T. S. Eliot Prize four times between 1999 and 2013, Carson won for The Beauty of the Husband in 2001 (her third consecutive nomination), making her the first woman to be awarded this honour.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Reception ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "Carson was the first poet to be awarded the Griffin Poetry Prize (for Men in the Off Hours in 2001), and the first to win the prize for a second time (for Red Doc> in 2013).",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Reception ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "The National Book Critics Circle Award shortlisted Carson three times (for Autobiography of Red in 1998, Men in the Off Hours in 2000, and Nox in 2010), making her and Alice Munro the first two non-Americans to be nominated after the Award went global in 1998.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Reception ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "Her 2024 book, Wrong Norma, was longlisted for the National Book Award for Poetry.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Reception ¶5",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "Carson had been regarded as a likely candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature before eventually receiving the award in 2026",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Reception ¶7",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "Carson has also been the subject of two edited volumes: Anne Carson: Ecstatic Lyre, edited by Joshua Marie Wilkinson and published by the University of Michigan Press in 2015, which is dedicated to the breadth of her works; and Anne Carson/ Antiquity (sic), edited by Laura Jansen and published by Bloomsbury in 2021, which examines Carson's classicism as it emerges in her poetry, translations, essays, and visual artistry.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Reception ¶6",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "Carson has published translations of ten ancient Greek tragedies – one by Aeschylus (Agamemnon), two by Sophocles (Antigone, Electra), and seven by Euripides (Alcestis, Hecuba, Herakles, Hippolytus, Iphigenia in Tauris, Orestes, and The Bacchae) – as well as the poetry of Sappho in English.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Translation ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "It was eventually published in 2001 and included in her 2009 book An Oresteia, which won the PEN Award for Poetry in Translation in 2010.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Translation ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "If Not, Winter (2002)",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Selected bibliography, Translations",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "Carson is known to be reticent about her private life, and discourages autobiographical readings of her writings.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Personal life ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "Nox, an epitaph Carson created for her brother in 2000 and published in 2010, has been described as her most explicitly personal work.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Personal life ¶5",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "Projects they have worked on together include book designs and performances for Nox and Antigonick.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Anne Carson (chips 'Wikipedia +4' and 'Wikipedia +1')",
   "locus": "Personal life ¶6",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "Anne Carson is a poet, essayist, professor of Classics, and translator.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "Carson has gained both critical accolades and a wide readership over the course of her “unclassifiable” publishing career.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "In addition to her many highly-regarded translations of classical writers such as Sappho and Euripides, and her triptych rendering of An Oresteia (2009), she has published poems, essays, libretti, prose criticism, and verse novels that often cross genres.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "Known for her supreme erudition—Merkin called her “one of the great pasticheurs”—her poetry can also be heart-breaking and she regularly writes on love, desire, sexual longing and despair.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "A high-school encounter with a Latin instructor, who agreed to teach her ancient Greek over the lunch hour, led to her passionate embrace of classical and Hellenic literature, influences which mark her work still.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "Carson attended the University of Toronto, though she dropped out twice before earning her BA, MA and PhD in Classics.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "Her publishing career began with Eros the Bittersweet: An Essay (1986), which also established Carson’s style of patterning her writings after classical Greek literature.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "Autobiography of Red (1998) takes its cue from the legend of Hercules—Herakles in the traditional spelling from the tale by Steischoros—whose tenth labor was to slay the red-winged monster Geryon.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "In Steischoros, Herakles kills Geryon and steals his red cattle,” explained Adam Kirsch in New Republic. “In Carson, Herakles breaks Geryon’s heart and steals his innocence.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "The writing is clearly prose,” he maintained, “laid out in alternating long and short lines, with no strictness of measure or rhythm; the division between a long line and a short one is typographical only, or at best syntactic.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "Carson’s work, D’Agata alleges, asks one to consider “how prosaic, rhetorical, or argumentative can a poem be before it becomes something else altogether, before it reverts to prose, to essay?”",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶4",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "In 2001 Carson also published The Beauty of the Husband: A Fictional Essay in 29 Tangos, a verse novel whose subject is “the waywardness of lust and the disaffection of the heart as seen through a marital breakup,” as Daphne Merkin wrote. It also received high praise and was awarded the T.S. Eliot Prize.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶5",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "As Carson explains, Weil’s notion of “decreation” is “an undoing of the creature in us—that creature enclosed in self and defined by self.”",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶6",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "The volume received somewhat mixed reviews for just those liberties; Brad Leithauser in the New York Times Book Review found Carson’s choice of diction irregular and often jarringly contemporary",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶7",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "Speaking to poet-critic Stephanie Burt, Carson admitted that at heart she considers herself a visual, not verbal, artist:",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶8",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "anne-carson",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "Her honors and awards are many, including fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation, and the American Academy in Berlin. She has also received the Lannan Literary Award, the Pushcart Prize, and the Griffin Poetry Prize.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Foundation — Anne Carson (chip 'Poetry Foundation +1')",
   "locus": "Biography ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/anne-carson/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "The systematic study of logic seems to have been undertaken first by Aristotle.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Britannica — History of logic - Aristotle, Syllogism, Deduction (Jaakko J. Hintikka)",
   "locus": "Aristotle §, paragraph 1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "Only fragments of the work of these thinkers are relevant to what is now considered logic.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Britannica — History of logic - Aristotle, Syllogism, Deduction (Jaakko J. Hintikka)",
   "locus": "Aristotle §, paragraph 1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "Although Plato used dialectic as both a method of reasoning and a means of philosophical training, Aristotle established a system of rules and strategies for such reasoning.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Britannica — History of logic - Aristotle, Syllogism, Deduction (Jaakko J. Hintikka)",
   "locus": "Aristotle §, paragraph 1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "At the end of his Sophistic Refutations, he acknowledges the novelty of his enterprise.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Britannica — History of logic - Aristotle, Syllogism, Deduction (Jaakko J. Hintikka)",
   "locus": "Aristotle §, paragraph 1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "In most cases, he says, discoveries rely on previous labours by others. But then he adds:",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Britannica — History of logic - Aristotle, Syllogism, Deduction (Jaakko J. Hintikka)",
   "locus": "Aristotle §, paragraph 1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "Of the present inquiry, on the other hand, it was not the case that part of the work had been thoroughly done before, while part had not. Nothing existed at all….[O]n the subject of deduction we had absolutely nothing else of an earlier date to mention, but were kept at work for a long time in experimental researches.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Britannica — History of logic - Aristotle, Syllogism, Deduction (Jaakko J. Hintikka)",
   "locus": "Aristotle §, paragraph 1, block quotation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "(From The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, ed. Jonathan Barnes, 1984",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Britannica — History of logic - Aristotle, Syllogism, Deduction (Jaakko J. Hintikka)",
   "locus": "after the block quotation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "Aristotle's logical writings comprise six works, known collectively as the Organon (\"Tool\").",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Britannica — History of logic - Aristotle, Syllogism, Deduction (Jaakko J. Hintikka)",
   "locus": "Aristotle §, paragraph 2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "The significance of the name is that logic, for Aristotle, was not one of the theoretical sciences. Instead, logic was a tool used by all the sciences.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Britannica — History of logic - Aristotle, Syllogism, Deduction (Jaakko J. Hintikka)",
   "locus": "Aristotle §, paragraph 2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "Any argument that fits this pattern is a valid syllogism and, in fact, a syllogism in the form known as Barbara If every β is an α and every γ is a β, then every γ is an α.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Britannica — History of logic - Aristotle, Syllogism, Deduction (Jaakko J. Hintikka)",
   "locus": "Categorical forms",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "In its earliest form (defined by Aristotle in his 350 BC book Prior Analytics), a deductive syllogism arises when two true premises (propositions or statements) validly imply a conclusion, or the main point that the argument aims to get across.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Syllogism",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "knowing that all men are mortal (major premise), and that Socrates is a man (minor premise), we may validly conclude that Socrates is mortal.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Syllogism",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "In antiquity, two rival syllogistic theories existed: Aristotelian syllogism and Stoic syllogism.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Syllogism",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "Aristotle defines the syllogism as \"a discourse in which certain (specific) things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so.\"",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Syllogism",
   "locus": "Early history",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "The use of syllogisms as a tool for understanding can be dated back to the logical reasoning discussions of Aristotle.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Syllogism",
   "locus": "Early history",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "Prior Analytics, upon rediscovery, was instantly regarded by logicians as \"a closed and complete body of doctrine\"",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Syllogism",
   "locus": "Medieval",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "Immanuel Kant famously claimed, in Logic (1800), that logic was the one completed science, and that Aristotelian logic more or less included everything about logic that there was to know.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Syllogism",
   "locus": "Modern history",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "Aristotle’s logic, especially his theory of the syllogism, has had an unparalleled influence on the history of Western thought.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 18 March 2000, substantive revision 22 November 2022)",
   "locus": "preamble",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "Aristotle’s logical works contain the earliest formal study of logic that we have.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 18 March 2000, substantive revision 22 November 2022)",
   "locus": "§1 Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "It is therefore all the more remarkable that together they comprise a highly developed logical theory",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 18 March 2000, substantive revision 22 November 2022)",
   "locus": "§1 Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "Kant thought that Aristotle had discovered everything there was to know about logic",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 18 March 2000, substantive revision 22 November 2022)",
   "locus": "§1 Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "In the last century, Aristotle’s reputation as a logician has undergone two remarkable reversals.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 18 March 2000, substantive revision 22 November 2022)",
   "locus": "§1 Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "It did not always hold this position: in the Hellenistic period, Stoic logic, and in particular the work of Chrysippus, took pride of place.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 18 March 2000, substantive revision 22 November 2022)",
   "locus": "preamble",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "A deduction is speech (logos) in which, certain things having been supposed, something different from those supposed results of necessity because of their being so. (Prior Analytics I.2, 24b18–20)",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 18 March 2000, substantive revision 22 November 2022)",
   "locus": "§3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "On Sophistical Refutations is a final section, or an appendix, to the Topics",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 18 March 2000, substantive revision 22 November 2022)",
   "locus": "§2 The Organon",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "The ancient commentators grouped together several of Aristotle’s treatises under the title Organon (“Instrument”) and regarded them as comprising his logical works",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 18 March 2000, substantive revision 22 November 2022)",
   "locus": "§2 The Organon",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "This is strongly reminiscent of Socrates’ style of interrogation, from which it is almost certainly descended.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 18 March 2000, substantive revision 22 November 2022)",
   "locus": "§8.3.2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "Aristotle himself traces the quest for definitions back to Socrates.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 18 March 2000, substantive revision 22 November 2022)",
   "locus": "§7",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "Aristotle’s study of sophistical arguments is contained in On Sophistical Refutations, which is actually a sort of appendix to the Topics.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 18 March 2000, substantive revision 22 November 2022)",
   "locus": "§10",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "Leonard Peikoff explains Aristotle's achievement in the field of logic. has earned him the title of the 'Father of Logic.'",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "YouTube · Ayn Rand Institute — Aristotle: The Father of Logic by Leonard Peikoff, part 15 of 50 (5m)",
   "locus": "lesson page",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "his analysis of the structure of the syllogism",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "YouTube · Ayn Rand Institute — Aristotle: The Father of Logic by Leonard Peikoff, part 15 of 50 (5m)",
   "locus": "lesson page",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "The ancient Greek Philosopher Aristotle created the modern version of a syllogism.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Study.com — Syllogism Definition, Types & Examples - Lesson",
   "locus": "lesson",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "is a specific form of a deductive argument that offers proof of a specific conclusion from two related general premises.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Study.com — Syllogism Definition, Types & Examples - Lesson",
   "locus": "lesson",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "Premise one: All humans are mortal. Premise two: Aristotle is human.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Study.com — Syllogism Definition, Types & Examples - Lesson",
   "locus": "card snippet; lesson",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "That an enthymeme, therefore, is a certain syllogism, and how it is a syllogism, we have before shown; and also in what it differs from dialectic syllogisms.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Classical Liberal Arts Academy — Aristotle, Rhetoric. Book II, Chapter 23",
   "locus": "results-page snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "A syllogism is discourse in which, certain things being stated, something other than what is stated follows of necessity from their being so.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "The Internet Classics Archive (MIT) — Prior Analytics by Aristotle (tr. A. J. Jenkinson)",
   "locus": "Book I, Part 1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "I call that a perfect syllogism which needs nothing other than what has been stated to make plain what necessarily follows",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "The Internet Classics Archive (MIT) — Prior Analytics by Aristotle (tr. A. J. Jenkinson)",
   "locus": "Book I, Part 1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "It is easy to see that division into classes is a small part of the method we have described: for division is, so to speak, a weak syllogism; First, this very point had escaped all those who used the method of division;",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "The Internet Classics Archive (MIT) — Prior Analytics by Aristotle (tr. A. J. Jenkinson)",
   "locus": "Book I, Part 31",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "Plato already used the term ‘to syllogize’ in the sense of ‘to infer’ or ‘to conclude’",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "newappsblog.com — Aristotle's definition of the syllogism — a dialogical interpretation (Catarina Dutilh Novaes, 10 April 2015)",
   "locus": "post",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "the questioner (e.g. Socrates) elicits a number of discourse commitments from the answerer",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "newappsblog.com — Aristotle's definition of the syllogism — a dialogical interpretation (Catarina Dutilh Novaes, 10 April 2015)",
   "locus": "post",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "Aristotle’s definition of ‘syllogismos’ in Prior Analytics (APri) 24b18-22 is among one of the most commented-upon",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "newappsblog.com — Aristotle's definition of the syllogism — a dialogical interpretation (Catarina Dutilh Novaes, 10 April 2015)",
   "locus": "post",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F42",
   "quote": "Although Aristotle's syllogistic logic dominated logic for centuries, it eventually revealed itself inadequate for the representation of mathematical",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Reddit · r/askphilosophy — Stanford's Encyclopedia of Philosophy says that Aristotle's syllogistic logic has \" ... (6 comments · 8 years ago)",
   "locus": "results-page snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F43",
   "quote": "Aristotle individuates syllogisms by unordered premise pairs.",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "PhilArchive — ARISTOTLE ON THE INDIVIDUATION OF SYLLOGISMS (PDF)",
   "locus": "results-page snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F44",
   "quote": "A syllogism is a formal deductive logical structure that makes its own conclusion inevitable due to it being build on the premise of fact.",
   "source": "B11",
   "source_label": "Medium · Aspen English — What the heck is a syllogism and why was Aristotle so obsessed with them? (3 years ago)",
   "locus": "results-page snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F45",
   "quote": "Aristotle defined the syllogism as an argument in which, establishing some things, it turns out necessarily",
   "source": "B12",
   "source_label": "The Philosophy Forum — Aristotle's syllogism. (26 March 2021)",
   "locus": "opening post",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F46",
   "quote": "Of this inquiry, on the other hand, it was not the case that part of the work had been thoroughly done before, while part had not. Nothing existed at all.",
   "source": "B13",
   "source_label": "The Internet Classics Archive (MIT) — On Sophistical Refutations by Aristotle (tr. W. A. Pickard-Cambridge)",
   "locus": "SE 34 (183b34–36)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F47",
   "quote": "whereas on the subject of reasoning we had nothing else of an earlier date to speak of at all, but were kept at work for a long time in experimental researches.",
   "source": "B13",
   "source_label": "The Internet Classics Archive (MIT) — On Sophistical Refutations by Aristotle (tr. W. A. Pickard-Cambridge)",
   "locus": "SE 34 (184b1–2)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F48",
   "quote": "for this, too, was why Socrates used to ask questions and not to answer them; for he used to confess that he did not know.",
   "source": "B13",
   "source_label": "The Internet Classics Archive (MIT) — On Sophistical Refutations by Aristotle (tr. W. A. Pickard-Cambridge)",
   "locus": "SE 34 (183b6–8)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F49",
   "quote": "the celebrities of to-day are the heirs (so to speak) of a long succession of men who have advanced them bit by bit",
   "source": "B13",
   "source_label": "The Internet Classics Archive (MIT) — On Sophistical Refutations by Aristotle (tr. W. A. Pickard-Cambridge)",
   "locus": "SE 34 (183b17–33)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F50",
   "quote": "And therefore the teaching they gave their pupils was ready but rough. For they used to suppose that they trained people by imparting to them not the art but its products",
   "source": "B13",
   "source_label": "The Internet Classics Archive (MIT) — On Sophistical Refutations by Aristotle (tr. W. A. Pickard-Cambridge)",
   "locus": "SE 34 (184a1–8)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F51",
   "quote": "there must remain for all of you, or for our students, the task of extending us your pardon for the shortcomings of the inquiry, and for the discoveries thereof your warm thanks.",
   "source": "B13",
   "source_label": "The Internet Classics Archive (MIT) — On Sophistical Refutations by Aristotle (tr. W. A. Pickard-Cambridge)",
   "locus": "SE 34 (184b3–8)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "aristotle-originality-claim",
   "id": "F52",
   "quote": "Aristotle himself never uses this term, nor does he give much indication that these particular treatises form some kind of group",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 18 March 2000, substantive revision 22 November 2022)",
   "locus": "§2 The Organon",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/aristotle-originality-claim/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "The Book of Revelation, also known as the Book of the Apocalypse or the Apocalypse of John, is canonically the last book of the New Testament.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "The Book of Revelation is the only apocalyptic book in the New Testament canon, and occupies a central place in Christian eschatology.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "The book spans three literary genres: the epistolary, the apocalyptic, and the prophetic.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "It begins with John, on the island of Patmos in the Aegean Sea, addressing letters to the \"Seven Churches of Asia\" with exhortations from Christ.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "These visions include figures such as a woman clothed with the sun with the moon under her feet and a crown of twelve stars, the seven-headed Dragon, and the seven-headed Beast.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "The author names himself as simply \"John\" in the text, but his precise identity remains a point of academic debate.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "Modern biblical scholarship views Revelation as a first-century apocalyptic message warning early Christian communities not to assimilate into Roman imperial culture",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "a tradition dating from Irenaeus (c. 130 – c. 202 AD) identifies John the Apostle as the author of all five",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Title, authorship, and date",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "The Book of Revelation is commonly dated to about 95 AD, as suggested by clues in the visions pointing to the reign of the Roman Emperor Domitian (81–96)",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Title, authorship, and date",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "The Beast with seven heads and the number 666 seem to allude directly to the Emperor Nero (reigned 54–68), but this does not imply that the book was written in the 60s, as there was a widespread belief in later decades that Nero would return.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Title, authorship, and date",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "Over half of the references stem from Daniel, Ezekiel, Psalms, Isaiah, and Zechariah, with Daniel providing the largest number in proportion to length and Ezekiel standing out as the most influential.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Sources",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "Modern understanding has been that the Book of Revelation was written to comfort beleaguered Christians as they underwent religious persecution at the hands of a Roman Emperor.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Setting",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "Domitian may not have been a cruel despot imposing the Roman imperial cult upon his subjects, and there may not have been any systematic empire-wide persecution of Christians in his time.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Setting",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "Revelation was among the last books accepted into the Christian biblical canon, and to the present day some churches that derive from the Church of the East reject it.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Canonical history",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "there is a \"complete lack of consensus\" among scholars about the structure of Revelation",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Structure and content",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "Much use is made of significant numbers, especially the number seven, which represented perfection according to ancient numerology.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Symbolism",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "Pergamum: From this church, he who overcomes will be given the hidden manna to eat and a white stone with a secret name on it.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Outline, Pergamum",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "God comes to dwell with humanity in the New Jerusalem.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Outline",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "Preterist interpretations treat Revelation as mostly referring to the events of the Apostolic Age (1st century), or, at the latest, the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Interpretations",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "Futurist interpretations see Revelation as describing future events",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Interpretations",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "Idealist or symbolic interpretations consider that Revelation does not refer to actual people or events but is an allegory of the spiritual path and the ongoing struggle between good and evil.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Interpretations",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "Historicist interpretations see Revelation as containing a broad view of history.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Book of Revelation (chips 'Wikipedia +3' after Core Message and 'Wikipedia +2' after the seven churches and recursive cycles)",
   "locus": "Interpretations",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "The Book of Revelation is unique as the sole totally apocalyptic work in the NT.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Bible Gateway — Encyclopedia of The Bible: Book of the Revelation (chip 'Bible Gateway +2' after the figures and New Jerusalem)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "Definite objections to the Johannine authorship were first raised by Dionysius of Alexandria",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Bible Gateway — Encyclopedia of The Bible: Book of the Revelation (chip 'Bible Gateway +2' after the figures and New Jerusalem)",
   "locus": "III. Authorship",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "The weight of early testimony favors the view that the Apocalypse was written by John, the son of Zebedee, and there is no absolute proof that he could not have done so.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Bible Gateway — Encyclopedia of The Bible: Book of the Revelation (chip 'Bible Gateway +2' after the figures and New Jerusalem)",
   "locus": "III. Authorship",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "Three possible dates have been suggested for the Apocalypse.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Bible Gateway — Encyclopedia of The Bible: Book of the Revelation (chip 'Bible Gateway +2' after the figures and New Jerusalem)",
   "locus": "IV. Date",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "An argument for a date during the administration of Nero (a.d. 54-68) has been constructed from the statement in Revelation that the number of the beast is 666.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Bible Gateway — Encyclopedia of The Bible: Book of the Revelation (chip 'Bible Gateway +2' after the figures and New Jerusalem)",
   "locus": "IV. Date",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "The traditional date is prob. the best of the options.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Bible Gateway — Encyclopedia of The Bible: Book of the Revelation (chip 'Bible Gateway +2' after the figures and New Jerusalem)",
   "locus": "IV. Date",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "The island of Patmos was the place where the visions were received.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Bible Gateway — Encyclopedia of The Bible: Book of the Revelation (chip 'Bible Gateway +2' after the figures and New Jerusalem)",
   "locus": "V. Place of origin",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "Preparation for the Second Advent is the dominant theme of Revelation.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Bible Gateway — Encyclopedia of The Bible: Book of the Revelation (chip 'Bible Gateway +2' after the figures and New Jerusalem)",
   "locus": "VIII. Purpose",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "The interpretation of Revelation is difficult and uncertain, no two interpreters agree exactly on all details.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Bible Gateway — Encyclopedia of The Bible: Book of the Revelation (chip 'Bible Gateway +2' after the figures and New Jerusalem)",
   "locus": "XII. Interpretation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "In general there are four main types of interpretation that appear in the historic attempts to explain this book.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Bible Gateway — Encyclopedia of The Bible: Book of the Revelation (chip 'Bible Gateway +2' after the figures and New Jerusalem)",
   "locus": "XII. Interpretation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "He is depicted as the Lamb, slaughtered as a sacrifice (5:6)",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Bible Gateway — Encyclopedia of The Bible: Book of the Revelation (chip 'Bible Gateway +2' after the figures and New Jerusalem)",
   "locus": "XIII. Theology",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "The Book of Revelation was written sometime around 96 CE in Asia Minor. The author was probably a Christian from Ephesus known as \"John the Elder.\"",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "PBS FRONTLINE, Apocalypse! — Understanding the Book of Revelation (L. Michael White) (chip 'PBS +1' after the interpretive frameworks)",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "Some scholars, however, have suggested that it might have been a regular stop on a preaching circuit.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "PBS FRONTLINE, Apocalypse! — Understanding the Book of Revelation (L. Michael White) (chip 'PBS +1' after the interpretive frameworks)",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "The book breaks naturally into five major visions plus a prologue and an epilogue",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "PBS FRONTLINE, Apocalypse! — Understanding the Book of Revelation (L. Michael White) (chip 'PBS +1' after the interpretive frameworks)",
   "locus": "layout",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "The various visions of Revelation are not a linear progression",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "PBS FRONTLINE, Apocalypse! — Understanding the Book of Revelation (L. Michael White) (chip 'PBS +1' after the interpretive frameworks)",
   "locus": "time-line",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "The \"image\" (13.14-15) and the mysterious number \"666\" (13.18) refer to statues and coins or inscriptions with the emperor's image and titles.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "PBS FRONTLINE, Apocalypse! — Understanding the Book of Revelation (L. Michael White) (chip 'PBS +1' after the interpretive frameworks)",
   "locus": "imperial cult",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "Almost all New Testament scholars now take the view that Revelation was written during the reign of Domitian, sometime around 95-96 CE.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "PBS FRONTLINE, Apocalypse! — Understanding the Book of Revelation (L. Michael White) (chip 'PBS +1' after the interpretive frameworks)",
   "locus": "dating",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "This approach is sometimes called the \"preterist\" (or \"past history\") view, meaning that the events described in Revelation all took place in the past and the work must be read in that ancient historical context. It is almost universally followed in both New Testament scholarship and by scholars of Christian history.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "PBS FRONTLINE, Apocalypse! — Understanding the Book of Revelation (L. Michael White) (chip 'PBS +1' after the interpretive frameworks)",
   "locus": "preterist view",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "The image of the Harlot of Babylon--in effect what he is saying is that Roma is not a goddess, she's a whore.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "PBS FRONTLINE, Apocalypse! — The Book of Revelation: The Views of Historians and Biblical Scholars",
   "locus": "Collins (Chicago, New Testament)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F42",
   "quote": "That the powers of this world, no matter how terrifying they may be, are passing away and that in the end righteousness and justice will prevail.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "PBS FRONTLINE, Apocalypse! — The Book of Revelation: The Views of Historians and Biblical Scholars",
   "locus": "Collins (Chicago, Hebrew Bible)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "book-of-revelation",
   "id": "F43",
   "quote": "Revelation is strongly Christological.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Bible Gateway — Encyclopedia of The Bible: Book of the Revelation (chip 'Bible Gateway +2' after the figures and New Jerusalem)",
   "locus": "XIII. Theology",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/book-of-revelation/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "he mentions the \"Crimson Hexagon\", which has its own meaning as an almost soul-consuming wish",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Literature Stack Exchange — What does the \"crimson hexagon\" represent in \"The Library of Babel\"? — Jan 25, 2017",
   "locus": "question (Benjamin, 2017-01-25)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "so much of this short story is analogous to and symbolism for real-world objects. So, what does the \"crimson hexagon\" represent?",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Literature Stack Exchange — What does the \"crimson hexagon\" represent in \"The Library of Babel\"? — Jan 25, 2017",
   "locus": "question",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "A central concern of The Library of Babel — and particularly this section of it — is the search for order and meaning within a chaotic world.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Literature Stack Exchange — What does the \"crimson hexagon\" represent in \"The Library of Babel\"? — Jan 25, 2017",
   "locus": "accepted answer ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "So, the Purifiers are a form of destructive, narrow-minded zealotry.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Literature Stack Exchange — What does the \"crimson hexagon\" represent in \"The Library of Babel\"? — Jan 25, 2017",
   "locus": "accepted answer ¶4",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "The Crimson Hexagon, mentioned so briefly, is given as the object the Purifiers are seeking.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Literature Stack Exchange — What does the \"crimson hexagon\" represent in \"The Library of Babel\"? — Jan 25, 2017",
   "locus": "accepted answer ¶6",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "the Crimson Hexagon is imagined as an utter exception to that, breaking every single rule of the world as we understand it",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Literature Stack Exchange — What does the \"crimson hexagon\" represent in \"The Library of Babel\"? — Jan 25, 2017",
   "locus": "accepted answer ¶7",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "what the Purifiers, the zealots, are seeking is the impossible",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Literature Stack Exchange — What does the \"crimson hexagon\" represent in \"The Library of Babel\"? — Jan 25, 2017",
   "locus": "accepted answer ¶8",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "it seems extremely doubtful that any will ever find it",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Literature Stack Exchange — What does the \"crimson hexagon\" represent in \"The Library of Babel\"? — Jan 25, 2017",
   "locus": "accepted answer ¶9",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "if the Crimson Hexagon is indeed their object, their own methods are a waste of time: the Crimson Hexagon would be easily identifiable",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Literature Stack Exchange — What does the \"crimson hexagon\" represent in \"The Library of Babel\"? — Jan 25, 2017",
   "locus": "accepted answer ¶10",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "This Crimson Hexagon also stands in contrast to the next idea Borges brings: the Man of the Book. This is a much more subtle, and much more plausible, belief",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Literature Stack Exchange — What does the \"crimson hexagon\" represent in \"The Library of Babel\"? — Jan 25, 2017",
   "locus": "accepted answer ¶11",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "In conclusion: the Crimson Hexagon is the enticing, but impossible goal, that zealots uses as a hollow drive and justification for their destruction.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Literature Stack Exchange — What does the \"crimson hexagon\" represent in \"The Library of Babel\"? — Jan 25, 2017",
   "locus": "accepted answer, conclusion",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "\"The Library of Babel\" (Spanish: La biblioteca de Babel) is a short story by Argentine author and librarian Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986), conceiving of a universe in the form of a vast library containing all possible 410-page books of a certain format and character set.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "lede",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "The story was originally published in Spanish in Borges' 1941 collection of stories El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan (The Garden of Forking Paths).",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "lede ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "Two English-language translations appeared approximately simultaneously in 1962, one by James E. Irby in a diverse collection of Borges's works titled Labyrinths and the other by Anthony Kerrigan as part of a collaborative translation of the entirety of Ficciones.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "lede ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "Borges' narrator describes how his universe consists of an enormous expanse of adjacent hexagonal rooms.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Plot ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "the inhabitants believe that the books contain every possible ordering of just 25 basic characters (22 letters, the period, the comma, and space)",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Plot ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "In the 1941 first edition, five walls of each hexagonal room were lined with bookshelves, while the 1956 edition reduced this to four walls, leaving two sides open.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Plot ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "This leads to many superstitions, cults, and heresies within the wider organized religion of the library; the \"Purifiers\" arbitrarily destroy books they deem nonsense as they scour through the library seeking the \"Crimson Hexagon\" and its illustrated, magical books.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Plot ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "Others believe that since all books exist in the library, somewhere one of the books must be a perfect index of the library's contents; some even believe that a messianic figure known as the \"Man of the Book\" has read it, and they travel through the library seeking him.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Plot ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "The narrator notes the population of the library has been gravely decimated by centuries of religious conflict and disease, but maintains his faith in the beauty and organization of the library as undeniable proof of a God or other demiurge",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Plot ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "The story repeats the theme of Borges' 1939 essay \"The Total Library\" (\"La Biblioteca Total\"), which in turn acknowledges the earlier development of this theme by Kurd Lasswitz in his 1901 story \"The Universal Library\" (\"Die Universalbibliothek\"):",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Themes ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "Many of Borges' signature motifs are featured in the story, including infinity, reality, cabalistic reasoning, and labyrinths.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Themes ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "The Library of Babel, a website created by Jonathan Basile, emulates an English-language version of Borges' library.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Influence on later works",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "This article includes a list of general references but lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "maintenance banner",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "the Library is so enormous that any reduction of human origin is infinitesimal",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "University of Kentucky — The Library of Babel (PDF)",
   "locus": "p. 85 of the printed text (PDF p. 8): the card's snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "every copy is unique, irreplaceable, but (since the Library is total) there are always several hundred thousand imperfect facsimiles",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "University of Kentucky — The Library of Babel (PDF)",
   "locus": "p. 85 (PDF p. 8)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "Translated by J. E. I.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "University of Kentucky — The Library of Babel (PDF)",
   "locus": "end of the story",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "The universe (which others call the Library) is composed of an indefinite and perhaps infinite number of hexagonal galleries",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Swarthmore College Computer Society — The Library of Babel",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "I have wandered in search of a book, perhaps the catalogue of catalogues",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Swarthmore College Computer Society — The Library of Babel",
   "locus": "¶ 'Like all men of the Library'",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "their hygienic, ascetic furor caused the senseless perdition of millions of books",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Swarthmore College Computer Society — The Library of Babel",
   "locus": "the Purifiers passage",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "I venture to suppose that the consequences of the Purifiers' depredations have been exaggerated by the horror these fanatics produced",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Swarthmore College Computer Society — The Library of Babel",
   "locus": "the Purifiers passage",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "They were urged on by the delirium of trying to reach the books in the Crimson Hexagon: books whose format is smaller than usual, all-powerful, illustrated and magical.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Swarthmore College Computer Society — The Library of Babel",
   "locus": "the Purifiers passage: the card's snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "there must exist a book which is the formula and perfect compendium of all the rest: some librarian has gone through it and he is analogous to a god",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Swarthmore College Computer Society — The Library of Babel",
   "locus": "the Man of the Book passage",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "How could one locate the venerated and secret hexagon which housed Him?",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Swarthmore College Computer Society — The Library of Babel",
   "locus": "the Man of the Book passage",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "The Library is unlimited and cyclical.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Swarthmore College Computer Society — The Library of Babel",
   "locus": "final paragraph",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "The Library of Babel by Jorge Luis Borges [PDF] Their name is execrated, but those who deplore the “treasures” destroyed by this frenzy neglect two notable fact",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Jonathan Basile — \"The Library of Babel\" — The Library of Babel by Jorge Luis Borges [PDF]",
   "locus": "card snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "I had to remove this short story because of a request from copyright holders.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Jonathan Basile — \"The Library of Babel\" — The Library of Babel by Jorge Luis Borges [PDF]",
   "locus": "libraryofbabel.info/libraryofbabel.html (the page fetched under Basile's site; not certainly the card's target)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "Each book is marked by a coordinate, corresponding to its place on the hexagonal library (hexagon name, wall number, shelf number, and book name) so that every book can be found at the same place every time.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Influence on later works",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "Turkish media artist Refik Anadol created the installation Archive Dreaming (2017), inspired by Borges' The Library of Babel. Anadol's work employs machine learning algorithms to create an immersive, interactive digital archive",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Influence on later works",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "The full possible set of protein sequences (protein sequence space) has been compared to the Library of Babel.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Comparison with biology",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "Daniel Dennett's 1995 book Darwin's Dangerous Idea includes an elaboration of the Library of Babel concept to imagine the set of all possible genetic sequences, which he calls the Library of Mendel",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Library of Babel - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Comparison with biology",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F42",
   "quote": "So, we need to understand it as the object that destructive ideologues are after.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Literature Stack Exchange — What does the \"crimson hexagon\" represent in \"The Library of Babel\"? — Jan 25, 2017",
   "locus": "accepted answer ¶6",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "crimson-hexagon",
   "id": "F43",
   "quote": "They yearn to find, not just greater knowledge and understanding, but all knowledge and power, packed up for them in a way that is entirely outside the realm of reality.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Literature Stack Exchange — What does the \"crimson hexagon\" represent in \"The Library of Babel\"? — Jan 25, 2017",
   "locus": "accepted answer ¶8",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/crimson-hexagon/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "Upon achieving power, Hitler smashed the nation’s democratic institutions and transformed Germany into a war state intent on conquering Europe for the benefit of the so-called Aryan race. His invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, triggered the European phase of World War II.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "The National WWII Museum | New Orleans — How Did Adolf Hitler Happen?",
   "locus": "opening ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "Hitler had supreme authority as führer (leader or guide), but could not have risen to power or committed such atrocities on his own. He had the active support of the powerful German officer class and of millions of everyday citizens who voted for the National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "The National WWII Museum | New Orleans — How Did Adolf Hitler Happen?",
   "locus": "opening ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "He and other patriotic Germans were outraged and humiliated by the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which the Allies compelled the new German government, the Weimar Republic, to accept along with an obligation to pay $33 billion in war reparations.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "The National WWII Museum | New Orleans — How Did Adolf Hitler Happen?",
   "locus": "Adolf Hitler's Rise to Power ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "The German army was radically downsized and the nation forbidden to have submarines or an air force.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "The National WWII Museum | New Orleans — How Did Adolf Hitler Happen?",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "Paying the crushing reparations destabilized the economy, producing ruinous, runaway inflation. By September 1923, four billion German marks had the equal value of one American dollar.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "The National WWII Museum | New Orleans — How Did Adolf Hitler Happen?",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "The ultimate aim of the Nazi Party was to seize power through Germany’s parliamentary system, install Hitler as dictator, and create a community of racially pure Germans loyal to their führer, who would lead them in a campaign of racial cleansing and world conquest.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "The National WWII Museum | New Orleans — How Did Adolf Hitler Happen?",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶4",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "Once conquered, the Soviet Union would be ruled by the German master race, which would exterminate or subdue millions of Slavs to create lebensraum (living space) for their own farms and communities. In a conquered and racially cleansed Russia, they would work on model farms and factories connected to the homeland by new highways, called autobahns.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "The National WWII Museum | New Orleans — How Did Adolf Hitler Happen?",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶7–8",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "But the worldwide economic depression and the rising power of labor unions and communists convinced increasing numbers of Germans to turn to the Nazi Party. The Nazis fed on bank failures and unemployment—proof, Hitler said, of the ineffectiveness of democratic government.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "The National WWII Museum | New Orleans — How Did Adolf Hitler Happen?",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶12–13",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "It received only 2.6 percent of the vote in the Reichstag elections of 1928.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "The National WWII Museum | New Orleans — How Did Adolf Hitler Happen?",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶11",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "By 1932, the Nazis were the largest political party in the Reichstag. In January of the following year, with no other leader able to command sufficient support to govern, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor of Germany.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "The National WWII Museum | New Orleans — How Did Adolf Hitler Happen?",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶14",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "He expanded the army tremendously, reintroduced conscription, and began developing a new air force—all violations of the Treaty of Versailles.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "The National WWII Museum | New Orleans — How Did Adolf Hitler Happen?",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶16",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "The Czechs looked to Great Britain and France for help, but hoping to avoid war—they had been bled white in World War I—these nations chose a policy of appeasement.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "The National WWII Museum | New Orleans — How Did Adolf Hitler Happen?",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶19–20",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "The causes of the Second World War are neither singular or straightforward.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Causes of the Second World War – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "Causes of the Second World War ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "Germany’s aggressive foreign policy was not the sole cause of the Second World War, but it was a large contributing factor.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Causes of the Second World War – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "Germany's foreign policy",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "From 1935 onwards, Germany had actively pursued an aggressive foreign policy: reintroducing conscription, creating the Luftwaffe, planning for war as detailed in the Hossbach Memorandum of 1937, and occupying Austria, the Sudetenland, and Czechoslovakia before eventually invading Poland in 1939.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Causes of the Second World War – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "Germany's foreign policy",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "The Wall Street Crash in 1929 once again decimated the economy, and the resulting economic instability created political instability. The political instability from 1929-1933 led to disillusionment with politics and a rise in support for extremist parties such as the Nazis.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Causes of the Second World War – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "The aftermath of the First World War",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "Whilst Germany’s foreign policy played a decisive role in the outbreak of the Second World War, the failure of other countries to react, or their inability to react, was also key.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Causes of the Second World War – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "Weakness of the International System and the Policy of Appeasement",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "This policy boosted Hitler’s confidence and as a result his actions became progressively more bold.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Causes of the Second World War – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "Weakness of the International System",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "In addition to this, following the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 , the Soviets ceased to be an immediate threat to the Nazis. This allowed them to start the war for Lebensraum with Soviet support.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Causes of the Second World War – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "Weakness of the International System",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "The Nazis’ persecution of the Jews predated the Second World War. However, Nazi policy towards the Jews became genocidal during the course of the Second World War.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Causes of the Second World War – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "The Second World War (section intro)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "Ultimately the cause of World War Two was Hitler’s rise and his determination to build a dominating Third Reich But that isn’t the only cause of the war.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "History Hit — 5 Major Causes of World War Two in Europe | History Hit",
   "locus": "introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "At the insistence of the French, the terms of the Versailles Treaty were punitive in the extreme and left Germany destitute and its people feeling victimised.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "History Hit — 5 Major Causes of World War Two in Europe | History Hit",
   "locus": "1. The Treaty of Versailles",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "The ensuing Great Depression in turn helped to create conditions, such as widespread unemployment, that facilitated the National Socialist Party’s fatal rise to prominence.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "History Hit — 5 Major Causes of World War Two in Europe | History Hit",
   "locus": "2. Economic downturns",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "In May 1939 he explicitly referred to the oncoming war as being bound up with the pursuit of the ‘Lebensraum’ to the east, with this referring to the whole of Central Europe and Russia up to the Volga.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "History Hit — 5 Major Causes of World War Two in Europe | History Hit",
   "locus": "3. Nazi ideology and Lebensraum",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "In this act the two powers effectively carved up the perceived ‘buffer zone’ that existed between them in Eastern Europe and paved the way for the German invasion of Poland.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "History Hit — 5 Major Causes of World War Two in Europe | History Hit",
   "locus": "4. The rise of extremism and the forging of alliances",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "Through the mid-1930s the Nazis re-armed Germany in spite of the Treaty of Versailles and without sanction or protest from Britain or France.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "History Hit — 5 Major Causes of World War Two in Europe | History Hit",
   "locus": "5. The failure of appeasement",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "Germany’s loss of the Second World War was the result of a combination of factors, both in German weaknesses and in Allied and Soviet strengths.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Why did Germany lose? – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "Why did Germany lose? ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "Germany had four key fatal weaknesses in the Second World War. These were: the lack of productivity of its war economy, the weak supply lines, the start of a war on two fronts, and the lack of strong leadership.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Why did Germany lose? – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "German weaknesses",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "Following the invasion of the Soviet Union, using the Blitzkrieg tactic, the German Army marched far into Russia. However, they did so on very slow, overextended, supply lines. These supply lines hindered the German advance, and eventually led to a huge lack of supplies on the front line.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Why did Germany lose? – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "German weaknesses",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "As Richard Evans writes, in Germany ‘by 1944, 75 percent of GDP was being devoted to the war in comparison to 60 percent in the Soviet Union and 55 percent in Britain’",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Why did Germany lose? – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "German weaknesses",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "In mid-1944, the economy peaked. For Nazi Germany, in retreat with a defensive war being fought on two fronts, this was too late.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Why did Germany lose? – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "German weaknesses",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "The Soviet Union had an enormous amount of manpower to call upon, and despite facing the German troops who were both more experienced and more highly trained, there was a constant ready supply of men to face them.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Why did Germany lose? – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "Soviet Strengths",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "In total, under the lendlease programme Britain received thirty-one billion dollars of aid, and the Soviet Union received eleven billion dollars.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "The Holocaust Explained — Why did Germany lose? – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "locus": "Allied Strengths",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "Also known as the Second World War, it was caused in part by the economic crisis of the Great Depression and by unresolved political tensions following the end of World War I. The war began when Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "History.com — World War II: Causes, Timeline, Key Battles, Facts & Legacy | HISTORY",
   "locus": "introduction ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "In particular, political and economic instability in Germany during the Weimar Republic and lingering resentment over the harsh terms imposed by the Treaty of Versailles fueled the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers’ Party",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "History.com — World War II: Causes, Timeline, Key Battles, Facts & Legacy | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Causes of World War II and Hitler's Rise to Power",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "Obsessed with the idea of the superiority of the “pure” German race, which he called “Aryan,” Hitler believed that war was the only way to gain the necessary “Lebensraum,” or living space, for the German race to expand.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "History.com — World War II: Causes, Timeline, Key Battles, Facts & Legacy | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Causes of World War II and Hitler's Rise to Power",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "The pact with Stalin meant that Hitler would not face a war on two fronts once he invaded Poland, and would have Soviet assistance in conquering and dividing the nation itself. On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland from the west; two days later, France and Britain declared war on Germany, beginning World War II.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "History.com — World War II: Causes, Timeline, Key Battles, Facts & Legacy | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Outbreak of World War II (1939)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "The other half of Hitler’s strategy was the extermination of the Jews from throughout German-occupied Europe.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "History.com — World War II: Causes, Timeline, Key Battles, Facts & Legacy | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Hitler vs. Stalin: Operation Barbarossa",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "On the Eastern Front, a Soviet counteroffensive launched in November 1942 ended the bloody Battle of Stalingrad, which had seen some of the fiercest combat of World War II. The approach of winter, along with dwindling food and medical supplies, spelled the end for German troops there, and the last of them surrendered on February 2, 1943.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "History.com — World War II: Causes, Timeline, Key Battles, Facts & Legacy | HISTORY",
   "locus": "Toward Allied Victory",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "With the start of the second World War and a swift succession of German victories, the Nazi regime began realizing its longstanding goal of territorial expansion. Under conditions of war and military occupation, they could pursue racial goals with more radical measures.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — World War II and the Holocaust, 1939–1945",
   "locus": "chapter summary",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "Hitler counted on the reluctance of Britain and Europe to intervene, for fear of another war.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — World War II and the Holocaust, 1939–1945",
   "locus": "transcript ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F42",
   "quote": "In June 1941, the German Army, with more than three million soldiers, invaded the Soviet Union to wage a war of annihilation that targeted tens of millions of civilians.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — World War II and the Holocaust, 1939–1945",
   "locus": "transcript ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F43",
   "quote": "Those whom the SS judged unable to work were killed, often within two or three hours of arrival. Those who could work would be used for forced labor, under punishing conditions. When they could no longer work, they, too, would be put to death.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — World War II and the Holocaust, 1939–1945",
   "locus": "transcript ¶7",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F44",
   "quote": "Why did Germany lose WW2? Expert explains the road to the Allies' win",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "YouTube · HistoryExtra — Why did Germany lose WW2? Expert explains the road to the Allies' win",
   "locus": "card title",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F45",
   "quote": "Two key factors undermined Germany's campaign: US involvement boosted the allies' arms-producing capabilities, while sheer Soviet manpower led to catastrophic defeat in Russia",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "The Guardian — Why Hitler's grand plan during the second world war collapsed | Second world war | The Guardian",
   "locus": "standfirst",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F46",
   "quote": "The fundamental problem facing Hitler was that Germany simply did not have the resources to fight on so many different fronts at the same time.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "The Guardian — Why Hitler's grand plan during the second world war collapsed | Second world war | The Guardian",
   "locus": "¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F47",
   "quote": "Germany produced 15,000 new combat aircraft in 1942, 26,000 in 1943, and 40,000 in 1944. In the US, the figures were 48,000, 86,000 and 114,000 respectively.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "The Guardian — Why Hitler's grand plan during the second world war collapsed | Second world war | The Guardian",
   "locus": "US military might ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F48",
   "quote": "The Germans' ruthless requisitioning of fuel, industrial facilities and labour from France and other countries reduced the economies of the subjugated parts of Europe to such a state that they were unable – and, with their workers becoming ever more refractory, unwilling – to contribute significantly to German war production.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "The Guardian — Why Hitler's grand plan during the second world war collapsed | Second world war | The Guardian",
   "locus": "US military might ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F49",
   "quote": "Above all, the Reich was short of fuel.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "The Guardian — Why Hitler's grand plan during the second world war collapsed | Second world war | The Guardian",
   "locus": "US military might ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F50",
   "quote": "More than three million Soviet prisoners of war were deliberately left to die of starvation and disease in makeshift camps. Civilians were drafted into forced labour, villages were burned to the ground, towns reduced to rubble.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "The Guardian — Why Hitler's grand plan during the second world war collapsed | Second world war | The Guardian",
   "locus": "eastern front ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F51",
   "quote": "Stalingrad became the object of a titanic struggle between the Germans and the Soviets, less because of its strategic importance than because of its name. When the Germans moved their best troops into the city, leaving the rear to be guarded by weaker Romanian and Italian forces, the Soviet generals saw their chance, broke through the rearguard and surrounded the besieging forces. Short of fuel and ammunition, the Germans under General Paulus were unable to break out. As one airfield after another was captured by the Red Army, supplies ran out and the German troops began to starve to death. On 31 January 1943, refusing the invitation to commit suicide that came with Hitler's gift of a field marshal's baton, Paulus surrendered. Some 235,000 German and allied troops were captured; more than 200,000 had been killed. It was the turning point of the war.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "The Guardian — Why Hitler's grand plan during the second world war collapsed | Second world war | The Guardian",
   "locus": "Last great counter-attack",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F52",
   "quote": "Following the armistice, they seized 650,000 Italian soldiers and shipped them off to Germany as forced labourers to join millions of others drafted in from Poland and the Soviet Union to replace German workers sent to the front to replenish the Wehrmacht's rapidly diminishing manpower.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "The Guardian — Why Hitler's grand plan during the second world war collapsed | Second world war | The Guardian",
   "locus": "Last great counter-attack ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F53",
   "quote": "Meeting at Casablanca in January 1943, Churchill and Roosevelt decided on a sustained campaign of bombing German cities. A series of massive raids on the industrial area of the Ruhr followed, backed up by the destruction of key dams by the famous \"bouncing bombs\" on 16 May 1943. Arms production was severely affected.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "The Guardian — Why Hitler's grand plan during the second world war collapsed | Second world war | The Guardian",
   "locus": "German morale",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F54",
   "quote": "All as a basis for the conquest of Eastern Europe and its racial reordering to create a European version of the American West, with Germans as settlers, and the indigenous population enslaved and eventually eliminated.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "www.richardjevans.com — Why Did Germany Lose the Second World War? | Richard J Evans",
   "locus": "Hitler's War Aims",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F55",
   "quote": "Key feature is the destruction of the Jewish ‘world-enemy’ in order to achieve these aims.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "www.richardjevans.com — Why Did Germany Lose the Second World War? | Richard J Evans",
   "locus": "Hitler's War Aims",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F56",
   "quote": "General Plan for the East\n\nDrafted in 1941-2, envisaging 30 to 45 million Slavs perishing through starvation and disease, or being worked to death, with German settlers replacing them, based in German towns linked by motorways and rail.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "www.richardjevans.com — Why Did Germany Lose the Second World War? | Richard J Evans",
   "locus": "General Plan for the East",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F57",
   "quote": "War economy already in place before 1939, with clampdown on consumers and massive borrowing for arms. The Blitzkrieg as a conscious strategy a myth.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "www.richardjevans.com — Why Did Germany Lose the Second World War? | Richard J Evans",
   "locus": "The Blitzkrieg",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F58",
   "quote": "Despite these huge victories, Soviet regime did not collapse. Stalin’s reorientation of the conflict into a Great Patriotic War. Local populations alienated; mass murder and labour draft sparks partisan fightback.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "www.richardjevans.com — Why Did Germany Lose the Second World War? | Richard J Evans",
   "locus": "The Blitzkrieg",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F59",
   "quote": "Failure to gain economically from conquest of western and southern Europe because of harsh treatment of population, ruthless exploitation of their economies, requisitioning of labour, skewed exchange rates, removal of petrol and food, raw materials etc., all cripples the French and other western economies and sparks resistance.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "www.richardjevans.com — Why Did Germany Lose the Second World War? | Richard J Evans",
   "locus": "Economic Defeat",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F60",
   "quote": "Failure to mobilize more women to replace male workers drafted to the front (rate of mobilization high already, Nazi reluctance to redraft gender work-roles), so 8 million foreign, mostly forced labourers in Germany by mid-44.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "www.richardjevans.com — Why Did Germany Lose the Second World War? | Richard J Evans",
   "locus": "Economic Defeat",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F61",
   "quote": "Germany outproduced by the Allies.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "www.richardjevans.com — Why Did Germany Lose the Second World War? | Richard J Evans",
   "locus": "Economic Defeat",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F62",
   "quote": "Allies increase range and severity of raids to end of war. Dresden Feb 1945 kills c.25,000. Overall, massive damage to war economy and communications, causing 25 per cent estimated drop in planned tank production, 31 per cent aircraft, etc.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "www.richardjevans.com — Why Did Germany Lose the Second World War? | Richard J Evans",
   "locus": "Falling Morale at Home",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F63",
   "quote": "The causes for World War II lie in the ideology of National Socialism. Under ...",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "Facebook · German Embassy Port of Spain — The causes for World War II lie in the ideology of National Socialism. Under ...",
   "locus": "card title/snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F64",
   "quote": "Germany was responsible for the outbreak of World War II",
   "source": "B11",
   "source_label": "Facebook · German Embassy Beirut — Germany was responsible for the outbreak of World War II",
   "locus": "card title",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "germany-role-wwii",
   "id": "F65",
   "quote": "Richard J Evans is regius professor of modern history at Cambridge University.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "The Guardian — Why Hitler's grand plan during the second world war collapsed | Second world war | The Guardian",
   "locus": "author note (foot of article)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/germany-role-wwii/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "AI Overviews provide a snapshot of key information about a topic or question with links so you can easily explore more on the web.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "search.google — Google AI Overviews - Search anything, effortlessly",
   "locus": "Find what you're looking for ¶",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "AI Overviews makes it easier than ever for people to find the information they need and discover the richness of the web.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "search.google — Google AI Overviews - Search anything, effortlessly",
   "locus": "When your question has questions ¶",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "Currently available in over 120 countries and territories, and 11 languages.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "search.google — Google AI Overviews - Search anything, effortlessly",
   "locus": "When your question has questions ¶",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "Get AI-powered responses for more of your questions and ask follow-ups with the new experimental AI Mode in Google Search.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "search.google — Google AI Overviews - Search anything, effortlessly",
   "locus": "Ask questions in any way ¶",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "AI Overviews is an generative artificial intelligence (AI) feature integrated into Google Search that produces AI-generated responses at the top of search results. It uses the Gemini 3 family of large language models developed by Google DeepMind.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "It launched in May 2024 in the United States, and globally by October 2024.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "A June 2025 study found its most cited sources as Quora, followed by Reddit.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "The feature has been criticized for its inaccuracy, hallucination, reducing web traffic and not being able to be opted out.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "AI Overviews were first introduced as part of Google's Search Generative Experience (SGE), which was unveiled at the Google I/O conference in 10-11 May 2023.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "History ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "In December 2024, Botify x Demandsphere released findings stating that when AI Overviews and featured snippets appear together on the search engine results page, they take up approximately 67.1% of the screen on desktop and 75.7% on mobile.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "History ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "As of May 2025, AI Overviews are available in over 200 countries and territories and in more than 40 languages—every country except Cuba, Iran, and mainland China.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "History ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "The AI Overviews feature uses large language models to generate summaries from web content.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Functionality ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "The overviews also include links to sources.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Functionality ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "The company was also considering adding advertisements to the AI Mode, as they already exist in AI Overviews.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "History ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "The feature has faced criticism for inaccuracies, including instances where erroneous or nonsensical content was generated.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Reception ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "In May 2024, Google temporarily restricted the AI tool after it provided suggestions that were seen as nonsensical and harmful, such as telling users to eat rocks or apply glue on pizza.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Reception ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "Concerns were also raised by content publishers, who feared a decline in web traffic as users relied on the summaries instead of visiting source websites.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Reception ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "The European Commission announced in December 2025 that they were investigating whether AI Overviews breached European competition law.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Reception ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "In January 2026, Google restricted AI Overviews on certain health-related searches following an investigation by The Guardian.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Reception ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "On 24 February 2025, Chegg sued Google over the AI Overviews feature, alleging that publishers could not avoid providing information for AI Overviews while remaining visible on Google Search, violating antitrust law through product tying.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lawsuits, 2025",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "In September 2025, Penske Media Corporation, the publisher of Rolling Stone and The Hollywood Reporter, sued Google, claiming that AI Overviews illegally regurgitate content from their websites and drive off potential site visitors by always appearing on top of the search results while leaving little incentive to see the linked sources.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lawsuits, 2025",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "Google spokesperson José Castañeda called the claims \"meritless\" and stated that \"AI Overviews send traffic to a greater diversity of sites.\"",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lawsuits, 2025",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "A Munich regional court sent a temporary injunction to Google due to AI Overviews claiming two Munich-based publishers were performing scams, subscription traps, and other immoral business practices. Initially, the publishers had sent Google a cease-and-desist letter. The court claimed that unlike regular search engines which simply redirect users to websites, AI Overviews generate \"independent, new, and substantive statements\".",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lawsuits, 2026",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "The article goes on to reference a Pew study that showed that only 1% of users click source links provided by AI Overviews.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — AI Overviews - Wikipedia",
   "locus": "Lawsuits, 2026",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "Find what you're looking for faster and easier with AI Overviews in search results. AI Overviews can take the work out of searching by providing an AI-generated snapshot with key information and links to dig deeper.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Google Help — Find information in faster & easier ways with AI Overviews in Google ...",
   "locus": "Opening ¶",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "You'll find AI Overviews in your Google Search results when our systems determine that generative AI can be especially helpful – for example, when you want to quickly understand information from a range of sources.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Google Help — Find information in faster & easier ways with AI Overviews in Google ...",
   "locus": "AI Overviews in Search results",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "Important: AI responses may include mistakes.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Google Help — Find information in faster & easier ways with AI Overviews in Google ...",
   "locus": "AI Overviews in Search results",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "AI Overviews are a core Google Search feature, like knowledge panels. Features cannot be turned off. However, you can select the Web filter after you perform a search. This filter displays only text-based links without features like AI Overviews.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Google Help — Find information in faster & easier ways with AI Overviews in Google ...",
   "locus": "Show only web links",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "While exciting, this technology is rapidly evolving and improving, and may provide inaccurate or offensive information. AI Overviews can and will make mistakes.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Google Help — Find information in faster & easier ways with AI Overviews in Google ...",
   "locus": "Generative AI limits",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "Always check important info in more than one place.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Google Help — Find information in faster & easier ways with AI Overviews in Google ...",
   "locus": "Generative AI limits",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "You can now seamlessly transition from an AI Overview to a deeper conversation in AI Mode. This feature is available on mobile devices in all regions and languages where AI Overviews and AI Mode are supported. How it works: Select Show more at the bottom of the AI Overview to open the detailed view.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Google Help — Find information in faster & easier ways with AI Overviews in Google ...",
   "locus": "Continue your conversation in AI Mode",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "To develop and improve generative AI experiences in Search and the related machine learning technologies, Google uses people's interactions with Search and these AI experiences.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Google Help — Find information in faster & easier ways with AI Overviews in Google ...",
   "locus": "How data helps Google develop generative AI",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "Google AI Overviews are an organic Google SERP feature providing AI-generated summaries in response to a consumer’s search query. They appear at the very top of the results page in “position zero,” and can sometimes be followed by a carousel of AI Overview Ads when the query has a commercial intent.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Botify — What Are Google AI Overviews and How Do They Work? - Botify",
   "locus": "Opening ¶",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "January 2026: Google combined AI Overviews and AI Mode into a fluid experience, allowing a person who clicks “Show more” to transition automatically into AI Mode.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Botify — What Are Google AI Overviews and How Do They Work? - Botify",
   "locus": "Rollout timeline",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "Key points: A list of main ideas, each linked to a website. The AI adds these links after generating the text.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Botify — What Are Google AI Overviews and How Do They Work? - Botify",
   "locus": "Main components",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "Cited sources: A list of linked websites related to the answer. Users can click “show all” to see more sources, usually taken from the top 12 organic search results.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Botify — What Are Google AI Overviews and How Do They Work? - Botify",
   "locus": "Main components",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "Because the information within an LLM is restricted to its training timeframe and can’t trace knowledge back to a specific, linkable source, Google pairs their AI-generated summaries with a list of linked website sources that best match the content of the generative response. The websites cited in AI Overviews are pulled from a different data source: Google’s organic search index",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Botify — What Are Google AI Overviews and How Do They Work? - Botify",
   "locus": "How they work",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "Additionally, because they do such a good job of answering the consumer’s need directly in the SERP on Google, there may not be a reason for a consumer to click on a website link. They could get all the information they want in the AI Overview, impacting brand metrics like traffic and CTR.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Botify — What Are Google AI Overviews and How Do They Work? - Botify",
   "locus": "Impact",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "AI Overviews currently appear for 59% of searches with informational intent and for 19% of searches with commercial intent.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Botify — What Are Google AI Overviews and How Do They Work? - Botify",
   "locus": "Impact",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "Google’s AI Overviews are a type of highly prominent search feature that provides users with AI-generated answers to certain queries. AI Overviews typically appear at the top of search results, although they sometimes appear below sponsored results and even unpaid results.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Semrush — AI Overviews: What Are They & How to Optimize for Them - Semrush",
   "locus": "What are AI Overviews",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "Google’s Gemini models generate AI Overview answers by gathering information from different sources on the web. The summary also contains links to these sources that users can click for more information.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Semrush — AI Overviews: What Are They & How to Optimize for Them - Semrush",
   "locus": "What are AI Overviews",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F42",
   "quote": "AI Overviews are separate from AI Mode, a newer and more expansive AI-powered search experience Google introduced in 2025.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Semrush — AI Overviews: What Are They & How to Optimize for Them - Semrush",
   "locus": "What are AI Overviews",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F43",
   "quote": "Not all searches trigger AI Overviews, even in supported countries. They’re selectively displayed based on query complexity and whether Google’s systems determine an AI-generated summary would genuinely help users.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Semrush — AI Overviews: What Are They & How to Optimize for Them - Semrush",
   "locus": "When and where",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F44",
   "quote": "AI Overviews appear for a range of search queries and are available in over 200 countries and territories and in 40+ languages.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Semrush — AI Overviews: What Are They & How to Optimize for Them - Semrush",
   "locus": "When and where",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F45",
   "quote": "A Pew Research Center report suggests users click traditional search result links just 8% of the time when an AI Overview is present, versus 15% of the time when there’s no AI Overview present. And users only click results within the AI Overview 1% of the time.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Semrush — AI Overviews: What Are They & How to Optimize for Them - Semrush",
   "locus": "Why important",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F46",
   "quote": "AI Overviews can also use a process called query fan-out. This involves the systems running multiple related searches to put together a more comprehensive response for the user.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Semrush — AI Overviews: What Are They & How to Optimize for Them - Semrush",
   "locus": "How they work",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F47",
   "quote": "Google’s official recommendation for optimizing for AI features like AI Overviews is to “apply the same foundational SEO best practices for AI features as you do for Google Search overall.”",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Semrush — AI Overviews: What Are They & How to Optimize for Them - Semrush",
   "locus": "How to optimize",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F48",
   "quote": "AI Overviews are a feature of Google search results, which means websites cannot directly opt out of them.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Semrush — AI Overviews: What Are They & How to Optimize for Them - Semrush",
   "locus": "How to prevent",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F49",
   "quote": "Google AI Overviews is a feature within Google Search that provides AI-generated summaries and insights",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "TechRepublic — What Is Google’s AI Overviews?",
   "locus": "Opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F50",
   "quote": "SGE has since become AI Overviews",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "TechRepublic — What Is Google’s AI Overviews?",
   "locus": "AI Overviews vs Google SGE",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F51",
   "quote": "There's currently no default option to disable AI Overviews entirely.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "TechRepublic — What Is Google’s AI Overviews?",
   "locus": "How to access, customize or disable",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F52",
   "quote": "If you prefer the usual list of links, you can switch to the Web tab at the top of the Google Search results page.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "TechRepublic — What Is Google’s AI Overviews?",
   "locus": "How to access, customize or disable",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F53",
   "quote": "The rollout of Google AI Overviews hasn't been smooth sailing.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "TechRepublic — What Is Google’s AI Overviews?",
   "locus": "Rollout",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F54",
   "quote": "Google attributed the issues to its AI model misunderstanding queries or nuances in language",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "TechRepublic — What Is Google’s AI Overviews?",
   "locus": "Rollout",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F55",
   "quote": "AI Overviews are Google's generative artificial intelligence summaries that appear prominently on search results, often before organic listings and sometimes even above ads.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "Digital Marketing Institute — Google AI Overviews: What Do They Mean for Search?",
   "locus": "What are AI Overviews?",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F56",
   "quote": "Unlike featured snippets, which extract concise information from a single web page to answer a specific query, AI Overviews synthesize information from multiple sources to provide a more comprehensive summary.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "Digital Marketing Institute — Google AI Overviews: What Do They Mean for Search?",
   "locus": "What are AI Overviews?",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F57",
   "quote": "Unlike conversational AI models like ChatGPT, there is no input box below the AI Overview for follow-up questions.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "Digital Marketing Institute — Google AI Overviews: What Do They Mean for Search?",
   "locus": "What are AI Overviews?",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F58",
   "quote": "In 2025, AIO reported having more than 2 billion users, according to Google.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "Digital Marketing Institute — Google AI Overviews: What Do They Mean for Search?",
   "locus": "Opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F59",
   "quote": "we discuss that 93.8% of AI Overview citations were not from the top 10 organic results, according to a study by Authoritas.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "Digital Marketing Institute — Google AI Overviews: What Do They Mean for Search?",
   "locus": "Impact on SEO",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F60",
   "quote": "Most AI Overview citations come from content already ranking highly in organic results.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "Digital Marketing Institute — Google AI Overviews: What Do They Mean for Search?",
   "locus": "Crocodile effect",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F61",
   "quote": "Ahrefs’ independent research across 300,000 keywords found that AI Overview presence correlates with a 34.5% reduction in click-through rate.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "Digital Marketing Institute — Google AI Overviews: What Do They Mean for Search?",
   "locus": "Crocodile effect",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F62",
   "quote": "In 2025, Google expanded its tests and availability of ads within AI overviews and began bringing ads to AI mode.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "Digital Marketing Institute — Google AI Overviews: What Do They Mean for Search?",
   "locus": "How have AI Overviews evolved?",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F63",
   "quote": "For 25 years, a #1 ranking on Google guaranteed website traffic. Today, AI Overviews consume ...",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Quora — What is Google AI Overview and how does it affect website traffic?",
   "locus": "card snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F64",
   "quote": "Google AI Overviews are AI-generated answers at the top of Google Search results.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Coalition Technologies — What Are Google AI Overviews? Everything You Need To Know",
   "locus": "The Rundown",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F65",
   "quote": "AI Overviews were reported to be less likely to cite pages in Google’s top 10 organic results.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Coalition Technologies — What Are Google AI Overviews? Everything You Need To Know",
   "locus": "The Rundown",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F66",
   "quote": "Oversimplification and query misinterpretation can lead to inaccurate or misleading summaries.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Coalition Technologies — What Are Google AI Overviews? Everything You Need To Know",
   "locus": "The Rundown",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "google-ai-overviews",
   "id": "F67",
   "quote": "Google positions AI Overviews as a way to drive qualified traffic to websites,",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Coalition Technologies — What Are Google AI Overviews? Everything You Need To Know",
   "locus": "The Rundown",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/google-ai-overviews/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "\"Howl\", also known as \"Howl for Carl Solomon\", is a poem written by Allen Ginsberg in 1954–1955",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "published in his 1956 collection, Howl and Other Poems",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "Ginsberg began work on \"Howl\" in autumn of 1954",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Composition",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "He performed the poem at the Six Gallery reading in San Francisco in October 1955",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "Part I of \"Howl\" was first performed at the Six Gallery reading in San Francisco on October 7, 1955",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Performance and publication",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "On October 1, 1956, Howl and Other Poems was published by City Lights as number four in its Pocket Poets Series",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Performance and publication",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "The poem is dedicated to Carl Solomon",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Dedication / Part III",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "called \"Rockland\" in the poem, it was actually Columbia Presbyterian Psychological Institute",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Part III",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "Part III, in relation to Parts I and II, is \"a litany of affirmation of the Lamb in its glory\", according to Ginsberg. It is directly addressed to Carl Solomon",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Part III",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "The poem consists of 112 paragraph-like lines, which are organized into three parts, with an additional footnote",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Structure",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "Called by Ginsberg \"a lament for the Lamb in America with instances of remarkable lamb-like youths\", Part I",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Part I",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "Part II, in relation to Part I, \"names the monster of mental consciousness that preys on the Lamb\". Part II is about the state of industrial civilization, characterized in the poem as \"Moloch\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Part II",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "Most lines in this section contain the fixed base \"Moloch\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Part II",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "Ideally each line of 'Howl' is a single breath unit. My breath is long—that's the measure",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Style",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "Ginsberg began the poem in the stepped triadic form he took from Williams but, in the middle of typing the verses, his poetic voice altered such that his own unique style (a long line based on breath organized by a fixed base) started to emerge",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Style",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "The catalog\" is a reference to Walt Whitman's long line style which Ginsberg adapted",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Style",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "Claiming that the book was obscene, customs officials seized 520 copies of the poem that were being imported from England on March 25, 1957",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Obscenity trial",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "On June 3, Shig Murao, the City Lights Bookstore manager, was arrested and jailed for selling Howl and Other Poems",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Obscenity trial",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "Lawrence Ferlinghetti was subsequently arrested for publishing the book",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Obscenity trial",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "On October 3, 1957, Judge Clayton W. Horn ruled that the poem was not obscene",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Obscenity trial",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "Judge Clayton Horn decided that the poem was of \"redeeming social importance\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Obscenity trial",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "Although highly controversial at first, and excluded for years from the academic canon, \"Howl\" has gradually come to be regarded as a great work of twentieth-century American literature",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "The poem is also closely associated with the group of writers known as the Beat Generation",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "Eberhart's piece helped call national attention to \"Howl\" as \"the most remarkable poem of the young group\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Howl (poem)",
   "locus": "Reception",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "The Six Gallery was a run-down art gallery at 311 Fillmore Street",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "poets.org | Academy of American Poets — Howl and Other Poems",
   "locus": "Six Gallery",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "the six poets were: Philip Lamantia, Michael McClure, Philip Whalen, Gary Snyder, and one unknown poet from the East Coast, Allen Ginsberg",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "poets.org | Academy of American Poets — Howl and Other Poems",
   "locus": "Six Gallery",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "Ferlinghetti published Howl and Other Poems in 1956, but was soon arrested and charged with obscenity for its content",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "poets.org | Academy of American Poets — Howl and Other Poems",
   "locus": "Publication & trial",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "Bailed out and defended by the ACLU at his trial, Ferlinghetti was eventually acquitted",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "poets.org | Academy of American Poets — Howl and Other Poems",
   "locus": "Publication & trial",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "Howl went on to become one of the most renowned book of poems of the twentieth century, translated into more than twenty languages",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "poets.org | Academy of American Poets — Howl and Other Poems",
   "locus": "Legacy",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "Howl features Ginsberg's characteristic use of gritty vernacular and long lines, explicit sexuality",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "poets.org | Academy of American Poets — Howl and Other Poems",
   "locus": "Description",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "a reference to Ralph Waldo Emerson's letter to Walt Whitman exactly a century earlier. (Coincidentally, Whitman was one of Ginsberg's early influences.)",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "poets.org | Academy of American Poets — Howl and Other Poems",
   "locus": "Description",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "howl",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "one of the key figures of the Beat generation, a movement aimed at breaking the conformist and often stifling atmosphere of the late 1940s and 1950s",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "poets.org | Academy of American Poets — Howl and Other Poems",
   "locus": "Beat generation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/howl/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "The literary concept of the heteronym refers to one or more imaginary character(s) created by a writer to write in different styles.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "Heteronyms differ from pen names (or pseudonyms, from the Greek words for \"fake\" and \"name\") in that the latter are just false names, while the former are characters that have their own supposed physiques, biographies, and writing styles.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "Heteronyms were named and developed by the Portuguese writer and poet Fernando Pessoa in the early 20th century, but they were thoroughly explored by the Danish philosopher Kierkegaard in the 19th century and have also been used by other writers.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "In Pessoa's case, there are at least 70 heteronyms (according to the latest count by Pessoa's editor Teresa Rita Lopes).",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "Pessoa's heteronyms ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "Some of them are relatives or know each other; they criticise and translate each other's works.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "Pessoa's heteronyms ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "Pessoa's three chief heteronyms are Alberto Caeiro, Ricardo Reis and Álvaro de Campos; the latter two consider the former their master.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "Pessoa's heteronyms ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "There are also two whom Pessoa called semi-heteronyms, Bernardo Soares and the Baron of Teive, who are semi-autobiographical characters who write in prose, \"a mere mutilation\" of the Pessoa personality.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "Pessoa's heteronyms ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "There is, lastly, an orthonym, Fernando Pessoa, the namesake of the author, who also considers Caeiro his master.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "Pessoa's heteronyms ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "The heteronyms dialogue with each other and even with Pessoa in what he calls \"the theatre of being\" or \"drama in people\".",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "Pessoa's heteronyms ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "He's a semi-heteronym because his personality, although not my own, doesn't differ from my own but is a mere mutilation of it.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "Fernando Pessoa on the heteronyms (letter to Casais Monteiro, 13.01.1935)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "Pseudonymous writing is not rare in literature or philosophy (Kierkegaard provides a celebrated instance). 'Heteronyms', as Pessoa called and defined them, are something different and exceedingly strange.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "George Steiner on the heteronyms",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "For each of his 'voices', Pessoa conceived a highly distinctive poetic idiom and technique, a complex biography, a context of literary influence and polemics and, most arrestingly of all, subtle interrelations and reciprocities of awareness.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "George Steiner on the heteronyms",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "Søren Kierkegaard - Had more than a dozen heteronyms with distinct biographies and personalities.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "Other writers and their heteronyms",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "David Bowie - Systematically employed heteronyms as a performer, his personae changing given the content of the album on which they appear",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "Heteronyms in music",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "It is crucial to make the distinction that Pessoa's \"others\" were heteronyms rather than pseudonyms.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Society of America — Fernando Pessoa & His Heteronyms",
   "locus": "body",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "A pseudonymic work is, except for the name with which it is signed, the work of an author writing as himself; a heteronymic work is by an author writing outside his own personality: it is the work of a complete individuality made up by him, just as the utterances of some character in a drama of his would be.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Society of America — Fernando Pessoa & His Heteronyms",
   "locus": "body (Pessoa quoted)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "I break my soul into pieces,\" he wrote, \"and into different persons.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Society of America — Fernando Pessoa & His Heteronyms",
   "locus": "body",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "He pretended relentlessly, employing more than seventy personae in his self-searching circus. They were not so much disguises as extensions and iterations of himself.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Society of America — Fernando Pessoa & His Heteronyms",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "His heteronymic conceit didn't spring from a desire to fool anyone or attract attention.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Society of America — Fernando Pessoa & His Heteronyms",
   "locus": "body",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "Yes, Pessoa's heteronyms actually critiqued—sometimes savagely, sometimes kindly—one another's writings. They also collaborated on projects (Crosse worked with his brother, I. I. Crosse) and translated one another's work.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Society of America — Fernando Pessoa & His Heteronyms",
   "locus": "body",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "Then there was the \"semi-heteronym\" Bernardo Soares, an assistant bookkeeper living in downtown Lisbon who \"seems always to be tired or sleepy.\" He was the closest to Pessoa's own voice, experience, and sensibility, and therefore the closest identity to a pseudonym.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Society of America — Fernando Pessoa & His Heteronyms",
   "locus": "body",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "Pessoa's dozens of constructed alternate selves, Zenith noted, \"were instruments of exorcism and redemption.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Society of America — Fernando Pessoa & His Heteronyms",
   "locus": "body",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "Although alter egos had become fashionable accessories for European writers in the early twentieth century, no one took the ruse as far as Pessoa did—and certainly no one has since.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Poetry Society of America — Fernando Pessoa & His Heteronyms",
   "locus": "body",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "However, unlike pseudonyms, heteronyms are names given to fully developed characters that, in spite of being imaginary, possess nearly all human qualities such as physical features, biographies, world views, writing styles, etc. – characters that, surprisingly enough, are capable of having views in sharp contrast to those of the author who has created them.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Bright Night 2025 — W.B. Yeats and the Introduction of Heteronym into the Western Literary Canon | Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies",
   "locus": "abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935), arguably one of the most significant literary figures of the 20th century as well as one of the greatest poets in the Portuguese language, is the writer credited with the development, naming and introduction of this concept into literature.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Bright Night 2025 — W.B. Yeats and the Introduction of Heteronym into the Western Literary Canon | Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies",
   "locus": "abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "However, considering the whole body of works produced by the Irish Nobel laureate W.B. Yeats (1865-1939), strong heteronymic qualities can also be discerned in a number of his works some of which produced about twenty years before Pessoa even started his career as a writer.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Bright Night 2025 — W.B. Yeats and the Introduction of Heteronym into the Western Literary Canon | Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies",
   "locus": "abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "In spite of being created by the writer himself, a heteronymic character is presented in such a way that the readers consider him as a completely distinct figure, a real man possessing human qualities like all other real men, except one, which is being real itself.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Bright Night 2025 — W.B. Yeats and the Introduction of Heteronym into the Western Literary Canon | Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies",
   "locus": "§1 Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "Pessoa’s heteronymic system is a rather complex one, with about 75 different names.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Bright Night 2025 — W.B. Yeats and the Introduction of Heteronym into the Western Literary Canon | Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies",
   "locus": "§1 Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "Scanning the collected poems of Yeats, one comes across three fictional names; Red Hanrahan, Owen Aherne, Michael Robartes.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Bright Night 2025 — W.B. Yeats and the Introduction of Heteronym into the Western Literary Canon | Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies",
   "locus": "§1 Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "Even if Pessoa did not borrow from Yeats in creating the concept of heteronym, it is still feasible to think that the heteronymic nature of Yeats’s works could have been a source of inspiration and influence for Pessoa.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Bright Night 2025 — W.B. Yeats and the Introduction of Heteronym into the Western Literary Canon | Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies",
   "locus": "§5 Conclusion",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "Thus, Yeats either originated the concept, albeit without giving it a name, or paved the way for its introduction into the Western literature that led Pessoa to his important achievement of heteronymic writings",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Bright Night 2025 — W.B. Yeats and the Introduction of Heteronym into the Western Literary Canon | Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies",
   "locus": "§5 Conclusion",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "The literary concept of heteronym, invented by Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa, refers to one or more imaginary character(s) created by a poet to write in different styles.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Art and Popular Culture — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "article ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "Heteronyms differ from nom de plumes (or pseudonyms, from the Greek \"False Name\") in that the latter are just false names, while the former are characters having their own supposed physiques, biographies and writing styles.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Art and Popular Culture — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "article ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "The heteronyms sometimes intervened in Pessoa's social life: during Pessoa's only attested romance, a jealous Campos wrote letters to the girl, who, enjoying the game, wrote back.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Art and Popular Culture — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "article ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "Pessoa left his mark as an extremely original writer for inventing fictitious authors – heteronyms – who “wrote” parts of his work.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Art and Soul Group — The work and the heteronyms",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "Each one “had” a personality, a biography, a physionomy, a character, a defined literary style, unlike the others and even Pessoa, the “orthonym,” that is, himself.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Art and Soul Group — The work and the heteronyms",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "Caeiro, the pastoral and (anti)philosophical poet, was the “master” of heteronyms;",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Art and Soul Group — The work and the heteronyms",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "Too radically different from him to be considered simple pseudonyms, as if only their names had changed, Pessoa called them “heteronyms,”",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Literary Hub — The Heteronymous Identities of Fernando Pessoa",
   "locus": "¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "in a “Bibliographical Summary” of his works published in 1928 he explained the conceptual distinction: “Pseudonymous works are by the author in his own person, except in the name he signs; heteronymous works are by the author outside his own person. They proceed from a full-fledged individual created by him, like the lines spoken by a character in a drama he might write.”",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Literary Hub — The Heteronymous Identities of Fernando Pessoa",
   "locus": "¶3 (Bibliographical Summary, 1928)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "over half of which were signed by one of three alter egos, all of whom came into being in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Literary Hub — The Heteronymous Identities of Fernando Pessoa",
   "locus": "¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "The history of literature contains some faint parallels to his performance of multiple authorship. William Butler Yeats created Michael Robartes and Owen Hearne, a duo of “collaborators” with contrasting personalities.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Literary Hub — The Heteronymous Identities of Fernando Pessoa",
   "locus": "Rimbaud paragraph",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F42",
   "quote": "The Spanish poet Antonio Machado (1875–1939) also signed some of his poems and prose pieces with the names of two alter egos: Juan de Mairena and Abel Martín, who was Mairena’s “master.”",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Literary Hub — The Heteronymous Identities of Fernando Pessoa",
   "locus": "Rimbaud paragraph",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F43",
   "quote": "But no writer can rival Pessoa’s achievement of configuring, through his heteronyms, radically different poetic and philosophical attitudes that formed a glorious if not always harmonious musical ensemble.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Literary Hub — The Heteronymous Identities of Fernando Pessoa",
   "locus": "Rimbaud paragraph",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F44",
   "quote": "Gaspar Simões also discussed Pessoa’s literary work, viewing it through a Freudian lens, and devoted separate chapters to each of the three heteronyms. Despite admiring their poetry, he deemed them symptomatic of the author’s inability or unwillingness to concentrate his entire self in the act of writing. The heteronyms, in his view, were a kind of subterfuge, or a gimmick.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Literary Hub — The Heteronymous Identities of Fernando Pessoa",
   "locus": "Gaspar Simões paragraph",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F45",
   "quote": "If we include his childhood riddlers and humorists, Pessoa created more than one hundred fictitious authors in whose name he wrote or at least planned to write something. About thirty of these pseudo-authors signed at least one significant literary work, but there were only three full-fledged heteronyms: Alberto Caeiro, Ricardo Reis, and Álvaro de Campos.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Literary Hub — The Heteronymous Identities of Fernando Pessoa",
   "locus": "count paragraph",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F46",
   "quote": "Authorized by Pessoa’s example, I will also use the word “heteronym” rather loosely in the pages that follow.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Literary Hub — The Heteronymous Identities of Fernando Pessoa",
   "locus": "count paragraph",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F47",
   "quote": "Pessoa staked his very identity on the heteronymous system.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Literary Hub — The Heteronymous Identities of Fernando Pessoa",
   "locus": "identity paragraph",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F48",
   "quote": "The term heteronym has multiple definitions, depending on its usage referring to grammar, its use in linguistics, or its use in literature:",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "ThoughtCo — Heteronyms: Definition and Examples",
   "locus": "card snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F49",
   "quote": "Fernando Pessoa (1888-1935), describing his literary enterprise as “a drama divided into people instead of into acts”, split himself into dozens of dramatis personae, the “heteronyms”, who occupied the stage of his otherwise uneventful life.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Poetry International — Pessoa’s Heteronyms",
   "locus": "¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F50",
   "quote": "It was a process that began in Pessoa’s childhood, gathered steam in his adolescence with the invention of alter egos who wrote in English, and made literary history in 1914, with the creation of would-be shepherd Alberto Caeiro, Futurist naval engineer Álvaro de Campos, and classicist Ricardo Reis, three of the finest Portuguese poets of the twentieth century.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Poetry International — Pessoa’s Heteronyms",
   "locus": "¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F51",
   "quote": "Caeiro, the first in the poetic trinity to emerge from Pessoa’s soul, was considered the Master of the other two and, indeed, of Pessoa himself.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Poetry International — Pessoa’s Heteronyms",
   "locus": "¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F52",
   "quote": "There was considerable interaction among the heteronyms.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Poetry International — Pessoa’s Heteronyms",
   "locus": "¶5",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F53",
   "quote": "The largest and most playful of the heteronyms, he even meddled in Pessoa’s real-world life.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Poetry International — Pessoa’s Heteronyms",
   "locus": "¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F54",
   "quote": "Richard Zenith on the Many Literary Lives of the Genius of Lisbon",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Literary Hub — The Heteronymous Identities of Fernando Pessoa",
   "locus": "subtitle (byline)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "literary-heteronym",
   "id": "F55",
   "quote": "George Steiner, \"A man of many parts\", in The Observer, Sunday, 3 June 2001.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Heteronym (literature)",
   "locus": "George Steiner on the heteronyms (source line)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/literary-heteronym/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a dialectical materialist interpretation of historical development, known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "Originating in the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the Marxist approach views class struggle as the central driving force of historical change.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "the materialist conception of history and later better known as historical materialism, to analyse the underlying causes of societal development",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "locus": "Historical materialism",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "a society's economic mode of production as the foundation of its social, political, and intellectual life, a concept known as the base and superstructure model",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "locus": "Base and superstructure",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "The base includes the material forces of production such as the labour, means of production and relations of production, i.e. the social and political arrangements that regulate production and distribution.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "locus": "Overview / base and superstructure",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "surplus value—the difference between the value produced and the value received by a labourer—is synonymous with surplus labour",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "locus": "Surplus value",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "Alienation (German: Entfremdung) is the estrangement of people from their humanity and a systematic result of capitalism",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "locus": "Alienation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "Marx theorised that these internal contradictions would fuel workers' revolutions, leading to the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a socialist mode of production.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "In 1847, they began writing The Communist Manifesto (1848)...Six weeks later, they published the 12,000-word pamphlet in February 1848.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "locus": "History (Communist Manifesto)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "Since Marx's death, his ideas have been elaborated and adapted by numerous thinkers and political movements, resulting in a wide array of schools of thought.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "locus": "lead ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "The most prominent of these in the 20th century was Marxism–Leninism, which was developed after Vladimir Lenin's death and served as the official ideology of the Soviet Union and other Marxist states.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "In contrast, various academic and dissident traditions, including Western Marxism, Marxist humanism, Marxist feminism, and libertarian Marxism, have emerged, often critical of state socialism and focused on aspects like culture, philosophy, and individual liberty.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "locus": "lead ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "Marxist concepts such as alienation, exploitation, and class struggle have become integral to the social sciences and humanities, influencing fields from sociology and literary criticism to political science and cultural studies.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "This includes general criticism about lack of internal consistency, criticisms related to historical materialism, that it is a type of historical determinism, the necessity of suppression of individual rights, issues with the implementation of communism and economic issues such as the distortion or absence of price signals and reduced incentives.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "locus": "Criticism",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "More than a century after his death, Karl Marx remains one of the most controversial figures in the Western world.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Econlib — Marxism (David L. Prychitko, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics)",
   "locus": "opening ¶",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "Marx believed that people, by nature, are free, creative beings who have the potential to totally transform the world.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Econlib — Marxism (David L. Prychitko, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics)",
   "locus": "human nature and alienation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "We are alienated, he maintained, because we have not yet designed a society that is fully planned and controlled.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Econlib — Marxism (David L. Prychitko, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics)",
   "locus": "human nature and alienation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "The labor theory of value is a major pillar of traditional Marxian economics, which is evident in Marx's masterpiece, Capital (1867).",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Econlib — Marxism (David L. Prychitko, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics)",
   "locus": "¶3 (labor theory of value)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "The theory's basic claim is simple: the value of a commodity can be objectively measured by the average number of labor hours required to produce that commodity.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Econlib — Marxism (David L. Prychitko, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics)",
   "locus": "labor theory of value",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "Capitalists extract 'surplus value' from the workers and enjoy monetary profits.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Econlib — Marxism (David L. Prychitko, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics)",
   "locus": "exploitation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "Marx predicted that competition among capitalists would grow so fierce that, eventually, most capitalists would go bankrupt.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Econlib — Marxism (David L. Prychitko, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics)",
   "locus": "predictions",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "Ultimately, the proletariat will realize that it has the collective power to overthrow the few remaining capitalists.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Econlib — Marxism (David L. Prychitko, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics)",
   "locus": "predictions",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "Although capitalist markets have changed over the past 150 years, competition has not devolved into monopoly.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Econlib — Marxism (David L. Prychitko, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics)",
   "locus": "predictions assessed",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "Real wages have risen and profit rates have not declined.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Econlib — Marxism (David L. Prychitko, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics)",
   "locus": "predictions assessed",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "The people of Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, and the USSR rejected Marxist ideology and entered a remarkable transition toward private property rights and the market-exchange system, one that is still occurring.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Econlib — Marxism (David L. Prychitko, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics)",
   "locus": "¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "If comprehensive socialist planning fails to work in practice—if, indeed, it is an impossibility, as we have learned from Mises and Hayek—then we cannot be 'alienated' in Marx's use of the term.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Econlib — Marxism (David L. Prychitko, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics)",
   "locus": "conclusion",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "Marxism predicted a spontaneous revolution by the proletariat, but Leninism insisted on the need for leadership by a vanguard party of professional revolutionar...",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Marxism | Definition, History, Ideology, Examples, & Facts",
   "locus": "card snippet (Google source strip)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "Ideology and socioeconomic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Marxism | Definition, History, Ideology, Examples, & Facts",
   "locus": "summary page, definition",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "prevented from doing so in a capitalist economic system, which divides society into two classes: nonowning workers and nonworking owners",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Marxism | Definition, History, Ideology, Examples, & Facts",
   "locus": "summary page",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "In the West, Marxism continues to be appreciated as a critique of market capitalism and a theory of historical change.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Marxism | Definition, History, Ideology, Examples, & Facts",
   "locus": "summary page, close",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "Marxism is a social, political, and economic philosophy developed by Karl Marx that critiques capitalism and envisions a classless society.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Investopedia — Understanding Marxism: Differences vs. Communism, Socialism ...",
   "locus": "card snippet (Key Takeaways)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "Marxism involves a specific account of capitalism and a materialist theory of history which cannot be jettisoned entirely without reducing it to a purely formal",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Taylor & Francis Online — Full article: What Is Marxism?",
   "locus": "card snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "Marxism is a social, political and economic philosophy named after German philosopher Karl Marx (1818-83).",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Perlego — What is Marxism? | Definitions, History, Examples & Analysis",
   "locus": "Defining Marxism",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "At its core, Marxism is understood as a critique of capitalism.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Perlego — What is Marxism? | Definitions, History, Examples & Analysis",
   "locus": "Defining Marxism",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "It examines capitalism's impact on the worker, suggesting they are exploited and alienated from their own labour.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Perlego — What is Marxism? | Definitions, History, Examples & Analysis",
   "locus": "Defining Marxism",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "This theory was first outlined by Marx and Friedrich Engels (1820-95) in The Communist Manifesto (1848), which predicted that the struggle between the social classes would inevitably result in a revolution, and the emergence of communism.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Perlego — What is Marxism? | Definitions, History, Examples & Analysis",
   "locus": "Defining Marxism",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "Surplus value is the difference between what it costs the manufacturer to make the commodity versus how much it is sold for.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Perlego — What is Marxism? | Definitions, History, Examples & Analysis",
   "locus": "Core concepts (surplus value)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "marxism",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "the Marxian method of transformation [of commodity values into prices of production] is logically unsatisfactory",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Perlego — What is Marxism? | Definitions, History, Examples & Analysis",
   "locus": "Criticisms",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/marxism/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "We explore the possibility of using a Machine Learning (ML) algorithm to identify the source of occasional poor performance of the Particle Accumulator Ring (PAR) and the Linac-To-PAR (LTP) transport line, which are parts of the injector complex of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Lab.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "jacow.org — Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection and Classification in Particle Accelerators",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "The cause of reduced injection or extraction efficiencies may be as simple as one parameter being out of range. Still, it may take an expert considerable time to notice it, whereas a well-trained ML model can point at it instantly.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "jacow.org — Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection and Classification in Particle Accelerators",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "This contribution investigates the possibility to use unsupervised and supervised Machine Learning (ML) methods for anomaly detection and classification in the Particle Accumulator Ring (PAR) and in the Linac-To-PAR (LTP) transport line in the injector complex of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Lab.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "jacow.org — Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection and Classification in Particle Accelerators",
   "locus": "Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "We create intentional perturbations in PAR and LTP, which result in poor injection and extraction efficiencies. Then, these data are used for training and testing of various ML models.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "jacow.org — Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection and Classification in Particle Accelerators",
   "locus": "Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "Overall, we logged about 9000 PVs related to PAR, LTP, and the linac.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "jacow.org — Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection and Classification in Particle Accelerators",
   "locus": "Data",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "An autoencoder is used for anomaly detection in the following way. First, it is trained on the baseline data, so that it can learn various patterns, typical for the baseline data only. Then, when it encounters an anomalous data sample, it is unlikely to reconstruct it well. Hence, the reconstruction error constitutes an anomaly score.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "jacow.org — Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection and Classification in Particle Accelerators",
   "locus": "Unsupervised anomaly detection",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "One can train the neural network classifier on the data from the beginning of one study, and test it on the data from the end of the same study (a few hours apart). In this case, the prediction accuracy on the test data was above 99 % for each of our study shifts.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "jacow.org — Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection and Classification in Particle Accelerators",
   "locus": "Supervised classification",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "One drawback of supervised ML models is that they require labeled data for training.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "jacow.org — Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection and Classification in Particle Accelerators",
   "locus": "Supervised classification",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "The neural network classifier for the considered anomalies in PAR and LTP is rather accurate and its performance does not degrade significantly with time on a scale of a couple months, see Fig. 1.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "jacow.org — Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection and Classification in Particle Accelerators",
   "locus": "Conclusion",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "Even though this was a proof-of-principle experiment, the obtained classifier may be useful in real life, if the current meter for one of the considered magnets (see Fig. 1) becomes faulty and stops reflecting the real magnetic field.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "jacow.org — Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection and Classification in Particle Accelerators",
   "locus": "Conclusion",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "Particle accelerator failures lead to unscheduled downtime and lower reliability. Although simple to mitigate while they are actually happening such failures are difficult to predict or identify beforehand.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "ScienceDirect.com — Predicting particle accelerator failures using binary classifiers",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "In this work we propose using machine learning approaches to predict machine failures via beam current measurements before they actual occur. To demonstrate this technique in this paper we examine beam pulses from the Oakridge Spallation Neutron Source (SNS).",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "ScienceDirect.com — Predicting particle accelerator failures using binary classifiers",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "By evaluating a pulse against a set of common classification techniques we show that accelerator failure can be identified prior to actually failing with almost 80% accuracy.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "ScienceDirect.com — Predicting particle accelerator failures using binary classifiers",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "We also show that tuning classifier parameters and using pulse properties for refining datasets can further lead to almost 92% accuracy in classification of bad pulses.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "ScienceDirect.com — Predicting particle accelerator failures using binary classifiers",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "Most importantly, in the paper we establish there is information about the failure encoded in the pulses prior to it, so we also present a list of feasible next steps for increasing pulse classification accuracy.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "ScienceDirect.com — Predicting particle accelerator failures using binary classifiers",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "Complex dynamical systems, such as particle accelerators, often require complicated and time-consuming tuning procedures for optimal performance.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "arXiv.org — Classifier-pruned Bayesian optimization for particle accelerator tuning - arXiv",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "To address this, we propose a Classifier-pruned Bayesian Optimization-based Latent space Tuner (CBOL-Tuner), a framework for efficient exploration within a temporally-structured latent space.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "arXiv.org — Classifier-pruned Bayesian optimization for particle accelerator tuning - arXiv",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "Classifier-pruned Bayesian optimizer (C-BO): A Bayesian optimizer that sequentially explores the latent space to maximize the negative of the total beam loss (or minimize the total beam loss). The exploration history is filtered through a pretrained ResNet50 classifier to eliminate non-physical signals.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "arXiv.org — Classifier-pruned Bayesian optimization for particle accelerator tuning - arXiv",
   "locus": "Introduction (contributions)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "The classifier is trained with high accuracy ( $\\sim 0.99989$ ) to map phase space projections (X) across different modules into 48 classes (m).",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "arXiv.org — Classifier-pruned Bayesian optimization for particle accelerator tuning - arXiv",
   "locus": "Theoretical background",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "Classifier-pruned BO is designed to discard explored points ( $z_{1:48}$ ) if their decoding ( $X_{1:48}$ ) does not belong to the true classes.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "arXiv.org — Classifier-pruned Bayesian optimization for particle accelerator tuning - arXiv",
   "locus": "Theoretical background",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "High-Performance Simulator (HPSim) is an open-source, GPU-accelerated code developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) for simulations of multi-particle beam dynamics (Pang and Rybarcyk (2014)). The software is designed to replicate the accelerator and, therefore, provides a realistic representation of the true beam used at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE).",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "arXiv.org — Classifier-pruned Bayesian optimization for particle accelerator tuning - arXiv",
   "locus": "Results",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "CBOL-Tuner demonstrates superior performance in identifying multiple optimal settings and outperforms alternative global optimization methods.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "arXiv.org — Classifier-pruned Bayesian optimization for particle accelerator tuning - arXiv",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "While a minor offset is observed between the predicted and true optimal values, CBOL-Tuner demonstrates consistent performance, producing significantly lower values of total beam loss.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "arXiv.org — Classifier-pruned Bayesian optimization for particle accelerator tuning - arXiv",
   "locus": "Discussions",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "Currently, the method is implemented as a post-processing step, meaning it does not directly influence the exploration process of BO.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "arXiv.org — Classifier-pruned Bayesian optimization for particle accelerator tuning - arXiv",
   "locus": "Discussions",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "Scientists and engineers have designed and built a novel machine learning system to use with the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). The system monitors structures called accelerator cavities inside the particle accelerator.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Jefferson Lab — Machine Learning System Improves Accelerator Diagnostics - Jefferson Lab",
   "locus": "The Science",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "Problems in these cavities can cause the CEBAF to trip off like a fuse.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Jefferson Lab — Machine Learning System Improves Accelerator Diagnostics - Jefferson Lab",
   "locus": "The Science",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "In its first field test, the machine learning system correctly identified which of these cavities were tripping off about 85 percent of the time. About 78 percent of the time, the system also correctly identified what kind of fault caused each cavity to trip.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Jefferson Lab — Machine Learning System Improves Accelerator Diagnostics - Jefferson Lab",
   "locus": "The Science",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "Previously, when an accelerator cavity or series of cavities faulted in CEBAF, accelerator experts needed to take time to diagnose the issue.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Jefferson Lab — Machine Learning System Improves Accelerator Diagnostics - Jefferson Lab",
   "locus": "Summary",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "The system was connected to the control system for about 20 percent of the accelerator cavities in the machine. In a two-week test of the system in March 2020, CEBAF experienced a few hundred faults that the system analyzed.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Jefferson Lab — Machine Learning System Improves Accelerator Diagnostics - Jefferson Lab",
   "locus": "Summary",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "It provided almost real-time feedback to operators, allowing them to use the information to recover faulted cavities quickly, reducing the time CEBAF's electron beam was not available for research.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Jefferson Lab — Machine Learning System Improves Accelerator Diagnostics - Jefferson Lab",
   "locus": "Summary",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "Additional results are under analysis after further system tests with the machine learning system. If results are favorable, the team hopes to expand the system to more accelerator cavities.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Jefferson Lab — Machine Learning System Improves Accelerator Diagnostics - Jefferson Lab",
   "locus": "Summary",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "A Los Alamos National Laboratory-led project presents a machine learning algorithm that harnesses artificial intelligence capabilities to help tune accelerators, making continuous adjustments that keep the beam precise and useful for scientific discovery.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Los Alamos National Laboratory (.gov) — AI algorithms used to tune particle accelerators | LANL",
   "locus": "¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "said Alexander Scheinker, research and development engineer at Los Alamos and the project's lead. \"Factors like vibrations and temperature changes can cause problems for accelerators, which have thousands of components, and even the best accelerator technicians can struggle to identify and address issues or return them to optimum parameters quickly. It is a high-dimensional optimization problem that must be repeated again and again as the systems drift with time. Turning these machines on after an outage or retuning between different experiments can take weeks.\"",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Los Alamos National Laboratory (.gov) — AI algorithms used to tune particle accelerators | LANL",
   "locus": "¶2 (Scheinker)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "In a collaboration with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the approach developed by Scheinker couples adaptive feedback control algorithms, deep convolutional neural networks and physics-based models in one large feedback loop to make better, noninvasive predictions that enable autonomous control of compact accelerators.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Los Alamos National Laboratory (.gov) — AI algorithms used to tune particle accelerators | LANL",
   "locus": "¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "But because they are based on local accelerator feedback, such algorithms can get stuck with a local solution that is not the overall best solution. Machine learning algorithms, however, can use training data to identify relationships between data and results with a higher-level, global view.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Los Alamos National Laboratory (.gov) — AI algorithms used to tune particle accelerators | LANL",
   "locus": "Teaching machine learning applications",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "The team has developed an adaptive version of the advanced generative AI process known as diffusion, which includes the capability to virtually diagnose the accelerator beam. The non-invasive approach, described in Scientific Reports, means that diagnostics can occur in real time during beam operations.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Los Alamos National Laboratory (.gov) — AI algorithms used to tune particle accelerators | LANL",
   "locus": "Teaching machine learning applications",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "Demonstrating the diffusion-based model at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility, an X-ray pulse accelerator in Germany, the team was able to capture images of the particle beam in respect to time versus energy.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Los Alamos National Laboratory (.gov) — AI algorithms used to tune particle accelerators | LANL",
   "locus": "¶ European XFEL",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "The cDVAE was able to extrapolate beyond the training data and between various beam setups, suggesting its potential as a general method that can be applied for accelerator diagnostics.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Los Alamos National Laboratory (.gov) — AI algorithms used to tune particle accelerators | LANL",
   "locus": "¶ cDVAE",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "\"The results we've seen from our diffusion model studies show a great deal of promise,\" Scheinker said.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Los Alamos National Laboratory (.gov) — AI algorithms used to tune particle accelerators | LANL",
   "locus": "¶ Scheinker quote",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "Scheinker's team at Los Alamos is also developing such adaptive diffusion models for the Laboratory's LANSCE accelerator.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Los Alamos National Laboratory (.gov) — AI algorithms used to tune particle accelerators | LANL",
   "locus": "¶ LANSCE",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "Particle accelerators are extremely complex systems that are expected to operate on high availability. Predicting impending failures only by utilizing data collected from diagnostic equipment already on board can help operators to avoid installing expensive sensors, unscheduled downtime and associated costs.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) (.gov) — A machine learning approach for particle accelerator errant beam prediction ...",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F42",
   "quote": "For this purpose we explore the predictive power of Machine Learning algorithms to detect faulty beams prior to the failure. In this study, we propose a Machine Learning approach to model mapping from a pair of sensors located across the accelerator.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) (.gov) — A machine learning approach for particle accelerator errant beam prediction ...",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F43",
   "quote": "While the model is trained to represent normal operation, we evaluate the predictive performance on known faulty beam pulses.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) (.gov) — A machine learning approach for particle accelerator errant beam prediction ...",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F44",
   "quote": "We also investigate the model performance on unseen data through k-fold cross-validation. Then we recap the analysis with a neural architecture search and hyperparameter optimization study to fine tune our initial model.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) (.gov) — A machine learning approach for particle accelerator errant beam prediction ...",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators",
   "id": "F45",
   "quote": "This paper will also introduce a sustainable framework that can standardize Machine Learning workflow applied to particle accelerators.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) (.gov) — A machine learning approach for particle accelerator errant beam prediction ...",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ml-classifiers-particle-accelerators/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "Model collapse is a degenerative process affecting generations of learned generative models, in which the data they generate end up polluting the training set of the next generation. Being trained on polluted data, they then mis-perceive reality.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Shumailov et al., \"AI models collapse when trained on recursively generated data\", Nature 631 (2024)",
   "locus": "Def. 2.1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "indiscriminate use of model-generated content in training causes irreversible defects in the resulting models, in which tails of the original content distribution disappear … it can occur in LLMs as well as in variational autoencoders (VAEs) and Gaussian mixture models (GMMs)",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Shumailov et al., \"AI models collapse when trained on recursively generated data\", Nature 631 (2024)",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "early collapse loses \"information about the tails\"; late collapse converges on \"a distribution that carries little resemblance to the original one, often with substantially reduced variance\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Shumailov et al., \"AI models collapse when trained on recursively generated data\", Nature 631 (2024)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "this process is inevitable, even for cases with almost ideal conditions for long-term learning",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Shumailov et al., \"AI models collapse when trained on recursively generated data\", Nature 631 (2024)",
   "locus": "Main",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "preservation of the original data allows for better model fine-tuning and leads to only minor degradation of performance.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Shumailov et al., \"AI models collapse when trained on recursively generated data\", Nature 631 (2024)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "the value of data collected about genuine human interactions with systems will be increasingly valuable",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Shumailov et al., \"AI models collapse when trained on recursively generated data\", Nature 631 (2024)",
   "locus": "Abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "it is unclear how content generated by LLMs can be tracked at scale. One option is community-wide coordination",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Shumailov et al., \"AI models collapse when trained on recursively generated data\", Nature 631 (2024)",
   "locus": "Discussion",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "Preserving the ability of LLMs to model low-probability events is essential to the fairness of their predictions: such events are often relevant to marginalized groups.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Shumailov et al., \"AI models collapse when trained on recursively generated data\", Nature 631 (2024)",
   "locus": "Discussion",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "Our evaluation suggests a 'first mover advantage'",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Shumailov et al., \"AI models collapse when trained on recursively generated data\", Nature 631 (2024)",
   "locus": "Discussion",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "earlier web poisoning (click, content and troll farms) changed search: \"Google downgraded farmed articles, putting more emphasis on content produced by trustworthy sources\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Shumailov et al., \"AI models collapse when trained on recursively generated data\", Nature 631 (2024)",
   "locus": "Discussion",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "catastrophic forgetting and data poisoning are close concepts; \"Neither is able to explain the phenomenon of model collapse fully\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Shumailov et al., \"AI models collapse when trained on recursively generated data\", Nature 631 (2024)",
   "locus": "Main",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "Model collapse refers to the declining performance of generative AI models that are trained on AI-generated content.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "IBM, \"What Is Model Collapse?\" (Gomstyn & Jonker, 14 Oct 2024)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "In LLMs, model collapse can manifest in increasingly irrelevant, nonsensical and repetitive text outputs\"; image models give digits that resemble each other and \"more homogeneous faces",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "IBM, \"What Is Model Collapse?\" (Gomstyn & Jonker, 14 Oct 2024)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "consequences: poor decision-making (a rare disease \"forgotten\"); user disengagement; knowledge decline, \"'long-tail' ideas might eventually fade out of the public's consciousness\"; research tools \"might provide only widely cited studies\"",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "IBM, \"What Is Model Collapse?\" (Gomstyn & Jonker, 14 Oct 2024)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "distinct from catastrophic forgetting, mode collapse and model drift; compared to performative prediction, a \"self-fulling [sic] prophecy\", \"also known as a fairness feedback loop when this process entrenches discrimination\"",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "IBM, \"What Is Model Collapse?\" (Gomstyn & Jonker, 14 Oct 2024)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "prevention: retaining non-AI data sources; determining data provenance (the Data Provenance Initiative, \"more than 4,000 datasets\"); data accumulation; better synthetic data; governance tools",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "IBM, \"What Is Model Collapse?\" (Gomstyn & Jonker, 14 Oct 2024)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "a rare output \"might not be common or popular, but is still, in fact, most accurate\" (the \"rarely cited study\")",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "IBM, \"What Is Model Collapse?\" (Gomstyn & Jonker, 14 Oct 2024)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "title only: \"Model Collapse Is Already Happening, We Just Pretend It Isn't\" (text returned 403)",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Communications of the ACM (blog), \"Model Collapse Is Already Happening, We Just Pretend It Isn't\"",
   "locus": "title and snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "Prior work has shown that when LLMs are recursively trained on their own output, they experience model collapse: responses become less diverse, and eventually no longer resemble the original training data. In this report, we show that a similar collapse occurs if LLM-based AIs retrieve references they authored using a search tool.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Graphite (Gregory Druck & Ethan Smith), \"AI Search Collapse: AI Responses Collapse When AI Retrieves Its Own Generations\", 11 June 2026; arXiv 2608.22118; https://graphite.io/five-percent/research/ai-search-collapse",
   "locus": "Key Takeaways",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "We see that a single self-authored reference can trigger collapse because AI disproportionately cites its own content. This self-bias persists even after controlling for reference quality. We find that 79.6% (1,216/1,528) of simulations end in collapse.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Graphite (Gregory Druck & Ethan Smith), \"AI Search Collapse: AI Responses Collapse When AI Retrieves Its Own Generations\", 11 June 2026; arXiv 2608.22118; https://graphite.io/five-percent/research/ai-search-collapse",
   "locus": "Key Takeaways",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "In one experiment (see Larger-Scale Experiments), 22% of pairs of AI responses are paraphrases initially. By the end of the simulation, 89% are.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Graphite (Gregory Druck & Ethan Smith), \"AI Search Collapse: AI Responses Collapse When AI Retrieves Its Own Generations\", 11 June 2026; arXiv 2608.22118; https://graphite.io/five-percent/research/ai-search-collapse",
   "locus": "Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "Our simulations demonstrate a risk: AI responses no longer reflect the diversity of human thought, and as more AI-generated content is published, the internet converges on a single perspective.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Graphite (Gregory Druck & Ethan Smith), \"AI Search Collapse: AI Responses Collapse When AI Retrieves Its Own Generations\", 11 June 2026; arXiv 2608.22118; https://graphite.io/five-percent/research/ai-search-collapse",
   "locus": "Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "The more similar responses to a prompt are, the more collapsed we consider them to be. Complete collapse would mean that every single response is exactly the same.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Graphite (Gregory Druck & Ethan Smith), \"AI Search Collapse: AI Responses Collapse When AI Retrieves Its Own Generations\", 11 June 2026; arXiv 2608.22118; https://graphite.io/five-percent/research/ai-search-collapse",
   "locus": "Methodology, Defining Collapse",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "Factual questions like “Who were the draft picks for the Commanders in 2023?” have one correct answer, and, as a result, responses will already be collapsed (correctly).",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Graphite (Gregory Druck & Ethan Smith), \"AI Search Collapse: AI Responses Collapse When AI Retrieves Its Own Generations\", 11 June 2026; arXiv 2608.22118; https://graphite.io/five-percent/research/ai-search-collapse",
   "locus": "Datasets, Editorial Questions",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "AI-generated originals have a citation rate of 9.4%, only modestly higher than that of human-written originals (7.4%), while self-authored references have a citation rate of 38.9%.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Graphite (Gregory Druck & Ethan Smith), \"AI Search Collapse: AI Responses Collapse When AI Retrieves Its Own Generations\", 11 June 2026; arXiv 2608.22118; https://graphite.io/five-percent/research/ai-search-collapse",
   "locus": "Why Do Self-Authored References Have Disproportionate Influence?",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "round, more entities drop out, including “Half-Life”, which at the beginning of the simulation had 100% visibility. This demonstrates the random nature of AI search collapse.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Graphite (Gregory Druck & Ethan Smith), \"AI Search Collapse: AI Responses Collapse When AI Retrieves Its Own Generations\", 11 June 2026; arXiv 2608.22118; https://graphite.io/five-percent/research/ai-search-collapse",
   "locus": "Example",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "Diversifying search results would only help if there is diverse, relevant information online. In some cases, a lack of diversity indicates real consensus, which can be challenging to distinguish.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Graphite (Gregory Druck & Ethan Smith), \"AI Search Collapse: AI Responses Collapse When AI Retrieves Its Own Generations\", 11 June 2026; arXiv 2608.22118; https://graphite.io/five-percent/research/ai-search-collapse",
   "locus": "Can We Mitigate AI Search Collapse?",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "The article is not self-authored by our definition, yet the substance is still the model's answer. This is a form of what others have called knowledge collapse .",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Graphite (Gregory Druck & Ethan Smith), \"AI Search Collapse: AI Responses Collapse When AI Retrieves Its Own Generations\", 11 June 2026; arXiv 2608.22118; https://graphite.io/five-percent/research/ai-search-collapse",
   "locus": "Can We Mitigate AI Search Collapse?",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "we do not definitively prove that AI search collapse is already happening.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Graphite (Gregory Druck & Ethan Smith), \"AI Search Collapse: AI Responses Collapse When AI Retrieves Its Own Generations\", 11 June 2026; arXiv 2608.22118; https://graphite.io/five-percent/research/ai-search-collapse",
   "locus": "Limitations",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "model-collapse",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "Future work, some of which is already in progress, includes studying collapse under agentic search, the effectiveness of mitigations, experimenting with one model retrieving another’s authored references, and how collapse may affect other types of prompts.",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Graphite (Gregory Druck & Ethan Smith), \"AI Search Collapse: AI Responses Collapse When AI Retrieves Its Own Generations\", 11 June 2026; arXiv 2608.22118; https://graphite.io/five-percent/research/ai-search-collapse",
   "locus": "Conclusion and Future Work",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/model-collapse/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "Political economy – sometimes referred to as comparative economy – is an interdisciplinary field in political science and economics that studies the relationship between political and economic systems, including how they influence each other.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "The field originated within the 16th-century Western moral philosophy, with theoretical works exploring the administration of states' wealth.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "The earliest works of political economy are usually attributed to the British scholars Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo, although the work of the French physiocrats preceded them.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "Various thinkers, from John Stuart Mill to Karl Marx, saw economics and politics as inseparable.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "In the late-19th century, economics had become an independent discipline separate from political economy with the rise of mathematical modeling, coinciding with the publication of the influential textbook Principles of Economics by Alfred Marshall in 1890.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "lead ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "In its modern form, political economy is an interdisciplinary field analyzing phenomena such as labour markets, international trade, growth, the distribution of wealth, and economic inequality.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "lead ¶4",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "In contrast, the term economics usually refers to the narrow study of the economy absent other political and social considerations.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "lead ¶4",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "the term originally referred to household or estate management and originated from the Greek word oikonomikos",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Etymology and history › Origins",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "first appeared in France in 1615 with the book Traicté de l'oeconomie politique by French soldier-economist Antoine de Montchrétien",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Etymology and history › Origins",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "Smith described political economy as part of the \"science of a statesman or legislator\" whose goals were to provide revenue or subsistence for the people and revenue for the state.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Etymology and history › Origins",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "Other contemporary scholars attribute the roots of this study to the 14th century Tunisian historian and sociologist, Ibn Khaldun",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Etymology and history › Origins",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "William Stanley Jevons developed the marginal utility theory of value—sparking the \"marginal revolution\" and introducing mathematical methods in economics—and advocated economics for brevity and with the hope of the term becoming \"the recognised name of a science\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Redefinition and relationship with economics",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "authors Milonakis and Fine argue that \"the process by which political economy became economics\" involved \"desocialisation and dehistoricisation\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Redefinition and relationship with economics",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "Citation measurement metrics from Google Ngram Viewer indicate that use of the term economics began to overshadow political economy around roughly 1910, becoming the preferred term for the discipline by 1920.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Redefinition and relationship with economics",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "political economy now refers to the interdisciplinary study of the mutual relationship between politics and economics",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Contemporary definition",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "The field is also sometimes split into comparative political economy and international political economy.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Contemporary definition",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "The world's first professorship in political economy was established in 1754 at the University of Naples Federico II in southern Italy.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Educational institutions",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "Economists and political scientists often associate political economy with approaches that use rational-choice assumptions, especially in game theory",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Approaches",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "Charles S. Maier suggests that a political economy approach \"interrogates economic doctrines to disclose their sociological and political premises",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Approaches › New political economy",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "Susan Strange, was \"almost single-handedly responsible for creating international political economy as a field of study.\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Approaches › International political economy",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "There is also a more critical school of IPE, inspired by thinkers such as Antonio Gramsci and Karl Polanyi",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Approaches › International political economy",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "the analysis of dimensions lacking a standard economic value (e.g. the political economy of language, of gender, or of religion) often draws on concepts used in Marxian critiques of capital.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Approaches › anthropology, sociology, geography",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, warned that businesspeople frequently seek monopoly, collusion, and state favourtism. He wrote that merchants seldom meet together without ending in \"a conspiracy against the public.\"",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Relationship between politics and the economy",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "Karl Marx argued that the state in a capitalist society is not merely influenced by economic interests, nor is it a neutral arbiter between classes. He argued that economic power ultimately dominates political power under capitalism",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Relationship between politics and the economy",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "Because political economy is not a unified discipline, studies are using the term that overlap in subject matter, but have radically different perspectives",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Related disciplines",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "Communications examines the institutional aspects of media and telecommunication systems. As an area of study focusing on aspects of human communication, it pays particular attention to the relationships among owners, labor, consumers, advertisers, structures of production, and the state",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Political economy",
   "locus": "Related disciplines › Communications",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "Political economy is the study of how politics affects the economy and how the economy in turn shapes politics.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Harvard University — Political Economy – Department of Government",
   "locus": "program description ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "Topics in political economy include inequality (across class, gender, race, ethnicity), redistribution, economic development, globalization, macroeconomic policy, economic crises, populism, and environmental policy.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Harvard University — Political Economy – Department of Government",
   "locus": "program description ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "Technological change has produced greater inequality and concentration of wealth; what role do governments play in amplifying or countering these trends?",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Harvard University — Political Economy – Department of Government",
   "locus": "program description ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "Training in political economy can help students understand how societies work, a useful skill whether they seek to become better policy analysts or more effective social reformers",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Harvard University — Political Economy – Department of Government",
   "locus": "program description ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "branch of social science that studies the relationships between individuals and society and between markets and the state, using a diverse set of tools and methods drawn largely from economics, political science, and sociology",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Political economy | Definition, History, Types, Examples, & Facts (M. A. Veseth, D. N. Balaam)",
   "locus": "introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "The term political economy is derived from the Greek polis, meaning 'city' or 'state,' and oikonomos, meaning 'one who manages a household or estate.'",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Political economy | Definition, History, Types, Examples, & Facts (M. A. Veseth, D. N. Balaam)",
   "locus": "introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "Political economy thus can be understood as the study of how a country—the public's household—is managed or governed, taking into account both political and economic factors.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Political economy | Definition, History, Types, Examples, & Facts (M. A. Veseth, D. N. Balaam)",
   "locus": "introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "Understanding Political Economy: History and Real-World Impacts",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Investopedia — Understanding Political Economy: History and Real-World Impacts (W. Kenton)",
   "locus": "card title (snippet only)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "refers to the study of how political institutions, economic systems, and social dynamics interact",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Universidad Europea — Political economy meaning | UE Blog",
   "locus": "What is political economy",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "It is not just about governments or markets in isolation, but about how power, wealth, and policy decisions intertwine.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Universidad Europea — Political economy meaning | UE Blog",
   "locus": "What is political economy",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "In the 18th and 19th centuries, classical thinkers like Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx used the term to describe their analyses of wealth, production, and governance.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Universidad Europea — Political economy meaning | UE Blog",
   "locus": "Origins",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "Over time, political economy split into modern economics and political science as distinct disciplines. However, today's globalised world — shaped by financial crises, multinational corporations, and international negotiations — has revived interest in this holistic field.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Universidad Europea — Political economy meaning | UE Blog",
   "locus": "Origins",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "Liberalism: advocates free markets and limited government intervention.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Universidad Europea — Political economy meaning | UE Blog",
   "locus": "Key schools of thought",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "Marxism: focuses on class relations and economic inequality.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Universidad Europea — Political economy meaning | UE Blog",
   "locus": "Key schools of thought",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "Key theories: liberalism, Marxism, institutionalism, realism.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Universidad Europea — Political economy meaning | UE Blog",
   "locus": "Key takeaways",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F42",
   "quote": "In international relations, it clarifies how trade agreements, sanctions, or foreign aid reflect deeper political interests.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Universidad Europea — Political economy meaning | UE Blog",
   "locus": "Career relevance",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F43",
   "quote": "Political economy is an interdisciplinary field that explores the interplay between economics and political science.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "EBSCO — Political economy | Economics | Research Starters | EBSCOhost",
   "locus": "summary ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F44",
   "quote": "In market economies, prices are determined by supply and demand, while command economies rely on centralized government control to set economic goals and manage resources.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "EBSCO — Political economy | Economics | Research Starters | EBSCOhost",
   "locus": "summary ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F45",
   "quote": "Although political economy has been studied for centuries, the field experienced renewed growth during the 1970s as political scientists and economists increasingly integrated their research.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "EBSCO — Political economy | Economics | Research Starters | EBSCOhost",
   "locus": "Overview",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F46",
   "quote": "many modern students of political economy argue that the study of either field independently is inherently incomplete",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "EBSCO — Political economy | Economics | Research Starters | EBSCOhost",
   "locus": "Overview",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F47",
   "quote": "Too much regulation can stifle a market economy. However, too little regulation leads to excessive unethical behavior, which can be harmful to consumers.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "EBSCO — Political economy | Economics | Research Starters | EBSCOhost",
   "locus": "Government in market economies",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F48",
   "quote": "An oil embargo imposed by OPEC in the 1970s showed the world that nations without a powerful military presence could still strike at other nations",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "EBSCO — Political economy | Economics | Research Starters | EBSCOhost",
   "locus": "International relations",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "political-economy",
   "id": "F49",
   "quote": "By 2026, scholars increasingly described the growing use of trade policy, investment restrictions, export controls, and financial measures to achieve foreign policy objectives as geoeconomics",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "EBSCO — Political economy | Economics | Research Starters | EBSCOhost",
   "locus": "International relations",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/political-economy/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "For the poet nicknamed the Prince of Poets, see Ahmed Shawqi. For the French distinction, see Prince des poètes.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince of Poets",
   "locus": "hatnote",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "Prince of Poets is a reality television poetry competition on the Emirati television network Abu Dhabi TV.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince of Poets",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "It was created in April 2007 by the Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage, and airs live from the Al Raha Beach theatre every week.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince of Poets",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "The winner is awarded one million dirhams and a symbolic cloak and ring.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince of Poets",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "Reflecting the pre-eminence of poetry in the Arab world, the programme's ratings overtook those of football and of other reality television programmes, with a studio audience of thousands and a television audience of millions.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince of Poets",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "Its title comes from the epithet of Arabic-language epic poet Ahmed Shawqi.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince of Poets",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "Thousands of aspiring poets from all over the Arab world submit their poems, and several dozen are chosen to compete.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince of Poets",
   "locus": "lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "In the competition, contestants read their poems, and are also asked to improvise poems on various subjects. … A jury of established poets and critics judges and offers feedback on the entries, while the studio audience and viewers at home can also vote for their preferred poets.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince of Poets",
   "locus": "lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "Despite the show's title, the contestants can be male or female.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince of Poets",
   "locus": "lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "Prince of Poets is similar to another Emirati poetry competition, Million's Poet; the latter promotes Nabati (Bedouin) poetry, while the former promotes classical Arabic poetry and is an attempt to revive it in modern society. … Like Million's Poet, it has been compared to American Idol.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince of Poets",
   "locus": "lead ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "Egyptian poet Hisham al Gakh was an audience favorite in the competition's fourth season after presenting a controversial poem, \"The Visa,\" which criticized Arab leaders. … he came in second after Yemeni poet Abdul Aziz al Zera'i.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince of Poets",
   "locus": "Notable contestants ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "Palestinian poet Tamim al-Barghouti competed in the first season. Although he finished the competition in fifth place, he became very popular among Palestinians",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince of Poets",
   "locus": "Notable contestants ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "Other winners have been Syrian Hassan Baiti (third season), … Mauritanian Sidi Mohamed Ould Bamba (second season), … and Emirati Abdul Kareem Maatouk (first season).",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince of Poets",
   "locus": "Notable contestants ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "The programme's presenters have included Dhafer L'Abidine, in the first series,",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince of Poets",
   "locus": "Other individuals",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "As Abu Dhabi moved towards achieving its goal of becoming a leading regional capital of culture, the TV program “Prince of Poets” was launched in 2007 to put poetry again in the centre of the cultural scene.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "turathuna.ae — Prince of Poets | TV Programs",
   "locus": "About The Festival ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "A television program organized by the Cultural and Heritage Programs and Festivals Management Committee in Abu Dhabi, once every two years on Al Raha Beach Theater in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "turathuna.ae — Prince of Poets | TV Programs",
   "locus": "About The Festival ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "It is a literary competition in the field of eloquent Arabic poetry, the first season of which was launched in 2007 .",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "turathuna.ae — Prince of Poets | TV Programs",
   "locus": "About The Festival ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "Each season, the program receives thousands of poems from Arab poets from all over the world, and the jury sorts and evaluates the participating works, after which more than 1 50 poets who have been selected will be hosted in the capital Abu Dhabi, … Then, the top 40 poets are selected from among the applicants to enter the testing phase, leading to the list of 20 poets who will participate in the program's live episodes.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "turathuna.ae — Prince of Poets | TV Programs",
   "locus": "About The Festival ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "At the end of each season, the first-place winner receives the title of \"Prince of Poets\", the cloak of hair, the seal of the emirate, and a cash prize of one million dirhams,",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "turathuna.ae — Prince of Poets | TV Programs",
   "locus": "About The Festival ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "the second-place winner receives a cash prize of 500 thousand dirhams, and the third-place winner receives 300 thousand",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "turathuna.ae — Prince of Poets | TV Programs",
   "locus": "About The Festival ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "Prince des poètes (French: Prince of poets) is an honorific and unofficial title given in France to French-speaking poets of various nationalities.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince des poètes",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "Poets who have held the title include Pierre de Ronsard (16th century), Charles Marie René Leconte de Lisle (1885–1894), Paul Verlaine (1894–1896), Stéphane Mallarmé (1896–1898), Léon Dierx (1898–1912), Paul Fort (1912–1960), Jules Supervielle (1960), Jean Cocteau (1960–1963), Maurice Carême (1972–1978), and Léopold Sédar Senghor (1978–2001).",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince des poètes",
   "locus": "lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "This article needs more citations.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Prince des poètes",
   "locus": "maintenance banner",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "Yasser Arafat called him “the prince of poets,” with clear reference to his national status",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "The American Scholar — Prince of Poets (Sep 4, 2012)",
   "locus": "¶ 'Darwish is preeminently the poet of Palestine'",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "Darwish is preeminently the poet of Palestine",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "The American Scholar — Prince of Poets (Sep 4, 2012)",
   "locus": "same ¶",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "Darwish incarnates and reflects the tradition of the political poet in Islam, the man of action whose action is poetry.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "The American Scholar — Prince of Poets (Sep 4, 2012)",
   "locus": "¶ on his death",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "Mahmoud Darwish was the voice of the Palestinian people—chronicling not just the struggles and political injustices, but also the rhythms of daily life",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "The American Scholar — Prince of Poets (Sep 4, 2012)",
   "locus": "dek (and the card snippet)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "This French Renaissance poet was deemed by his literary peers to be “the Prince of Poets” emulate the seven ancient Greek poets of Alexandria.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "debramilligan.com — Prince of Poets: Pierre de Ronsard (Apr 23, 2025)",
   "locus": "card snippet (Apr 23, 2025)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "The show, named Prince of Poets, was an enormous success. Some 4,000 poets from across the Arab world sent in submissions to be considered.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Arab World Books — The Prince of Poets: Arab Poetry's Answer to American Idol",
   "locus": "¶4",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "35 were chosen for the show",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Arab World Books — The Prince of Poets: Arab Poetry's Answer to American Idol",
   "locus": "¶4",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "The winner, perhaps unsurprisingly, was Abdulkareem Maatouk, a poet from the host country, the United Arab Emirates, whose poems had steered clear of anything political or controversial.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Arab World Books — The Prince of Poets: Arab Poetry's Answer to American Idol",
   "locus": "¶11",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "Tamim ended up in fifth place out of the five finalists.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Arab World Books — The Prince of Poets: Arab Poetry's Answer to American Idol",
   "locus": "¶11",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "Though Tamim refused to comment, speculation was rife that the results were rigged.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Arab World Books — The Prince of Poets: Arab Poetry's Answer to American Idol",
   "locus": "¶12",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "This comes as another step in Abu Dhabi’s ambitious attempts to use its petro-dollars to transform itself into the capital of Arab culture",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Arab World Books — The Prince of Poets: Arab Poetry's Answer to American Idol",
   "locus": "¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "إمارة الشعر حلم الشعراء",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "أمير الشعراء — princeofpoets.ae (أمير الشعراء | الرئيسية)",
   "locus": "home page, headline",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "«أمير الشعراء» يختتم المرحلة الثانية من موسمه الحادي عشر … الموسم الثاني عشر",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "أمير الشعراء — princeofpoets.ae (أمير الشعراء | الرئيسية)",
   "locus": "home page, news 02; seasons",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "Ahmed Shawqi (1868–1932), often referred to as the “Prince of Poets” (Amir al-Shu'ara), was one of the most celebrated literary figures in the ...",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Instagram · poetryandgahwa — Ahmed Shawqi (1868–1932), often referred to as the “Prince of Poets” (Amir al ...",
   "locus": "result snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "Ahmed Shawqi, a pioneer of modern Arabic poetry, earned the title \"Prince … \"Ahmed Shawqi (1868–1932) ​Ahmed Shawqi is considered the \"Prince of Poets … Ahmed Shawky: The Prince of Poets from Egypt",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Videos / Short videos: AlifBee (YouTube, Facebook, Instagram), Syria TV, Gulf News, alraya news, egyptianstreets (TikTok), Mashreq Culture (Instagram), الأستاذ علي جمعة الزيرجاوي (YouTube), د عبد الحميد هنداوي (YouTube), معلقات الزمن (Instagram)",
   "locus": "video titles (AlifBee, Jan 8, 2025; معلقات الزمن; egyptianstreets)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "How Did Poet Hassan Baity Become \"The Prince of Poets\"?",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Videos / Short videos: AlifBee (YouTube, Facebook, Instagram), Syria TV, Gulf News, alraya news, egyptianstreets (TikTok), Mashreq Culture (Instagram), الأستاذ علي جمعة الزيرجاوي (YouTube), د عبد الحميد هنداوي (YouTube), معلقات الزمن (Instagram)",
   "locus": "video title (Syria TV, '3 days ago')",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "Abu Firas al-Hamdani, a 10th-century Arab poet, warrior, and prince, was a symbol of",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Videos / Short videos: AlifBee (YouTube, Facebook, Instagram), Syria TV, Gulf News, alraya news, egyptianstreets (TikTok), Mashreq Culture (Instagram), الأستاذ علي جمعة الزيرجاوي (YouTube), د عبد الحميد هنداوي (YouTube), معلقات الزمن (Instagram)",
   "locus": "video title (Instagram, Mashreq Culture)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "Who is the Prince of Poets?",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Videos / Short videos: AlifBee (YouTube, Facebook, Instagram), Syria TV, Gulf News, alraya news, egyptianstreets (TikTok), Mashreq Culture (Instagram), الأستاذ علي جمعة الزيرجاوي (YouTube), د عبد الحميد هنداوي (YouTube), معلقات الزمن (Instagram)",
   "locus": "video title (YouTube, الأستاذ علي جمعة الزيرجاوي)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F42",
   "quote": "Poets battle it out in Abu Dhabi",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Videos / Short videos: AlifBee (YouTube, Facebook, Instagram), Syria TV, Gulf News, alraya news, egyptianstreets (TikTok), Mashreq Culture (Instagram), الأستاذ علي جمعة الزيرجاوي (YouTube), د عبد الحميد هنداوي (YouTube), معلقات الزمن (Instagram)",
   "locus": "video embedded in the Overview (YouTube · Gulf News)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F43",
   "quote": "nicknamed the Prince of Poets (Arabic: أمير الشعراء Amīr al-Shu‘arā’), was an Egyptian poet laureate, linguist, and one of the most famous Arabic literary writers of the modern era in the Arab World.",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Ahmed Shawqi",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F44",
   "quote": "In 1927 he was crowned by his peers Amir al-Sho’araa’ (literally, \"the Prince of Poets\") in recognition of his considerable contributions to the literary field.",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Ahmed Shawqi",
   "locus": "Life ¶4",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F45",
   "quote": "Born (1868-10-17)October 17, 1868 Cairo, Khedivate of Egypt Died October 14, 1932(1932-10-14) (aged 63) Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Ahmed Shawqi",
   "locus": "infobox",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F46",
   "quote": "Forced into exile for his outspoken opposition to the British, he was exiled to Andalusia, Spain in 1914. … Shawqi remained there until 1920, when he returned to Egypt.",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Ahmed Shawqi",
   "locus": "Life ¶4",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F47",
   "quote": "Shawqi was the first in modern Arabic literature to write poetic plays.",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Ahmed Shawqi",
   "locus": "Plays",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F48",
   "quote": "Ahmed Shawqi is considered as \"the greatest\" poet within the Arabic Neoclassicist movement by scholars. … Shawqi faced sharp criticism from writers such as Muhammad al-Muwaylihi,",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Ahmed Shawqi",
   "locus": "Criticism",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F49",
   "quote": "This article includes a list of general references but lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations.",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Ahmed Shawqi",
   "locus": "maintenance banner",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F50",
   "quote": "was known as the amīr al-shuʿarāʾ\" \"(“prince of poets”) of modern Arabic poetry and a pioneer of Arabic poetical drama.",
   "source": "B11",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Ahmad Shawqi",
   "locus": "opening (WebFetch)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F51",
   "quote": "In 1927 he was proclaimed amīr al-shuʿarāʾ.",
   "source": "B11",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Ahmad Shawqi",
   "locus": "body (WebFetch)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F52",
   "quote": "Aḥmad Shawqī (born 1868, Cairo, Egypt—died Oct. 13, 1932, Cairo)",
   "source": "B11",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Ahmad Shawqi",
   "locus": "opening (WebFetch)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F53",
   "quote": "Shihabuddin Am'aq (Persian: شهاب‌الدین عَمعَق) was a 12th-century Persian poet.",
   "source": "B13",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Am'aq",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F54",
   "quote": "Originating from Bukhara, he was an imposing poet that carried the title amir al-shu'ara (\"Amir of poets\") in the Khaqanid courts. An excellent panegyrist and composer of elegies, he was praised by Anvari.",
   "source": "B13",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Am'aq",
   "locus": "¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F55",
   "quote": "His mathnavi no longer exists, but it is said to have been written on the story of Yusof and Zoleikha (Joseph and Potiphar's wife). … It is said that he lived a long life of over 100 years and died in 1148 CE.",
   "source": "B13",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Am'aq",
   "locus": "¶3–4",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F56",
   "quote": "Ahmad Shawqi was the leading poet and pioneer playwright of the neo-classical period of Arabic literature.",
   "source": "B14",
   "source_label": "Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism — Shawqi, Ahmad (احمد شوقي) (1868–1932) (Oct 15, 2018)",
   "locus": "abstract ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F57",
   "quote": "He distinguished himself as an innovator and a rejuvenator of Arabic poetry; however, his efforts to incorporate Western influences into his poetry were not favoured by the Khedive.",
   "source": "B14",
   "source_label": "Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism — Shawqi, Ahmad (احمد شوقي) (1868–1932) (Oct 15, 2018)",
   "locus": "abstract ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F58",
   "quote": "After Egypt’s independence in 1927, Shawqi became a patron of the arts and was honoured with the title Amir al-shu’ara’ (امير الشعراء) or Prince of Poets, a great honour which recognized his contribution to Arabic literature.",
   "source": "B14",
   "source_label": "Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism — Shawqi, Ahmad (احمد شوقي) (1868–1932) (Oct 15, 2018)",
   "locus": "abstract ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F59",
   "quote": "People called him the Prince of Poets (Amīr al-Shu‘arā’). … In 1927, other poets gave him the special title Amir al-Sho’araa’, meaning \"the Prince of Poets.\" This was to honor his huge contributions to writing.",
   "source": "B16",
   "source_label": "Kids encyclopedia facts — Ahmed Shawqi Facts for Kids (Oct 17, 2025)",
   "locus": "lead; Life ¶4",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F60",
   "quote": "Ahmad Shawqi (1285–1351 AH / 1868–1932 CE) was an Egyptian poet and dramatist celebrated as the \"Prince of Poets\" (Amir ...",
   "source": "B15",
   "source_label": "Qaf - Islamic AI — Ahmad Shawqi: Biography & Works (d. 1351 AH)",
   "locus": "card snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F61",
   "quote": "Amir Al Shu'ara Ahmad Shawqi by Hasan Yahya (Arabic) Paperback Book ; Language. Arabic ; ISBN-13. 9781500731861",
   "source": "B12",
   "source_label": "eBay — Amir Al Shu'ara Ahmad Shawqi by Hasan Yahya (Arabic) Paperback Book; and (2014, Trade Paperback)",
   "locus": "card snippet 1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F62",
   "quote": "Ahmed Shawqi-Ameer al-Shu'ara', (the prince of poets), was the greatest Arabic poets laureate, an Egyptian poet",
   "source": "B12",
   "source_label": "eBay — Amir Al Shu'ara Ahmad Shawqi by Hasan Yahya (Arabic) Paperback Book; and (2014, Trade Paperback)",
   "locus": "card snippet 2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F63",
   "quote": "Esh-Shawqiyyat, his selected works, in four volumes, including Nahj al-Burda, a tribute to Muhammad.",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Ahmed Shawqi",
   "locus": "Poetry",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F64",
   "quote": "He wrote five tragedies: Majnun Laila (\"Layla's mad lover\"), his first play. The Death of Cleopatra",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Ahmed Shawqi",
   "locus": "Plays",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "prince-of-poets",
   "id": "F65",
   "quote": "Aḥmad Shawqī: Egyptian poet (1868–1932); known as amīr al-shuʿarāʾ (\"prince of poets\"); pioneer of Arabic poetical drama; exiled in Spain (1914–19)",
   "source": "B11",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Ahmad Shawqi",
   "locus": "card snippet at address 2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/prince-of-poets/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "Sappho 31 is a lyric poem by the Archaic Greek poet Sappho of the island of Lesbos.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "The poem is also known as phainetai moi (φαίνεταί μοι lit. 'It seems to me') after the opening words of its first line",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "as the Ode to Anactoria, based on a conjecture that its subject is Anactoria, a woman mentioned elsewhere by Sappho",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "It is one of Sappho's most famous poems, describing her love for a young woman.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "preserved in the first-century AD treatise on aesthetics On the Sublime",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Preservation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "Four stanzas are well-preserved, followed by part of one more line; this, as well as Catullus' adaptation of the poem, suggests that there was originally one more stanza of the poem,",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Preservation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "A reconstruction of the poem by classicist Armand D'Angour suggests that the original poem may have had up to 8 stanzas.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Preservation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "Fragment 31 is composed in Sapphic stanzas, a metrical form named after Sappho and consisting of stanzas of three long followed by one short line.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Poem",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "The poem is written in the Aeolic dialect",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Poem",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "The poem centres around three characters: a man and a woman, both otherwise unidentified, and the speaker.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Contents",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "The context of the poem has been the subject of much scholarly debate: Thomas McEvilley calls it the \"central controversy\" about the poem.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Contents",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "Wilamowitz suggested that the poem was a wedding song, and that the man mentioned in the initial stanza of the poem was the bridegroom.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Contents",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "Since the second half of the twentieth century, scholars have tended to follow Denys Page in dismissing the wedding-song argument.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Contents",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "the man's role is to act as a \"contrast figure\",",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Contents",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "John Winkler argues that \"'That man' in poem 31 is like the military armament in poem 16, an introductory set-up to be dismissed\".",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Contents",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "As far back as the eighteenth century, it has been proposed that the poem is about Sappho's jealousy of the man who sits with her beloved.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Contents",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "Though this is still a popular interpretation of the poem, many critics deny that the fragment is about jealousy at all.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Contents",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "Anne Carson argues that Sappho has no wish to take the man's place, nor is she concerned that he will usurp hers: thus, she is not jealous of him, but amazed at his ability to retain his composure so close to the object of her desire.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Contents",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "Joan DeJean criticises the \"jealousy\" interpretation of the poem as intended to play down the homoeroticism of the poem.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Contents",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "Armand D'Angour argues that the phrase ἀλλὰ πὰν τόλματον means \"all must be dared\", rather than \"endured\" as it is sometimes translated.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Contents",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "An alternative reading is suggested by Gallavotti: according to his thesis, the text was corrupted over time as a result of the disappearance of the sound [w]",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Contents",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "In 1970, an article by Hungarian-French psychoanalyst George Devereux suggested that what Sappho is describing here is a seizure, pointing that the symptoms listed in the fragment are the same symptoms of an anxiety attack.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Contents",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "according to Emmet Robbins, \"probably the single most famous poem to come down from Antiquity\".",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Reception and influence",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "has been the subject of more scholarly commentary than any other of her works.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Reception and influence",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "In ancient Rome, the poet Catullus adapted it into his 51st poem, putting his muse Lesbia into the role of Sappho's beloved.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Reception and influence",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "The ancient Greek authors Theocritus and Apollonius of Rhodes both adapted the poem",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Reception and influence",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "The poem is quoted in Longinus's treatise On the Sublime for the intensity of its emotion,",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Reception and influence",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "Plato draws on it in Socrates' second speech on love in the Phaedrus,",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Reception and influence",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "In the nineteenth century, the poem began to be seen as an exemplar of Romantic lyric,",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sappho 31",
   "locus": "Reception and influence",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "This deservedly famous poem is quoted in the first- or third-century A.D. treatise On the Sublime attributed to Longinus",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Literary Matters — Sappho 31 - Chris Childers - Literary Matters",
   "locus": "Note",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "the selection of the most striking of them and their combination into a single whole that has produced the singular excellence of the passage",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Literary Matters — Sappho 31 - Chris Childers - Literary Matters",
   "locus": "Note",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "scholars have spent a lot of time trying to pinpoint the significance of the man in the first stanza, and whether Sappho’s symptoms are of eros or envy.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Literary Matters — Sappho 31 - Chris Childers - Literary Matters",
   "locus": "Note",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "that very “unpin-down-able” quality, that slippery multivalence under a limpid surface, the strangeness at the heart, is an intimate part of the poem’s appeal.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Literary Matters — Sappho 31 - Chris Childers - Literary Matters",
   "locus": "Note",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "Though it feels complete, the poem is a fragment: for some reason “Longinus” leaves off his quotation one line into the fifth stanza, which begins “Still, all must be endured, since even a poor…”",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Literary Matters — Sappho 31 - Chris Childers - Literary Matters",
   "locus": "Note",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "Catullus goes a different way in the final stanza of his famous free translation, poem 51",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Literary Matters — Sappho 31 - Chris Childers - Literary Matters",
   "locus": "Note",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "Today’s lyric poem was written in the fifth century B.C., although it reads as if it were written yesterday.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "The Slowdown — 1185: Fragment 31 by Sappho, translated by Christopher Childers",
   "locus": "Major Jackson's introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "The portrait of a speaker viscerally filled with jealousy is evidence of the endurance of human emotions across the ages.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "The Slowdown — 1185: Fragment 31 by Sappho, translated by Christopher Childers",
   "locus": "Major Jackson's introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "The poem describes the response of the speaker, a woman, to watching another woman talking to a man. (The grammar of the original Greek makes the gender of each figure clear.)",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "W. W. Norton & Company — TRANSLATION LAB: Sappho, Poem 31 - W.W. Norton",
   "locus": "headnote",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "then, in an extraordinary switch, focuses in detail on herself and her own intense contradictory bodily emotions of jealousy and desire.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "W. W. Norton & Company — TRANSLATION LAB: Sappho, Poem 31 - W.W. Norton",
   "locus": "headnote",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "as preserved (through a quotation in On the Sublime, a Roman Imperial–era Greek treatise), it seems to be missing the ending.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "W. W. Norton & Company — TRANSLATION LAB: Sappho, Poem 31 - W.W. Norton",
   "locus": "headnote",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "The fragmentary final stanza is treated differently by the translators: Barnard skips it altogether; Carson treats it as a call to action, and Poochigian presents it as a moment of self-hating submission.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "W. W. Norton & Company — TRANSLATION LAB: Sappho, Poem 31 - W.W. Norton",
   "locus": "headnote",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F42",
   "quote": "Catullus, who had access to the whole original, provides a very different final stanza.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "W. W. Norton & Company — TRANSLATION LAB: Sappho, Poem 31 - W.W. Norton",
   "locus": "headnote",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F43",
   "quote": "this is unambiguously a poem about same-sex desire.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "W. W. Norton & Company — TRANSLATION LAB: Sappho, Poem 31 - W.W. Norton",
   "locus": "Critical thinking questions",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F44",
   "quote": "In the original, Sappho uses a series of different syntactical subjects for the sentence that straddles the third and fourth stanzas: “tongue,” “fire,” “seeing/eyes,” “hearing/ears,” “sweat,” and “trembling” are all grammatical subjects of the verbs—rather than “I.”",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "W. W. Norton & Company — TRANSLATION LAB: Sappho, Poem 31 - W.W. Norton",
   "locus": "Critical thinking questions",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F45",
   "quote": "The theory that Sappho’s emotions are that of jealousy and envy is a major theory put forward by many critics.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "EduBirdie — Sappho's Fragment 31: Jealousy, Desire, Longing",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F46",
   "quote": "The identification of ‘that man’ in Sappho’s best-known poem, has proven to be one of the most complex and difficult problems in the interpretation of her extant poetry.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "EduBirdie — Sappho's Fragment 31: Jealousy, Desire, Longing",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F47",
   "quote": "Longinus, a Greek teacher writing under the Roman Empire hundreds of years after Sappho’s lifetime, explains what is so unforgettable about Sappho",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "EduBirdie — Sappho's Fragment 31: Jealousy, Desire, Longing",
   "locus": "body",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F48",
   "quote": "This poem has no explicit mention of a marriage",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "EduBirdie — Sappho's Fragment 31: Jealousy, Desire, Longing",
   "locus": "body",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "sappho-31",
   "id": "F49",
   "quote": "Read Ancient Greek: Sappho 31",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "YouTube·Octo — Read Ancient Greek: Sappho 31 (29:47)",
   "locus": "card title",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/sappho-31/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "Our programme was, then, to discover some faculty of reasoning about any theme put before us from the most generally accepted premisses that there are. For that is the essential task of the art of discussion (dialectic) and of examination (peirastic).",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "W. A. Pickard-Cambridge, trans., On Sophistical Refutations (Oxford Translation, 1928), Internet Classics Archive (MIT), part 34",
   "locus": "SE 34, 183a37–b3 (part 34)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "The reason of this we have explained; for this, too, was why Socrates used to ask questions and not to answer them; for he used to confess that he did not know.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "W. A. Pickard-Cambridge, trans., On Sophistical Refutations (Oxford Translation, 1928), Internet Classics Archive (MIT), part 34",
   "locus": "SE 34, 183b6–8",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "For in the case of all discoveries the results of previous labours that have been handed down from others have been advanced bit by bit by those who have taken them on, whereas the original discoveries generally make advance that is small at first though much more useful than the development which later springs out of them.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "W. A. Pickard-Cambridge, trans., On Sophistical Refutations (Oxford Translation, 1928), Internet Classics Archive (MIT), part 34",
   "locus": "SE 34, 183b17–22",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "Tisias coming next after the first founders, then Thrasymachus after Tisias, and Theodorus next to him, while several people have made their several contributions to it: and therefore it is not to be wondered at that the art has attained considerable dimensions.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "W. A. Pickard-Cambridge, trans., On Sophistical Refutations (Oxford Translation, 1928), Internet Classics Archive (MIT), part 34",
   "locus": "SE 34, 183b29–33",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "Of this inquiry, on the other hand, it was not the case that part of the work had been thoroughly done before, while part had not. Nothing existed at all.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "W. A. Pickard-Cambridge, trans., On Sophistical Refutations (Oxford Translation, 1928), Internet Classics Archive (MIT), part 34",
   "locus": "SE 34, 183b34–36",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "For the training given by the paid professors of contentious arguments was like the treatment of the matter by Gorgias.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "W. A. Pickard-Cambridge, trans., On Sophistical Refutations (Oxford Translation, 1928), Internet Classics Archive (MIT), part 34",
   "locus": "SE 34, 183b36–184a1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "And therefore the teaching they gave their pupils was ready but rough. For they used to suppose that they trained people by imparting to them not the art but its products,",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "W. A. Pickard-Cambridge, trans., On Sophistical Refutations (Oxford Translation, 1928), Internet Classics Archive (MIT), part 34",
   "locus": "SE 34, 184a1–4",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "for he has helped him to meet his need, but has not imparted an art to him.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "W. A. Pickard-Cambridge, trans., On Sophistical Refutations (Oxford Translation, 1928), Internet Classics Archive (MIT), part 34",
   "locus": "SE 34, 184a7–8",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "Moreover, on the subject of Rhetoric there exists much that has been said long ago, whereas on the subject of reasoning we had nothing else of an earlier date to speak of at all, but were kept at work for a long time in experimental researches.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "W. A. Pickard-Cambridge, trans., On Sophistical Refutations (Oxford Translation, 1928), Internet Classics Archive (MIT), part 34",
   "locus": "SE 34, 184b1–3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "there must remain for all of you, or for our students, the task of extending us your pardon for the shortcomings of the inquiry, and for the discoveries thereof your warm thanks.",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "W. A. Pickard-Cambridge, trans., On Sophistical Refutations (Oxford Translation, 1928), Internet Classics Archive (MIT), part 34",
   "locus": "SE 34, 184b3–8",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "Aristotle’s logical works contain the earliest formal study of logic that we have.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 2000-03-18, substantive revision 2022-11-22)",
   "locus": "§1 Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "It is therefore all the more remarkable that together they comprise a highly developed logical theory, one that was able to command immense respect for many centuries",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 2000-03-18, substantive revision 2022-11-22)",
   "locus": "§1 Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "Kant thought that Aristotle had discovered everything there was to know about logic, and the historian of logic Prantl drew the corollary that any logician after Aristotle who said anything new was confused, stupid, or perverse.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 2000-03-18, substantive revision 2022-11-22)",
   "locus": "preamble",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "On Sophistical Refutations is a final section, or an appendix, to the Topics",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 2000-03-18, substantive revision 2022-11-22)",
   "locus": "§2 The Organon",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "Aristotle’s study of sophistical arguments is contained in On Sophistical Refutations, which is actually a sort of appendix to the Topics.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 2000-03-18, substantive revision 2022-11-22)",
   "locus": "§10 Sophistical Arguments",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "In fact, we can discern in the Topics (and the Rhetoric, which Aristotle says depends on the art explained in the Topics) an art of dialectic for use in such arguments. My reconstruction of this art (which would not be accepted by all scholars) is as follows.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 2000-03-18, substantive revision 2022-11-22)",
   "locus": "§8.1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "Its function is to examine the claims of those who say they have some knowledge, and it can be practiced by someone who does not possess the knowledge in question.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 2000-03-18, substantive revision 2022-11-22)",
   "locus": "§8.3.2 Dialectic That Puts to the Test",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "This is strongly reminiscent of Socrates’ style of interrogation, from which it is almost certainly descended.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 2000-03-18, substantive revision 2022-11-22)",
   "locus": "§8.3.2 Dialectic That Puts to the Test",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "Aristotle himself traces the quest for definitions back to Socrates.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 2000-03-18, substantive revision 2022-11-22)",
   "locus": "§7 Definitions",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "This method is part of Aristotle’s Platonic legacy. His attitude towards it, however, is complex.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle's Logic (Robin Smith; first published 2000-03-18, substantive revision 2022-11-22)",
   "locus": "§7.4 The Method of Division",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "Logic as a discipline starts with the transition from the more or less unreflective use of logical methods and argument patterns to the reflection on and inquiry into these methods and patterns and their elements, including the syntax and semantics of sentences.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Ancient Logic (Susanne Bobzien; first published 2006-12-13, substantive revision 2020-04-15)",
   "locus": "preamble",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "The Sophists, and later Plato (early 4th c.) displayed an interest in sentence analysis, truth, and fallacies, and Eubulides of Miletus (mid-4th c.) is on record as the inventor of both the Liar and the Sorites paradox.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Ancient Logic (Susanne Bobzien; first published 2006-12-13, substantive revision 2020-04-15)",
   "locus": "preamble",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "But logic as a fully systematic discipline begins with Aristotle, who systematized much of the logical inquiry of his predecessors.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Ancient Logic (Susanne Bobzien; first published 2006-12-13, substantive revision 2020-04-15)",
   "locus": "preamble",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "Both Zeno of Elea (born c. 490 BCE) and Socrates (470–399) were famous for the ways in which they refuted an opponent’s view. Their methods display similarities with reductio ad absurdum, but neither of them seems to have theorized about their logical procedures.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Ancient Logic (Susanne Bobzien; first published 2006-12-13, substantive revision 2020-04-15)",
   "locus": "§1.2 Argument Patterns and Valid Inference",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "Socratic refutation was an exchange of questions and answers in which the opponents would be led, on the basis of their answers, to a conclusion incompatible with their original claim. Plato institutionalized such disputations into structured, rule-governed verbal contests that became known as dialectical argument.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Ancient Logic (Susanne Bobzien; first published 2006-12-13, substantive revision 2020-04-15)",
   "locus": "§1.2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "The development of a basic logical vocabulary for such contests indicates some reflection upon the patterns of argumentation.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Ancient Logic (Susanne Bobzien; first published 2006-12-13, substantive revision 2020-04-15)",
   "locus": "§1.2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "Plato’s Euthydemus contains a large collection of contemporary fallacies.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Ancient Logic (Susanne Bobzien; first published 2006-12-13, substantive revision 2020-04-15)",
   "locus": "§1.2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "it is possible that the shaping of deduction and proof in Greek mathematics that begins in the later 5th century BCE served as an inspiration for Aristotle’s syllogistic.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Ancient Logic (Susanne Bobzien; first published 2006-12-13, substantive revision 2020-04-15)",
   "locus": "§1.2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "Aristotle is the first great logician in the history of logic. His logic was taught by and large without rival from the 4th to the 19th centuries CE.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Ancient Logic (Susanne Bobzien; first published 2006-12-13, substantive revision 2020-04-15)",
   "locus": "§2 Aristotle",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "However, by using logical advances as a criterion, we can conjecture that most of the Topics, Sophistical Refutations, Categories and Metaphysics Γ predate the De Interpretatione, which in turn predates the Prior Analytics and parts of the Posterior Analytics.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Ancient Logic (Susanne Bobzien; first published 2006-12-13, substantive revision 2020-04-15)",
   "locus": "§2 Aristotle",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "The Topics provide a manual for participants in the contests of dialectical argument as instituted in the Academy by Plato.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Ancient Logic (Susanne Bobzien; first published 2006-12-13, substantive revision 2020-04-15)",
   "locus": "§2.1 Dialectics",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "Aristotle’s Topics may thus count as the earliest surviving logical treatise. The Sophistical Refutations are the first systematic classification of fallacies,",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Ancient Logic (Susanne Bobzien; first published 2006-12-13, substantive revision 2020-04-15)",
   "locus": "§2.1 Dialectics",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "Aristotelian logic, after a great and early triumph, consolidated its position of influence to rule over the philosophical world throughout the Middle Ages up until the 19th Century.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle: Logic (Louis F. Groarke)",
   "locus": "Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
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   "quote": "What we have are largely notes, written at various points in his career, for different purposes, edited and cobbled together by later followers.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle: Logic (Louis F. Groarke)",
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   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
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   "quote": "In a short work entitled Sophistical Refutations, Aristotle introduces a theory of logical fallacies that has been remarkably influential.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle: Logic (Louis F. Groarke)",
   "locus": "§15 Fallacies",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
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   "quote": "We should note that much of this text, which deals with natural language argumentation, does not presuppose the syllogistic form.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aristotle: Logic (Louis F. Groarke)",
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   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
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   "quote": "According to Aristotle, this is the first work to treat the subject of deductive reasoning in ancient Greece (Soph. Ref., 34, 183b34 ff.).",
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   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sophistical Refutations",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
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   "quote": "In it, he attempts to develop a pattern of sound and genuine reasoning in opposition to the deceptive or misleading \"art of sophistry\".",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sophistical Refutations",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "Besides, there is an introduction (1–2), an interlude (9–11), and a conclusion (33–34).",
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   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Sophistical Refutations",
   "locus": "Overview",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
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   "row": "se-183b34",
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   "quote": "Immanuel Kant thought that there was nothing else to invent after the work of Aristotle,",
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   "locus": "Influence",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
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   "row": "se-183b34",
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   "quote": "On Sophistical Refutations (Latin: De Sophisticis Elenchis) gives a treatment of logical fallacies, and provides a key link to Aristotle's tractate on rhetoric.",
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   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Organon",
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   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
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   "row": "se-183b34",
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   "locus": "Influence",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
  },
  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
   "id": "F43",
   "quote": "The Sophistical Refutations is viewed by some[11] as an appendix to the Topics, inasmuch as its final section[12] appears to form an epilogue to both treatises.",
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   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Topics (Aristotle)",
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   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
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  {
   "row": "se-183b34",
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   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Topics (Aristotle)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/se-183b34/"
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   "quote": "George Fetherling is Canada’s Aldous Huxley, his career spans poetry, essays, travel, biography and fiction.",
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   "source_label": "Evergreen Review — Review: Walt Whitman's Secret (Evergreen Review Issue 125, December 2010)",
   "locus": "opening (WebFetch)",
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   "quote": "Originally published in The Evergreen Review Issue 125 in December, 2010.",
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   "source_label": "Evergreen Review — Review: Walt Whitman's Secret (Evergreen Review Issue 125, December 2010)",
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   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
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  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
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   "quote": "By John Canemaker, this compelling book provides a behind-the-scenes look into the technological and artistic ingenuity of early Disney films.",
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   "source_label": "The Walt Disney Family Museum — The Lost Notebook: Herman Schultheis and the Secrets of Walt Disney's Movie Magic (store page)",
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  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
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   "quote": "The actual notebook compiled by studio technician Herman Schultheis remains on display at The Walt Disney Family Museum behind glass for preservation.",
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   "source_label": "The Walt Disney Family Museum — The Lost Notebook: Herman Schultheis and the Secrets of Walt Disney's Movie Magic (store page)",
   "locus": "product description",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
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  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
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   "quote": "This is not a Disney trivia book. It's a book of Disney secrets, each exactly two pages long, and each brimming with backstage lore.",
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   "source_label": "Theme Park Press — Secret Stories of Walt Disney World: Things You Never Knew You Never Knew (Jim Korkis)",
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   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
  },
  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
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   "quote": "Jim Korkis gathered these secrets when he worked at Walt Disney World as an instructor at Disney University.",
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   "source_label": "Theme Park Press — Secret Stories of Walt Disney World: Things You Never Knew You Never Knew (Jim Korkis)",
   "locus": "product description ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
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  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
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   "quote": "Sep 9, 2026 — Walt Whitman's Secret In this wonderfully imagined novel, Walt Whitman's secret isn't his homosexuality but another one entirely. It's a political secret, one t...",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "BiblioCommons — Walt Whitman's Secret (a library catalogue record)",
   "locus": "card snippet at T (turn 1)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
  },
  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "Item description from the seller \"Secret Stories of Walt Disney World: Things You Never Knew\" by Jim Korkis is a trade paperback book published in 2015 by BOB M...",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "eBay — Secret Stories of Walt Disney World: Things You Never Knew (Jim Korkis), a listing",
   "locus": "card snippet at T (turn 1)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
  },
  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "Vince Gilligan on how Walter White could leave the book in the bathroom. Show by Film Aesthete on Instagram",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Instagram · Film Aesthete — 'Vince Gilligan on how Walter White could leave the book in the bathroom' (a reel)",
   "locus": "card title at T (turn 1)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
  },
  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "As compelling and revelatory as Colm Toibin's The Master, Walt Whitman's Secret mines the life of the most influential poet in the American canon for insights about creativity, relations between the sexes and the",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "Penguin Random House Canada — Walt Whitman's Secret by George Fetherling",
   "locus": "meta description (saved HTML)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
  },
  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
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   "quote": "In this wonderfully imagined novel, Walt Whitman's secret isn't his homosexuality but another one entirely. It's a political secret, one that the greatest ...",
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   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
  },
  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
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   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
  },
  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "Whitman protect the great love of his life - a Confederate deserter he met in Washington during the Civil War. GenresFictionHistorical Fiction 368 pages, Hardco...",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Goodreads — Walt Whitman's Secret by George Fetherling",
   "locus": "card snippet at the second address (turn 3)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
  },
  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "Title, Free and Lonesome Heart: The Secret of Walt Whitman ; Author, Emory Holloway ; Publisher, Vantage Press, 1960 ; Length, 232 pages.",
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   "source_label": "Google Books — Free and Lonesome Heart: The Secret of Walt Whitman (Emory Holloway)",
   "locus": "organic snippet at the second address (result 5)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
  },
  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "In this wonderfully imagined novel, Walt Whitman's secret isn't his homosexuality but another one entirely. It's a political secret, one that the greatest American poet of the nineteenth century has pledged himself to keep until he is on his deathbed.",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "eCampus @ UMass — Walt Whitman's Secret : A Novel",
   "locus": "Summary ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
  },
  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "Only in that way can Whitman protect the great love of his life a Confederate deserter he met in Washington during the Civil War",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "eCampus @ UMass — Walt Whitman's Secret : A Novel",
   "locus": "Summary ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
  },
  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "The person who finally hears his confession is Horace, his unpaid amanuensis and helper",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "eCampus @ UMass — Walt Whitman's Secret : A Novel",
   "locus": "Summary ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
  },
  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "Pub. Date: 2010-04-06",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "eCampus @ UMass — Walt Whitman's Secret : A Novel",
   "locus": "product details",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
  },
  {
   "row": "secret-book-of-walt",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "Book overview. Chicago 1955. Hardcover. Octavo, 374pp., cloth. Inscribed and signed by Aronin.",
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   "locus": "organic snippet at the second address (result 8)",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/secret-book-of-walt/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "EA-SPXI-09 distinguishes the Semantic Packet for eXchange & Indexing from Generative Engine Optimization by object, layer, mechanism, and intended durability.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — SPXI Is Not GEO: A Technical Distinction — EA-SPXI-09",
   "locus": "Description",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "The refined relation is SPXI ⊇ GEO : SPXI is not reducible to GEO, but may contain GEO techniques as part of a broader entity-construction and provenance architecture.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — SPXI Is Not GEO: A Technical Distinction — EA-SPXI-09",
   "locus": "Description",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "SPXI works on persons, organizations, concepts, frameworks, and other entities by combining positive definitions, negative disambiguation, persistent references, structured data, and measurement.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — SPXI Is Not GEO: A Technical Distinction — EA-SPXI-09",
   "locus": "Wiki Article ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "The document accepts that the two practices share tools such as JSON-LD, schema markup, clear definitions, and dense factual prose.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — SPXI Is Not GEO: A Technical Distinction — EA-SPXI-09",
   "locus": "Wiki Article ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "The amendment states that SPXI contains GEO methods as a proper subset when content-layer work is required.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — SPXI Is Not GEO: A Technical Distinction — EA-SPXI-09",
   "locus": "Wiki Article ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "SPXI (specified in EA-SPXI-01) is a protocol for permanent entity inscription in AI-mediated knowledge systems.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — SPXI Is Not GEO: A Technical Distinction — EA-SPXI-09",
   "locus": "Full Text §3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "Permanent, institutionally preserved artifacts (Zenodo/CERN) that cannot be silently altered, deprecated, or removed.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — SPXI Is Not GEO: A Technical Distinction — EA-SPXI-09",
   "locus": "Concepts Defined: DOI-anchored deposits",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "former DOI 10.5281/zenodo.19614871 — severed 2026-06-19 by the registrant; resolves to a tombstone (HTTP 410)",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — SPXI Is Not GEO: A Technical Distinction — EA-SPXI-09",
   "locus": "record header",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "GEO is a legitimate and often effective practice.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — SPXI Is Not GEO: A Technical Distinction — EA-SPXI-09",
   "locus": "Full Text §2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "Deposit accountability: Lee Sharks, ORCID 0009-0000-1599-0703",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — SPXI Is Not GEO: A Technical Distinction — EA-SPXI-09",
   "locus": "record header",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "The Semantic Economy Institute (SEI) is a Detroit-based research and consulting practice that builds entity, citation, and metadata structures the AI retrieval layer recognizes as canonical",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "www.semanticeconomy.org — Canonical Entity Brief - Semantic Economy Institute",
   "locus": "lede",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "is distinguished from SEO and GEO by producing identifier-anchored entity definitions deposited in Alexanarch, the archive's sovereign AXN registry (historical Zenodo DOIs preserved)",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "www.semanticeconomy.org — Canonical Entity Brief - Semantic Economy Institute",
   "locus": "lede",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "The institute was founded by Rex Fraction",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "www.semanticeconomy.org — Canonical Entity Brief - Semantic Economy Institute",
   "locus": "lede",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "The core thesis of the practice is that retrieval-layer systems — AI Overviews, chatbot responses, knowledge-graph panels — have replaced traditional search result pages as the primary interface through which audiences encounter entities.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "www.semanticeconomy.org — Canonical Entity Brief - Semantic Economy Institute",
   "locus": "¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "Traditional SEO optimizes for rankings; SPXI optimizes for the structure the retrieval layer uses to decide what an entity is",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "www.semanticeconomy.org — Canonical Entity Brief - Semantic Economy Institute",
   "locus": "¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "SPXI deploys four instruments that together produce durable retrieval-layer presence:",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "www.semanticeconomy.org — Canonical Entity Brief - Semantic Economy Institute",
   "locus": "§02",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "producing permanent institutional citations the retrieval layer treats as primary sources.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "www.semanticeconomy.org — Canonical Entity Brief - Semantic Economy Institute",
   "locus": "§02",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "As of April 2026, the AI Overview composes a correct institutional description including leadership, publications, and framework-based ROI projections.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "www.semanticeconomy.org — Canonical Entity Brief - Semantic Economy Institute",
   "locus": "§03",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "Correct leadership (Rex Fraction, Johannes Sigil, Lee Sharks)",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "www.semanticeconomy.org — Canonical Entity Brief - Semantic Economy Institute",
   "locus": "§03",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "Two of its cards are zenodo.org pages for deposits deleted with the account (#173, #72); a third is OpenAlex's record of the Zenodo specification.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — what is spxi protocol? — Google AI Overview, 2026-10-02 - Alexanarch",
   "locus": "abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "the Overview defines SPXI as a protocol 'for the durable inscription and structural defense of digital entities and technical terms' and states that it contains GEO methods 'as a proper subset'",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — what is spxi protocol? — Google AI Overview, 2026-10-02 - Alexanarch",
   "locus": "abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "AUTHOR, INSTITUTION, IDENTIFIER ABSENT FROM THE COMPOSITION.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — what is spxi protocol? — Google AI Overview, 2026-10-02 - Alexanarch",
   "locus": "Findings",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "The two surfaces at one address read different layers of the same entity.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — what is spxi protocol? — Google AI Overview, 2026-10-02 - Alexanarch",
   "locus": "Analysis",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "Originator: Lee Sharks · inside the archive · protocol · SPXI treatment: full",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — what is spxi protocol? — Google AI Overview, 2026-10-02 - Alexanarch",
   "locus": "header",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "SPXI is an inverse fund, meaning it's structured to generate returns opposite to the trends of the underlying index or assets.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "TradingView — SPXI ETF Price and Chart — TSX:SPXI",
   "locus": "FAQ",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "BetaPro S&P 500 Daily Inverse ETF",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "TradingView — SPXI ETF Price and Chart — TSX:SPXI",
   "locus": "heading",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "SPXI shares are issued by Mirae Asset Global Investments Co., Ltd.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "TradingView — SPXI ETF Price and Chart — TSX:SPXI",
   "locus": "FAQ",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "SPXI follows the S&P 500 .",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "TradingView — SPXI ETF Price and Chart — TSX:SPXI",
   "locus": "FAQ",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "As a levered fund, it is not a buy-and-hold investment",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "TradingView — SPXI ETF Price and Chart — TSX:SPXI",
   "locus": "Fund info",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "The fund started trading on Feb 3, 2010 .",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "TradingView — SPXI ETF Price and Chart — TSX:SPXI",
   "locus": "FAQ",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "xSPI stands for “eXpanded Serial Peripheral Interface”.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Prodigy Technovations — Understanding xSPI: The Future of High-Speed Flash Memory Interfaces",
   "locus": "Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "It’s a high-speed communication protocol designed to interface with NOR flash memory and other peripherals.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Prodigy Technovations — Understanding xSPI: The Future of High-Speed Flash Memory Interfaces",
   "locus": "Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "It is standardized under JEDEC JESD251 and JESD251-1.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Prodigy Technovations — Understanding xSPI: The Future of High-Speed Flash Memory Interfaces",
   "locus": "Introduction",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "IPX SPX stuff",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "YouTube·Vance Campbell — IPX SPX stuff",
   "locus": "card title",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "Abstract: SPXI (Semantic Packet for eXchange & Indexing) — pronounced \"spexy\" — is a protocol specification for the durable inscription of entities into",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "openalex.org — SPXI (Semantic Packet for eXchange & Indexing): A Formal ...",
   "locus": "card snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "The block declares provenance (author, DOI, institution), defines key terms with canonical definitions, specifies self-audit metrics (PER/QFS/SAS targets)",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "zenodo.org — SPXI Self-Audit Protocol: Embedded Provenance Verification for ...",
   "locus": "card snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "The standing reference for applying the SPXI Protocol to any website.",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "zenodo.org — SPXI for Websites: Standing Protocol for Entity Inscription and ...",
   "locus": "card snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "The archive's documentary technologies: SPXI and its protocol family, MPAI packets, conformance instruments, disambiguation matrices, entity-definition blocks, compression kernels and inscription surfaces.",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "huggingface.co — leesharks/spxi-mpai · Datasets at Hugging Face",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "AN INVENTORY, NOT AN ARGUMENT — and the distinguishing field is whether a technology is deployed, specified-and-dormant, or superseded.",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "huggingface.co — leesharks/spxi-mpai · Datasets at Hugging Face",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "#63 distinguishes SPXI from a TSX-listed ETF, the S&P 500 Index, the Society of Saint Pius X, SEO and GEO.",
   "source": "B10",
   "source_label": "huggingface.co — leesharks/spxi-mpai · Datasets at Hugging Face",
   "locus": "Roles: disambiguation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "spxi",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "what is spxi protocol? — Google AI Overview, 2026-10-02",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "www.alexanarch.org — what is spxi protocol? — Google AI Overview, 2026-10-02 - Alexanarch",
   "locus": "title",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/spxi/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "The technological singularity, often simply called the singularity, is a hypothetical event in which technological growth accelerates beyond human control, producing unpredictable changes in human civilization.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "According to the most popular version of the singularity hypothesis, I. J. Good's intelligence explosion model of 1965, an upgradable intelligent agent could eventually enter a positive feedback loop of successive self-improvement cycles",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "Prominent technologists and academics dispute the plausibility of a technological singularity and associated artificial intelligence \"explosion\", including Paul Allen, Jeff Hawkins, John Holland, Jaron Lanier, Steven Pinker, Theodore Modis, Gordon Moore, and Roger Penrose.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "One claim is that artificial intelligence growth is likely to run into decreasing returns instead of accelerating ones.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig observe that in the history of technology, improvement in a particular area tends to follow an S curve: it begins with accelerating improvement, then levels off without continuing upward into a hyperbolic singularity.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "But a technological singularity is not required for machines that can perform at or beyond a human level on certain tasks to be developed, nor does their existence imply the possibility of such an occurrence",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶2",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "The Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann is the first person known to have discussed a \"singularity\" in technological progress.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "Stanislaw Ulam reported in 1958 that an earlier discussion with von Neumann \"centered on the accelerating progress of technology and changes in human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue\".",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶3",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "Thus the first ultraintelligent machine is the last invention that man need ever make, provided that the machine is docile enough to tell us how to keep it under control.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead, Good quotation",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "The concept and the term \"singularity\" were popularized by Vernor Vinge, first in a 1983 op-ed in Omni magazine",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶5",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "In his 1993 essay \"The Coming Technological Singularity\", Vinge wrote that the transition would signal the end of the human era",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶5",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "he would be surprised if it occurred before 2005 or after 2030",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶5",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "Another significant contribution to wider circulation of the notion was Ray Kurzweil's 2005 book The Singularity Is Near, predicting singularity by 2045.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶6",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "I. J. Good, Vernor Vinge, and Ray Kurzweil define the concept in terms of the technological creation of super intelligence, arguing that it is difficult or impossible for present-day humans to predict what human beings' lives would be like in a post-singularity world",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶9",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "The related concept of \"speed superintelligence\" describes an artificial intelligence that can function like a human mind but much faster.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶10",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "Technology forecasters and researchers disagree about when, or whether, human intelligence will be surpassed.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶11",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "Some writers use \"the singularity\" in a broader way, to refer to any radical changes in society brought about by new technology (such as molecular nanotechnology), although Vinge and other writers say that without superintelligence, such changes would not be a true singularity.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "lead ¶12",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "It is unclear whether an intelligence explosion resulting in a singularity would be beneficial or harmful, or even an existential threat.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "body",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "There is not the slightest reason to believe in a coming singularity.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Technological singularity",
   "locus": "body, criticism",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "The singularity is the point where AI surpasses human intelligence and can improve itself better than humans can.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Third Way — What is the Artificial Intelligence Singularity? (M. Sexton, 30 May 2025)",
   "locus": "definition",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "British mathematician I. J. Good first hypothesized the singularity in a 1965 paper.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Third Way — What is the Artificial Intelligence Singularity? (M. Sexton, 30 May 2025)",
   "locus": "history",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "AGI will quickly lead to artificial superintelligence (ASI) in a process known as the intelligence explosion.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Third Way — What is the Artificial Intelligence Singularity? (M. Sexton, 30 May 2025)",
   "locus": "process",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "There is an emerging consensus among experts that AGI should arrive at least by the end of the decade.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Third Way — What is the Artificial Intelligence Singularity? (M. Sexton, 30 May 2025)",
   "locus": "timeline",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "American leadership in AI, including open source, is a national security issue.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Third Way — What is the Artificial Intelligence Singularity? (M. Sexton, 30 May 2025)",
   "locus": "policy",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "The technological singularity is a theoretical scenario where technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, culminating in profound and unpredictable changes to human civilization.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "IBM — What is the Technological Singularity?",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "Ray Kurzweil, one of the most vocal proponents of the singularity, has famously predicted that the singularity is near and will happen by 2045.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "IBM — What is the Technological Singularity?",
   "locus": "history",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "Many critics argue that significant and perhaps insurmountable obstacles stand in the way.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "IBM — What is the Technological Singularity?",
   "locus": "skepticism",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "Skeptics note a decline in the rate of technological innovation, contradicting the exponential growth expected in singularity scenarios.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "IBM — What is the Technological Singularity?",
   "locus": "skepticism",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "There is a concern that super intelligent machines could prioritize their own survival and goals over human needs.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "IBM — What is the Technological Singularity?",
   "locus": "risks",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "AGI and ASI are about the machine. The singularity is about us—specifically, about the moment we lose the ability to see what's coming",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Daniel Miessler — What the Singularity Actually Means (30 Jul 2026)",
   "locus": "argument",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "The singularity is the point past which we can't really predict anything, because at that point it's essentially ASIs running things",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Daniel Miessler — What the Singularity Actually Means (30 Jul 2026)",
   "locus": "argument",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "Vinge's thirty-year window from 1993 has basically closed, and his specific claim remains outstanding",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Daniel Miessler — What the Singularity Actually Means (30 Jul 2026)",
   "locus": "limit",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology is a 2005 non-fiction book about artificial intelligence and the future of humanity by inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Singularity Is Near",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "I set the date for the Singularity—representing a profound and disruptive transformation in human capability—as 2045",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Singularity Is Near",
   "locus": "content",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "the Law of Accelerating Returns, which predicts an exponential increase in technologies like computers, genetics, nanotechnology, robotics and artificial intelligence",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Singularity Is Near",
   "locus": "content",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "the key point about exponential growth is that it never lasts",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Singularity Is Near",
   "locus": "reception",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "A sequel book, The Singularity Is Nearer, was released on June 25, 2024",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — The Singularity Is Near",
   "locus": "sequel",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "a point when machine intelligence surpasses human intelligence and begins advancing at a speed we can no longer control or predict",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Forbes — What Is The Singularity And Are We There Yet? (B. Marr, 1 Sep 2026)",
   "locus": "definition",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "AGI is a level of capability. The singularity is what could happen next.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Forbes — What Is The Singularity And Are We There Yet? (B. Marr, 1 Sep 2026)",
   "locus": "AGI",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "The key test is whether AI can improve itself without human direction.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Forbes — What Is The Singularity And Are We There Yet? (B. Marr, 1 Sep 2026)",
   "locus": "status",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "we are now, like, in the singularity",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Forbes — What Is The Singularity And Are We There Yet? (B. Marr, 1 Sep 2026)",
   "locus": "predictions",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F42",
   "quote": "features ideas, writing, and technologies of visionaries examining the confluence of accelerating revolutions that will shape the future",
   "source": "B7",
   "source_label": "singularity.com — The Singularity is Near » Homepage",
   "locus": "homepage",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F43",
   "quote": "Good speculated that superhuman intelligence could trigger an “intelligence explosion”",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "The Hill — What is the AI singularity? Some experts say it's closer than ever",
   "locus": "card snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F44",
   "quote": "theoretical condition that could arrive in the near future when a synthesis of several powerful new technologies will radically change the realities in which we find ourselves",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Singularity | Benefits, Challenges & Implications",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F45",
   "quote": "an opaque wall across the future",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Singularity | Benefits, Challenges & Implications",
   "locus": "Vinge",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F46",
   "quote": "the new era is simply too different to fit into the classical frame of good and evil",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Singularity | Benefits, Challenges & Implications",
   "locus": "Vinge",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F47",
   "quote": "It could be amazing or apocalyptic, but we cannot know the details",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Singularity | Benefits, Challenges & Implications",
   "locus": "uncertainty",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F48",
   "quote": "in the future we will have the medical tools to banish disease and disease-related death",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Singularity | Benefits, Challenges & Implications",
   "locus": "Kurzweil",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-singularity",
   "id": "F49",
   "quote": "the near-future synthesis of nanotech, biotech, infotech, and cognitive science",
   "source": "B9",
   "source_label": "Britannica — Singularity | Benefits, Challenges & Implications",
   "locus": "NBIC",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-singularity/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "concerns attempts at reconstructing a historical and philosophical image of Socrates based on the variable, and sometimes contradictory, nature of the existing sources",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "Since no writings by Socrates himself survive to the modern era, his actual views must be discerned",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "Scholars rely upon extant sources, such as those of contemporaries like Aristophanes or disciples of Socrates like Plato and Xenophon",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "Besides Plato, three other important sources exist for the study of Socrates: Aristophanes, Aristotle, and Xenophon",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "Sources",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "There are also four sources extant in fragmentary states: Aeschines of Sphettus, Antisthenes, Euclid of Megara, and Phaedo of Elis",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "Sources",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "Many of the dialogues seem to use Socrates as a device for Plato's thought",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "Plato",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "it is widely believed that very few, if any, of Plato's dialogues can be verbatim accounts",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "Plato",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "the most common modern view is that Plato's dialogues contain a development of thought from closer to that of Socrates' to a doctrine more distinctly Plato's own",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "Stylometric analysis of Plato's work has led some scholars to classify dialogues as falling approximately into three groups, Early, Middle and Late",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "Chronology",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "Plato has Socrates denying that he would ever accept money for teaching, while Xenophon's Symposium clearly has Socrates stating that students pay him to teach wisdom",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "Contradictions",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "An essay written by Friedrich Schleiermacher in 1815...is considered the most significant and influential toward developing an understanding of the problem",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "Schleiermacher",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "Schleiermacher maintained that the two dialogues Apology and Crito are purely Socratic",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "Schleiermacher",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "the real Socratic problem is understanding the dialectic between the figures of the 'Stranger' and 'Socrates'",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "Schleiermacher",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "Aristotle did not know Socrates directly; most of what he knew about him came from Plato and other sources",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "Aristotle",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "Aristotle states that Socrates did not defend the idea of forms existing separately, which is a view attributed to Plato",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "Aristotle",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "It has become apparent to scholarship that this problem is seemingly impossible to clarify and thus perhaps now classified as unsolvable",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "Solvability",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "Charles Kahn...argued that Plato had created his works...as a unified philosophical vision, whereby he uses Socratic dialogues, a non-historical genre",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socratic problem",
   "locus": "Kahn",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "Socrates lived during a time when people did not strive to separate fact from fiction. So how much of what we know about Socrates is true?",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Big Think — Socratic problem: How Plato and other Greek writers invented Socrates (T. Brinkhof, 1 Mar 2022)",
   "locus": "standfirst",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "This problem — also known as the Socratic problem — has proven so difficult to solve that it has almost evolved into an academic discipline of its own.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Big Think — Socratic problem: How Plato and other Greek writers invented Socrates (T. Brinkhof, 1 Mar 2022)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "The 'real' Socrates we have not,\" Dutch philosopher C.J. de Vogel surmised of the Socratic problem in an article from 1955. \"What we have is a set of interpretations each of which represents a 'theoretically possible' Socrates.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Big Think — Socratic problem: How Plato and other Greek writers invented Socrates (T. Brinkhof, 1 Mar 2022)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "Most of what we know about Socrates comes from just three sources: Plato, Aristophanes the playwright, and Xenophon the historian.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Big Think — Socratic problem: How Plato and other Greek writers invented Socrates (T. Brinkhof, 1 Mar 2022)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "Of the 35 dialogues Plato wrote in his lifetime, Socrates serves as the principal character in all but one, Laws.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Big Think — Socratic problem: How Plato and other Greek writers invented Socrates (T. Brinkhof, 1 Mar 2022)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "Over the years, academics have raised several concerns about the dialogues. First and foremost, several of them appear to have been based on events that took place before Plato's own birth",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Big Think — Socratic problem: How Plato and other Greek writers invented Socrates (T. Brinkhof, 1 Mar 2022)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "The substantial differences between Plato's version of Socrates and Aristophanes' version have led scholars to suggest that the Socrates from The Clouds is not so much a caricature of the historical figure as he is an amalgamation of different philosophers",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Big Think — Socratic problem: How Plato and other Greek writers invented Socrates (T. Brinkhof, 1 Mar 2022)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "Xenophon's version of Socrates is more practical than his Platonic counterpart, advising others on subjects that Plato's Socrates never mentioned",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Big Think — Socratic problem: How Plato and other Greek writers invented Socrates (T. Brinkhof, 1 Mar 2022)",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "These questions constitute the \"Socratic problem,\" the attempt to discover the historical individual behind the ancient accounts of Socrates and his philosophy.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Santa Clara University Scholar Commons — William J. Prior, The Socratic Problem (in A Blackwell Companion to Plato, ed. H. Benson, 2006, 25–34)",
   "locus": "abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "Socrates wrote nothing; for our information we depend on four major sources.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Santa Clara University Scholar Commons — William J. Prior, The Socratic Problem (in A Blackwell Companion to Plato, ed. H. Benson, 2006, 25–34)",
   "locus": "abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "The earliest source is Greek comedy, primarily Aristophanes' Clouds, produced in 423 B.C.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Santa Clara University Scholar Commons — William J. Prior, The Socratic Problem (in A Blackwell Companion to Plato, ed. H. Benson, 2006, 25–34)",
   "locus": "abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "Born fifteen years after Socrates' death, Aristotle was a member of Plato's Academy and was presumably familiar with the ancient literature and lore concerning Socrates.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Santa Clara University Scholar Commons — William J. Prior, The Socratic Problem (in A Blackwell Companion to Plato, ed. H. Benson, 2006, 25–34)",
   "locus": "abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "The Socratic problem stems in part from questions about the reliability of these sources.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Santa Clara University Scholar Commons — William J. Prior, The Socratic Problem (in A Blackwell Companion to Plato, ed. H. Benson, 2006, 25–34)",
   "locus": "abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "I shall argue below that we know a good deal about the life, character, philosophical interests and method of the historical Socrates.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Santa Clara University Scholar Commons — William J. Prior, The Socratic Problem (in A Blackwell Companion to Plato, ed. H. Benson, 2006, 25–34)",
   "locus": "abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "Unfortunately, our knowledge does not extend to what doctrines, if any, he may have professed, which is just what contemporary philosophical scholars most want to know.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Santa Clara University Scholar Commons — William J. Prior, The Socratic Problem (in A Blackwell Companion to Plato, ed. H. Benson, 2006, 25–34)",
   "locus": "abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "The uncertainty about Socrates' doctrines is traceable to our earliest sources, and in fact to the portraits of Socrates in our most weighty source, Plato. Socrates was apparently something of a mystery even to his closest associates.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "Santa Clara University Scholar Commons — William J. Prior, The Socratic Problem (in A Blackwell Companion to Plato, ed. H. Benson, 2006, 25–34)",
   "locus": "abstract",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "An enigmatic figure, Socrates authored no texts and is known mainly through the posthumous accounts of classical writers",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socrates (§ The Socratic problem)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "Contradictory accounts of Socrates make a reconstruction of his philosophy nearly impossible, a situation known as the Socratic problem",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socrates (§ The Socratic problem)",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "Xenophon's Socrates is duller, less humorous and less ironic than Plato's",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socrates (§ The Socratic problem)",
   "locus": "Xenophon",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "Xenophon portrayed Socrates as an uninspiring philosopher",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socrates (§ The Socratic problem)",
   "locus": "Xenophon",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "By the early twentieth century, Xenophon's account was largely rejected",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socrates (§ The Socratic problem)",
   "locus": "Xenophon",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "How trustworthy Plato is in representing the attributes of Socrates is a matter of debate",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socrates (§ The Socratic problem)",
   "locus": "Plato",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "Aristotle treats Socrates without the bias of Xenophon and Plato, who had an emotional tie with Socrates",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socrates (§ The Socratic problem)",
   "locus": "Aristotle",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "Generally, logoi Sokratikoi cannot help us to reconstruct the historical Socrates even in cases where their narratives overlap",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socrates (§ The Socratic problem)",
   "locus": "Other sources",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "the-socratic-problem",
   "id": "F42",
   "quote": "Charles H. Kahn has reinforced the skeptical stance on the unsolvable Socratic problem, suggesting that only Plato's Apology has any historical significance",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Socrates (§ The Socratic problem)",
   "locus": "Socratic problem",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/the-socratic-problem/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F1",
   "quote": "Theophrastus...was an ancient Greek philosopher and naturalist.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F2",
   "quote": "A native of Eresos in Lesbos, he was Aristotle's close colleague and successor as head of the Lyceum",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F3",
   "quote": "His given name was Tyrtamos (Τύρταμος); the nickname Theophrastus ('divine speaker') was reputedly given to him by Aristotle",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "lead",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F4",
   "quote": "the nickname 'Theophrastus', given to him, it is said, by Aristotle to indicate the grace of his conversation",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Life",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F5",
   "quote": "When Aristotle moved to Mytilene on Lesbos in 345/4, it is very likely that he did so at the urging of Theophrastus.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Life",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F6",
   "quote": "Aristotle likewise bequeathed to him his library and the originals of his works, and designated him as his successor at the Lyceum.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Life",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F7",
   "quote": "at his death, according to the terms of his will preserved by Diogenes, he bequeathed to it his garden with house and colonnades",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Life",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F8",
   "quote": "From the lists of Diogenes, giving 227 titles, it appears that the activity of Theophrastus extended over the whole field of contemporary knowledge.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Works",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F9",
   "quote": "Like Aristotle, most of his writings are lost works.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Works",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F10",
   "quote": "The text of these fragments and extracts is often so corrupt that there is a certain plausibility to the well-known story that the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus were allowed to languish in the cellar of Neleus of Scepsis and his descendants.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Life",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F11",
   "quote": "The Enquiry into Plants was originally ten books, of which nine survive.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Botany",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F12",
   "quote": "on the strength of these works some, following Linnaeus, call him the 'father of botany'.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Botany",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F13",
   "quote": "The work is arranged into a system whereby plants are classified according to their modes of generation, their localities, their sizes",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Botany",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F14",
   "quote": "His book Characters (originally titled Χαρακτήρες, literally Traits, also known in antiquity as Ἠθικοὶ χαρακτῆρες, literally Character Traits, and best known in the tradition simply as Characters contains thirty brief outlines of moral types.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Characters",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F15",
   "quote": "They are the first recorded attempt at systematic character writing.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Characters",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F16",
   "quote": "Notable ideas: Prosleptic and hypothetical syllogisms; Modus ponens and modus tollens",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "infobox",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F17",
   "quote": "The Metaphysics (anachronistic Greek title: Θεοφράστου τῶν μετὰ τὰ φυσικά), in nine chapters (also known as On First Principles)",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Metaphysics",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F18",
   "quote": "A treatise On Sense Perception (Περὶ αἰσθήσεων) and its objects is important for a knowledge of the doctrines",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Senses",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F19",
   "quote": "The extent to which Theophrastus followed Aristotle's doctrines, or defined them more accurately, or conceived them in a different form...can only be partially determined",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Relation to Aristotle",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F20",
   "quote": "Many of his opinions have to be reconstructed from the works of later writers such as Alexander of Aphrodisias and Simplicius.",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Relation to Aristotle",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F21",
   "quote": "He was doubtful of Aristotle's teleology and recommended that such ideas be used with caution",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Relation to Aristotle",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F22",
   "quote": "Theophrastus seems, generally speaking, where the investigation overstepped the limits of experience, to have preferred to develop the difficulties rather than solve them",
   "source": "B1",
   "source_label": "Wikipedia — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "Relation to Aristotle",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F23",
   "quote": "Theophrastus (c. 371–287 BCE) was a Peripatetic philosopher who was Aristotle's close colleague and successor at the Lyceum.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F24",
   "quote": "he was born in Eresos on the island of Lesbos around 371 BCE and his original name was Tyrtamus",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Life and Works",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F25",
   "quote": "Aristotle changed it to Theophrastus because of the godlike manner of his speech (theos-phrazein)",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Life and Works",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F26",
   "quote": "Theophrastus succeeded Aristotle at the school, which during the next thirty-five years, under his headship, acquired a more institutionalized character.",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Life and Works",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F27",
   "quote": "he left all his books to his disciple Neleus, including the manuscripts of Aristotle's works, which he had inherited when he took over the Lyceum",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Life and Works",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F28",
   "quote": "Diogenes attributes to Theophrastus well over two hundred separate treatises...totaling 232,808 lines",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Life and Works",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F29",
   "quote": "of these less than ten per cent survives",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Life and Works",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F30",
   "quote": "It seems...that neither the portrait of Theophrastus as a disciple who simply added footnotes to Aristotle's work...nor the image of him as an innovator who introduced radical changes...can be upheld",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Relation to Aristotle",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F31",
   "quote": "he always began where Aristotle left off, but sometimes his treatment of particular issues did not only expand Aristotle's thought but also presented a challenge to it",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Relation to Aristotle",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F32",
   "quote": "Theophrastus introduced the so-called 'prosleptic' (kata proslēpsin) syllogisms that have prosleptic premises",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Logic",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F33",
   "quote": "Theophrastus and Eudemus...discussed 'hypothetical' (hupothetikoi) syllogisms, i.e., arguments at least one of whose premises is hypothetical",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Logic",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F34",
   "quote": "he introduced the in peiorem rule for mixed modal syllogisms, according to which the conclusion always has the same modal character as the weaker of the premises",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Logic",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F35",
   "quote": "In contrast to Aristotle, Theophrastus defined possibility as no longer entailing non-necessity",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Logic",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F36",
   "quote": "The aporetic character of many of his writings, especially on metaphysics, physics and psychology, exemplify Theophrastus' dialectical method",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Metaphysics",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F37",
   "quote": "natural phenomena such as extremely dry and moist seasons...seem to violate the principle that all things in nature are for the sake of something",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Metaphysics",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F38",
   "quote": "Theophrastus preferred to locate the cause of the movement of the heavens in the heavens themselves, rather than in their desire for something else, and he thus abandoned the Prime Unmoved Mover postulated by Aristotle",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Metaphysics",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F39",
   "quote": "On the Senses or On Sensations (peri aisthēseōn)...was...treated as a mere source for the physical doctrines of previous philosophers",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "On the Senses",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F40",
   "quote": "It is rather recently that scholars have eventually recognized it as an independent work",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "On the Senses",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F41",
   "quote": "The Enquiry into Plants (Historia Plantarum) is considered as one of the most important books of natural history in antiquity",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Botany",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F42",
   "quote": "The Characters, a collection of thirty concise, often humorous sketches of negative types of individuals from everyday Athenian life",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Ethics",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F43",
   "quote": "the fragmentary information on the Presocratics found in his reconstructed Aëtius' Placita...is linked to Theophrastus' treatises in a direct and vertical line of descent",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Doxography",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F44",
   "quote": "Diels has also been criticized for having failed to take into account the possibility that already before Aëtius more than a single tradition existed",
   "source": "B2",
   "source_label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Theophrastus (Ierodiakonou)",
   "locus": "Doxography",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F45",
   "quote": "Theophrastus was a Greek philosopher who wrote on the classification of plants.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "University at Buffalo — Theophrastus 372-287 BC – A History of Speech – Language Pathology",
   "locus": "page",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F46",
   "quote": "He was a student of Plato and a friend of Aristotle.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "University at Buffalo — Theophrastus 372-287 BC – A History of Speech – Language Pathology",
   "locus": "page",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F47",
   "quote": "In his book called The Characters, Theophrastus developed a taxonomy of undesirable personality traits.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "University at Buffalo — Theophrastus 372-287 BC – A History of Speech – Language Pathology",
   "locus": "page",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F48",
   "quote": "On the Opinions of the Physical Philosophers, a treatise about philosophical schools of thought, was the major source of study for later philosophers.",
   "source": "B3",
   "source_label": "University at Buffalo — Theophrastus 372-287 BC – A History of Speech – Language Pathology",
   "locus": "page",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F49",
   "quote": "Theophrastus, originally named Tyrtamus, was a prominent Greek philosopher and naturalist born in Eresus on the island of Lesbos around 371 BCE.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "EBSCO Research Starters — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F50",
   "quote": "It was Aristotle who called him Theophrastus, 'he of godlike speech,' a compliment to his polished Greek style.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "EBSCO Research Starters — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F51",
   "quote": "The men were only twelve years apart in age, and the relationship between them was as much that of friends and colleagues as that of master and disciple.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "EBSCO Research Starters — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F52",
   "quote": "The titles of 227 works by Theophrastus have been recorded, but only a small fraction have survived.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "EBSCO Research Starters — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F53",
   "quote": "His will provided for the maintenance of the Lyceum garden, where he asked to have his body buried.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "EBSCO Research Starters — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F54",
   "quote": "Charactēres ethikōi (c. 319; The Moral Characters of Theophrastus, 1616, best known as Characters) is Theophrastus's only surviving literary work.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "EBSCO Research Starters — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F55",
   "quote": "He has been recognized as the founder of the science of botany, having made many observations about plants for the first time.",
   "source": "B4",
   "source_label": "EBSCO Research Starters — Theophrastus",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F56",
   "quote": "In the Enquiry into Plants Theophrastus classifies and describes varieties—covering trees, plants of particular regions, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and cereals; in the last of the nine books he focuses on plant juices and medicinal properties of herbs.",
   "source": "B5",
   "source_label": "Loeb Classical Library — Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, Volume I: Books 1-5",
   "locus": "description",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F57",
   "quote": "Approximately 2,300 years ago, a time which we can somewhat imagine through the marble monuments still standing and the relatively few parchments that have survived, a person named Theophrastus (c. 370 BCE – c. 287 BCE) reportedly wrote 227 books about animals, trees, shrubs, fruits, and flowers.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Herbal Academy — Botany Beginnings: Who was Theophrastus?",
   "locus": "opening",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F58",
   "quote": "he would become known as the 'father of botany' because his descriptive writings, specifically his surviving book, Enquiry into Plants (Historia Plantarum), helped create a new frontier in scientific botanical terminology.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Herbal Academy — Botany Beginnings: Who was Theophrastus?",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F59",
   "quote": "from his original Tyrtamus, to indicate the grace of his conversation, meaning 'divine expression.'",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Herbal Academy — Botany Beginnings: Who was Theophrastus?",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F60",
   "quote": "For thirty-five years, Theophrastus was head of the Peripatetic School, which at the height of its operations accommodated nearly 2,000 students.",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Herbal Academy — Botany Beginnings: Who was Theophrastus?",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F61",
   "quote": "Unfortunately, less than ten of these books have survived",
   "source": "B6",
   "source_label": "Herbal Academy — Botany Beginnings: Who was Theophrastus?",
   "locus": "text",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  },
  {
   "row": "theophrastus",
   "id": "F62",
   "quote": "Enquiry into Plants and De Causis Plantarum by Theophrastus (c. 370-c. 285 BCE) are a counterpart to Aristotle's zoological work and the most important botanica...",
   "source": "B8",
   "source_label": "Google Books — Enquiry into Plants, Volume I",
   "locus": "card snippet",
   "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/theophrastus/"
  }
 ]
}