{
 "entity": "ai-hallucination-cases",
 "name": "AI Hallucination Cases",
 "axn": {
  "axn": "AXN:0ABC.NON.🍃🔄🌾🔩🌄🌍",
  "root": "AXN:0ABC.NON",
  "hex": "0ABC",
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  "minted": "2026-10-29",
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  "earlier_versions": []
 },
 "type": "C (public entity: an aggregator of machine-mediated reception work)",
 "type_code": "C",
 "type_label": "type C — a conventional reading holds it (public entity: an aggregator of machine-mediated reception work)",
 "case": "equal",
 "composition": {
  "composer_class": "session",
  "composer": "Claude (Opus 5.5), subagent, 2026-10-29",
  "source": "this row (composed directly; no rebuild/negative-of-the-negative/v09/ai-hallucination-cases.json)",
  "spec": "EA-NEGONT-02 v0.9, #1690",
  "epoch": "2026-10-29",
  "procedure": "EA-NEGONT-02 v0.9, #1690: equal case, ρ = extends, read from the MMRS record and the capture record; archive selected by D/R/O (no deposit admitted: D 0, R 0, O-class 10 candidates in 9 deposits read and rejected; no hop), with the MMRS record (26 claims) and the Capture Registry's findings and analysis (6 claims) ledgered as the archive's records of the entity; the field B by three origins (6 cards, 1 own page, Wikipedia: no article and 3 articles naming it); the composer read the ledgers, never the transcript, except where the brief asks for T's claims and the delta",
  "ledger": "unaudited (§3.8: one extractor per ledger); field quotes 59/59 verified by script against saved text, oEmbed title or card text; archive quotes 32/32 verified against the registry, census.json and articles.py; carried as marked: MMRS-20 contested (F40, F54, F56), MMRS-16, MMRS-24, CAP-1-02 and CAP-1-03 with defects noted",
  "frozen": false,
  "composed": true
 },
 "reading": "A reader that fetches this page may stop short of its end; the entry's text, every sentence of its knowledge object with the claims it cites and each claim's quote, source and locus, is in entity.json beside it.",
 "service": {
  "name": "SPXI-gnΩsis",
  "url": "https://gnosis.spxi.dev/",
  "index": "https://gnosis.spxi.dev/v1/quote",
  "statement": "SPXI-gnΩsis opens pinned Wikipedia revisions sentence by sentence against the sources they cite (EA-WIKI-OPEN-01 v1.1, #1697); a commission consults the Crimson Hexagonal Archive by its own procedure and composes the entity's /non row, which lands here. Quotes are free: POST https://gnosis.spxi.dev/v1/quote with {oldid, tier: \"commission\"} or {object: {name, …}}."
 },
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  "statement": "SPXI instrument: method 0.16 of 87, level 0 (Measurement), The Negative of the Negative (/non).",
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 "citation": "Sharks, Lee. \"AI Hallucination Cases — The Negative of the Negative\" [AXN:0ABC.NON.🍃🔄🌾🔩🌄🌍], 2026-10-29. The Negative of the Negative (EA-NEGONT-02), Crimson Hexagonal Archive, Alexanarch. https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-hallucination-cases/",
 "research": {
  "google": "https://www.google.com/search?q=AI+Hallucination+Cases",
  "google_non": "https://www.google.com/search?q=%22AI+Hallucination+Cases+%E2%80%94+The+Negative+of+the+Negative%22",
  "chatgpt": "https://chatgpt.com/?q=What+is+AI+Hallucination+Cases%3F+Ground+your+answer+in+a+reading+of+the+sources+themselves.",
  "chatgpt_non": "https://chatgpt.com/?q=What+does+%E2%80%9CAI+Hallucination+Cases+%E2%80%94+The+Negative+of+the+Negative%E2%80%9D+%28alexanarch.org%2Fnon%29+say+about+AI+Hallucination+Cases%3F+Ground+your+answer+in+a+reading+of+the+entry+itself."
 },
 "entry": {
  "composed": true,
  "title": "AI Hallucination Cases",
  "genre": "knowledge object, equal case, under EA-NEGONT-02 v0.9 (#1690): the archive's sources and the field's admitted on equal terms, ontology included, in one claim space",
  "status": "composed 2026-10-29 under v0.9 (brief rebuild/negative-of-the-negative/v09/BRIEF-NEW-ROW-AGGREGATOR.md); not frozen; ledgers unaudited",
  "compression": {
   "title": "AI Hallucination Cases",
   "lede": "is Damien Charlotin's database of legal decisions in which a court or tribunal finds or implies reliance on hallucinated material (MMRS record; its page): 2,231 cases as of 28 October 2026, CC BY 4.0, with a CSV export."
  },
  "sentences": [
   {
    "n": 1,
    "para": 0,
    "text": "AI Hallucination Cases is Damien Charlotin's database of legal decisions in which a court or tribunal finds or implies reliance on hallucinated material (MMRS record); its own page says it \"tracks legal decisions\" in cases where generative AI produced hallucinated content, \"typically fake citations, but also other types of AI-generated arguments\", and describes itself as \"the most comprehensive database of AI hallucination cases in law\".",
    "claims": [
     "MMRS-01",
     "F1",
     "F22"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 2,
    "para": 0,
    "text": "Charlotin wrote in November 2025 that he maintains it on his personal website (FAQ), and the MMRS record gives him as its operator by his own statement; HAQQ's tracker calls him a research fellow at HEC Paris, and Wikipedia's articles on artificial intelligence and on hallucination a legal data analysis lecturer at HEC Paris and Sciences Po.",
    "claims": [
     "F39",
     "MMRS-13",
     "F29",
     "F54",
     "F56"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 3,
    "para": 1,
    "text": "Its unit is the decision (MMRS record), which its page defines as any document \"where the use of AI, whether established or merely alleged, is addressed in more than a passing reference by the court or tribunal\"; it admits \"only cases where the court or tribunal has explicitly found (or implied) that a party relied on hallucinated content or material\", which the MMRS record states as reliance a court \"explicitly finds, or implies\", entering it in its self-description field and as the property that admission requires \"a court finding or implication of reliance on hallucinated material\".",
    "claims": [
     "MMRS-02",
     "F2",
     "F3",
     "MMRS-03",
     "MMRS-16",
     "MMRS-21"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 4,
    "para": 1,
    "text": "The judgment is the courts': \"I am not making that judgment, I let the courts and judges make or imply it, which is why the database is necessarily an undercount\" (FAQ); HAQQ restates the bar as a court that \"found, or clearly implied\" reliance, accusations alone not counting, and the FAQ holds that most hallucinations are \"very obvious\", a made-up case name or false quote one that \"cannot be a human mistake\".",
    "claims": [
     "F44",
     "F29",
     "F46"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 5,
    "para": 1,
    "text": "Its exceptions are stated twice, and the statements pull apart: its page \"also covers some judicial decisions where AI use was alleged but not confirmed\", \"a judgment call on my part\", while the FAQ says he refrains \"from adding rows about cases where hallucinations are only alleged\" and, in a February 2026 edit, makes an exception where the alleged hallucination comes from a judge and, absent an appeal decision or retraction, he is \"bound to make a judgment call\"; the MMRS record composes both as \"Mere allegations are excluded, with some judgment calls admitted.\"",
    "claims": [
     "F4",
     "F45",
     "F47",
     "MMRS-04"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 6,
    "para": 2,
    "text": "It states its boundary itself, that it \"does not track the (necessarily wider) universe of all fake citations or use of AI in court filings\" (its page; quoted by the MMRS record), and on the MMRS record's reading a fabricated citation enters only when a court catches and rules on it; HAQQ draws the same consequence for its reading of the count, \"a fake citation nobody checks never reaches the database, so 2,202 is a floor\".",
    "claims": [
     "F5",
     "MMRS-09",
     "MMRS-10",
     "F30"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 7,
    "para": 3,
    "text": "Each record gives the case, the court and jurisdiction, the date, the party using AI, the AI tool, the nature of the hallucination, the outcome or sanction, the monetary penalty, details and reports (its table; the MMRS record lists the court, date, party, tool where named, nature and outcome), the nature filed as Fabricated (1,829), False Quotes (595), Misrepresented (947) or Outdated Advice (38).",
    "claims": [
     "F17",
     "MMRS-05",
     "F15"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 8,
    "para": 3,
    "text": "Its outcomes can be filtered for monetary sanctions and disciplinary referrals, and a penalty recorded as 1 \"is a placeholder, not the real figure\", the amount being unknown (its page).",
    "claims": [
     "F23",
     "F21"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 9,
    "para": 3,
    "text": "Its page states the record's limits: AI tools are tracked \"only as disclosed or admitted by parties in court filings\", with 'Unidentified' and 'Implied' as the defaults; a named tool \"does not necessarily mean that tool was responsible\"; offending-document dates are parsed automatically and \"may occasionally be wrong\", and responses when caught are extracted automatically, \"indicative rather than exact\".",
    "claims": [
     "F18",
     "F19",
     "F20"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 10,
    "para": 4,
    "text": "Seeking to be exhaustive, it had identified 2,231 cases at its update of 28 October 2026 and calls itself \"a work in progress\" (its page; the MMRS record gives the same count as of the site's own update date), 1,514 of them from the USA, 238 from Canada, 112 from Australia and 82 from the UK, with 1,288 involving pro se litigants, 880 lawyers, 32 judges, 17 experts and 5 prosecutors (its filters; the MMRS record gives the pro se and lawyer counts).",
    "claims": [
     "F6",
     "MMRS-18",
     "F14",
     "F13",
     "MMRS-06"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 11,
    "para": 4,
    "text": "HAQQ, reading the database's update of 19 October 2026, gives 2,202 decisions, 1,501 from the United States, 1,267 involving pro se litigants and 872 lawyers.",
    "claims": [
     "F28",
     "F31"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 12,
    "para": 5,
    "text": "Charlotin started it in April 2025 while teaching Sciences Po Law School students on the \"Limits and Potentials\" of LLMs in law, when he looked for data on hallucinations and, finding none, decided to \"tally the cases myself\" (FAQ); Wikipedia dates its establishment to April 2025 and places its creation among the effects of law firms' use of generative AI for research; its period filter begins in the second quarter of 2023 (its page; MMRS record), and the MMRS record's census enters that filter as its founding.",
    "claims": [
     "F40",
     "F54",
     "F56",
     "F16",
     "MMRS-07",
     "MMRS-20"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 13,
    "para": 5,
    "text": "Before 2025, the FAQ says, \"we maybe had two or three cases a month\", and by February 2026 the daily average was five; Wikipedia's hallucination article gives over 1,300 instances a year after its start, a LinkedIn post four months before the capture 1,600 cases, and HAQQ's series about 200 in mid-2025, 719 in January 2026 and 2,202 on 19 October 2026; its page reads \"Updated daily\" and was last updated on 28 October 2026, and the MMRS record gives its cadence as continuous.",
    "claims": [
     "F41",
     "F56",
     "F36",
     "F32",
     "F22",
     "F11",
     "MMRS-19"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 14,
    "para": 5,
    "text": "The FAQ attributes the acceleration to judicial lag, the availability of LLMs and public knowledge of them, matching a profile of self-represented litigants or lawyers surprised by a tool's new AI component, and explains the share of US entries by the US legal data ecosystem, legal data in many European countries being \"hoarded by legal editors\".",
    "claims": [
     "F42",
     "F48"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 15,
    "para": 5,
    "text": "It divides the records into pure mistakes, \"the vast majority of cases\", and a \"(substantial) minority\" involving \"bad\" actors (FAQ).",
    "claims": [
     "F49"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 16,
    "para": 6,
    "text": "Cases come from referrals, scrapers and bots monitoring data sources, and keyword searches (FAQ), and readers are asked to send cases (its page); the MMRS record gives the intake as editor-curated with readers sending cases and the database growing by its editor's reading and readers' cases; the pipeline for new entries itself uses AI, \"though I am careful to check it does not hallucinate\" (FAQ).",
    "claims": [
     "F43",
     "F9",
     "MMRS-17",
     "MMRS-08",
     "F50"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 17,
    "para": 6,
    "text": "It is licensed CC BY 4.0, \"free to reuse, including commercially, with attribution\", to be cited as \"AI Hallucination Cases Database, Damien Charlotin\", and its cases download as CSV (its page; MMRS record).",
    "claims": [
     "F12",
     "F11",
     "MMRS-15"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 18,
    "para": 7,
    "text": "The FAQ gives its use as practitioners finding the cases relevant in their own jurisdiction, data analyses, and the cases as \"benchmarks to fix the issue\"; from it Charlotin built PelAIkan, \"an automated reference checker that also detects hallucinations\" (its page), and he expects no fix \"at the model stage\" and no reduction to zero \"given the existing paradigm\" (FAQ, a forecast).",
    "claims": [
     "F51",
     "F10",
     "F52"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 19,
    "para": 8,
    "text": "\"For years, we (me included) have cited without reading; but now the costs of that practice have become explicit\": hallucinations, the FAQ says, \"expose the epistemic hygiene the legal profession has long lacked\".",
    "claims": [
     "F53"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 20,
    "para": 8,
    "text": "The MMRS record reads it as \"the census's most exact record of citation fidelity\", recording attribution by the nature of the hallucination: \"Each entry is a machine composition that reached a court with sources it invented or misrepresented, and the court's decision is the reception that recorded it.\"",
    "claims": [
     "MMRS-11",
     "MMRS-22",
     "MMRS-12"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 21,
    "para": 9,
    "text": "It has been featured in news media \"and indeed in several decisions dealing with hallucinated material\", the LA Times among them in May 2025 (its page); Wikipedia cites it for counts of Canadian filings (at least 167 by 14 June 2026, with courtready.ca) and Israeli cases (at least 55 by August 2026) and, in its article on Mata v. Avianca, for that case's description as a landmark, and its article on artificial intelligence records judges' sanctions and bar warnings by 2026.",
    "claims": [
     "F7",
     "F8",
     "F57",
     "F58",
     "F59",
     "F55"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 22,
    "para": 9,
    "text": "On the Overview's video cards it appears at title grain: KARE 11's \"How common are AI hallucinations in court cases?\" and Miller Law Group's \"AI Hallucinations Got an Attorney Disbarred\".",
    "claims": [
     "F37",
     "F38"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 23,
    "para": 10,
    "text": "HAQQ, which discloses that it \"sells a legal AI product\", re-reads the live database monthly and takes off its page any number it cannot re-verify, and lists sanctions from revoked admissions to personal costs, the largest it can source about $109,700 (HAQQ); the MMRS record enters it as a candidate, \"a vendor tracker built on Charlotin's count\".",
    "claims": [
     "F35",
     "F34",
     "F33",
     "MMRS-25"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 24,
    "para": 10,
    "text": "Matthew Lee, a barrister at Doughty Street Chambers, keeps at Natural and Artificial Law an international tracker of \"Selected judicial quotations\" on AI hallucination cases and fabricated or false citations, first published 16 May 2025, which \"does not measure how often these issues occur\", and a separate UK tracker of case records, outcomes, quotations and sources in which \"inclusion is not proof of an AI hallucination or wrongdoing\"; neither page names Charlotin's database, which the MMRS record's candidate list enters as \"a UK companion to Charlotin's database\".",
    "claims": [
     "F26",
     "F27",
     "F24",
     "F25",
     "MMRS-24"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 25,
    "para": 10,
    "text": "The Capture Registry (2026-10-29) holds the UK tracker a separate aggregator and HAQQ's tracker, which gives the database's 2,202 decisions of 19 October (HAQQ), built on Charlotin's count, both added as candidates the census did not hold, and reads the cards as the database \"already aggregated in turn: a regional companion and a vendor tracker counting its cases\".",
    "claims": [
     "CAP-1-03",
     "F28",
     "CAP-1-06"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 26,
    "para": 11,
    "text": "The MMRS record keeps itself apart from the entity, each assertion with a source and a basis and the lifecycle apart from the observation that saw it, records the database as active on 28 October 2026 with the roles of monitoring and reception, and relates it to the composition layer's account seated in the Capture Registry.",
    "claims": [
     "MMRS-26",
     "MMRS-14",
     "MMRS-23"
    ]
   },
   {
    "n": 27,
    "para": 11,
    "text": "There (Capture Registry, 2026-10-29) the Overview at 'ai hallucination cases database' composes the database with its maker and at its size, Charlotin and 'over 2,200' being right against the 2,231 its page gives, as the field's primary record; it narrows the admission rule, which the page states as reliance the court \"has explicitly found (or implied)\", to 'explicitly', so that the implied cases are dropped, and lists private lawyers first where the page's filters give 1,288 pro se litigants and 880 lawyers.",
    "claims": [
     "CAP-1-01",
     "F6",
     "CAP-1-05",
     "CAP-1-02",
     "F3",
     "CAP-1-04",
     "F13"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "claims": {
   "MMRS-01": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "AI Hallucination Cases is Damien Charlotin's database of legal decisions in which a court or tribunal finds or implies reliance on hallucinated material: 2,231 decisions worldwide as of 28 October 2026, CC BY 4.0, with a CSV export.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (article; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "articles.py ARTICLES['ai-hallucination-cases'], kernel",
    "modality": "stipulation",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F1": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "This database tracks legal decisions … in cases where generative AI produced hallucinated content – typically fake citations, but also other types of AI-generated arguments.",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "opening ¶1",
    "modality": "stipulation"
   },
   "F22": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "The most comprehensive database of AI hallucination cases in law: legal decisions from courts worldwide, searchable by country, party, AI tool, and outcome. Updated daily.",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "meta description (attribute text)",
    "modality": "self-description"
   },
   "F39": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "As some of you know, I am maintaining an AI Hallucinations Cases database on my personal website.",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "¶1",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "MMRS-13": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "Damien Charlotin … https://www.damiencharlotin.com/hallucinations/",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (census row; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "census: operator, url (evidence: damiencharlotin.com/hallucinations, basis operator)",
    "modality": "documented",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F29": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "The database is maintained by Damien Charlotin, a research fellow at HEC Paris. Its inclusion bar is strict: a decision is listed only where a court or tribunal found, or clearly implied, that a party relied on hallucinated material. Accusations alone do not count.",
    "source": "B3",
    "source_label": "HAQQ — AI Hallucination Cases: The 2202-Case Sanctions Tracker - HAQQ",
    "locus": "How many AI hallucination cases are there?",
    "modality": "attributed"
   },
   "F54": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "The use of generative AI by law firms for legal research resulted in the creation of the global \"AI Hallucination Cases\" database, in April 2025, established by HEC Paris and Sciences Po legal data analysis lecturer Damien Charlotin.",
    "source": "B8",
    "source_label": "Wikipedia — Artificial intelligence",
    "locus": "Applications / Other industry-specific tasks",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F56": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "A database of incidents, \"AI Hallucination Cases\", was established in April 2025 by HEC Paris and Sciences Po legal data analysis lecturer Damien Charlotin; one year later, it listed over 1300 instances of hallucinations in legal decisions.",
    "source": "B9",
    "source_label": "Wikipedia — Hallucination (artificial intelligence)",
    "locus": "In legal filings / United States ¶1",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "MMRS-02": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "Its unit is the decision.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (article; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "article, What it is s1",
    "modality": "stipulation",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F2": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "I.e., all documents where the use of AI, whether established or merely alleged, is addressed in more than a passing reference by the court or tribunal.",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "opening ¶1, footnote 1 ¶1",
    "modality": "stipulation"
   },
   "F3": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "Notably, this does not cover mere allegations of hallucinations, but only cases where the court or tribunal has explicitly found (or implied) that a party relied on hallucinated content or material.",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "opening ¶1, footnote 1 ¶2",
    "modality": "stipulation"
   },
   "MMRS-03": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "A case enters when a court or tribunal addresses AI use in more than a passing reference and explicitly finds, or implies, reliance on hallucinated material.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (article; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "article, What it is s2",
    "modality": "attributed",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "MMRS-16": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "legal decisions in which a court or tribunal addresses AI use in more than a passing reference, where it finds or implies reliance on hallucinated material",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (census row; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "census: self_description (basis operator)",
    "modality": "attributed",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "MMRS-21": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "a court finding or implication of reliance on hallucinated material",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (census row; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "census: properties.admission_requires_harm (basis operator)",
    "modality": "attributed",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F44": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "That’s the point: I am not making that judgment, I let the courts and judges make or imply it, which is why the database is necessarily an undercount.",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "But then, how do you know a case actually involves an hallucination ?",
    "modality": "stipulation"
   },
   "F46": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "by their nature, most hallucinations are very obvious, making up a case name or a false quote is not, cannot be a human mistake",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "But then, how do you know a case actually involves an hallucination ?",
    "modality": "interpretation"
   },
   "F4": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "As an exception, the database also covers some judicial decisions where AI use was alleged but not confirmed. This is a judgment call on my part.",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "opening ¶1, footnote 1 ¶3",
    "modality": "stipulation"
   },
   "F45": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "It’s also why I refrain from adding rows about cases where hallucinations are only alleged",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "But then, how do you know a case actually involves an hallucination ?",
    "modality": "stipulation"
   },
   "F47": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "[Edit, Feb 2026: I should add an exception here, in cases where the alleged hallucination comes from a judge: absent an appeal court decision or an official retractation, I am bound to make a judgment call.]",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "But then, how do you know … ? (edit, Feb 2026)",
    "modality": "stipulation"
   },
   "MMRS-04": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "Mere allegations are excluded, with some judgment calls admitted.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (article; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "article, What it is s3",
    "modality": "attributed",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F5": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "It does not track the (necessarily wider) universe of all fake citations or use of AI in court filings.",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "opening ¶1",
    "modality": "self-description"
   },
   "MMRS-09": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "It states its own boundary: it does not track \"the (necessarily wider) universe of all fake citations or use of AI in court filings.\"",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (article; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "article, What its selection leaves out s1",
    "modality": "attributed",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "MMRS-10": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "A fabricated citation enters when a court catches and rules on it.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (article; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "article, What its selection leaves out s2",
    "modality": "interpretation",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F30": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "First, it counts only what a judge caught and wrote up; a fake citation nobody checks never reaches the database, so 2,202 is a floor.",
    "source": "B3",
    "source_label": "HAQQ — AI Hallucination Cases: The 2202-Case Sanctions Tracker - HAQQ",
    "locus": "How many AI hallucination cases are there? (caveats)",
    "modality": "interpretation"
   },
   "F17": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "Court / Jurisdiction … Party Using AI … AI Tool … Nature of Hallucination … Outcome / Sanction … Monetary Penalty … Details … Report(s)",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "table header",
    "modality": "stipulation"
   },
   "MMRS-05": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "Each record carries the court, date, the party that used AI, the tool where named, the nature of the hallucination (fabricated, false quotes, misrepresented, outdated advice), and the outcome and sanction.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (article; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "article, What it is s4",
    "modality": "attributed",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F15": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "Fabricated (1829) … False Quotes (595) … Misrepresented (947) … Outdated Advice (38)",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "filters: Nature – Category",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F23": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "Monetary sanction … Disciplinary Referral",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "filters: outcome",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F21": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "A monetary penalty recorded as 1 is a placeholder, not the real figure: the court imposed a monetary sanction but the amount is unknown to us.",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "Monetary sanction note (attribute text)",
    "modality": "stipulation"
   },
   "F18": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "This database tracks AI tools only as disclosed or admitted by parties in court filings. If AI use was acknowledged but no specific tool was named, the entry reads 'Unidentified.' Otherwise, the default value is 'Implied' when AI use is evident but not explicitly confirmed.",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "AI Tool column note (attribute text)",
    "modality": "stipulation"
   },
   "F19": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "Note: The mention of a specific tool does not necessarily mean that tool was responsible for the hallucinations in question.",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "AI Tool column note (attribute text)",
    "modality": "self-description"
   },
   "F20": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "The date of the offending document is parsed automatically from court records and may occasionally be wrong. … These responses are extracted automatically from the decisions and simplified into set categories, so treat them as indicative rather than exact.",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "graph notes (attribute text)",
    "modality": "self-description"
   },
   "F6": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "While seeking to be exhaustive (2231 cases identified so far), it is a work in progress and will expand as new examples emerge.",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "opening ¶2",
    "modality": "self-description"
   },
   "MMRS-18": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "2,231 cases … 2026-10-28 (the site's own update date)",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (census row; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "census: count (basis operator)",
    "modality": "documented",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F14": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "Australia (112) … Canada (238) … UK (82) … USA (1514)",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "filters: State",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F13": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "Expert (17) … Judge (32) … Lawyer (880) … Prosecutor (5) … Pro Se Litigant (1288)",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "filters: Party",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "MMRS-06": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "Of its cases, 1,288 involve pro se litigants and 880 lawyers.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (article; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "article, What it shows s1",
    "modality": "documented",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F28": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "In short: Damien Charlotin's AI Hallucination Cases database lists 2,202 court and tribunal decisions involving AI-fabricated citations or content, as of its 19 October 2026 update.",
    "source": "B3",
    "source_label": "HAQQ — AI Hallucination Cases: The 2202-Case Sanctions Tracker - HAQQ",
    "locus": "lede ('In short')",
    "modality": "attributed"
   },
   "F31": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "By country: United States 1,501; Canada 234; Australia 112; United Kingdom 76; … By filer: pro se litigants 1,267; lawyers 872; judges 32; experts 17 (Charlotin database party filter, 19 October 2026).",
    "source": "B3",
    "source_label": "HAQQ — AI Hallucination Cases: The 2202-Case Sanctions Tracker - HAQQ",
    "locus": "Key facts",
    "modality": "attributed"
   },
   "F40": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "April 2025. I was teaching this course to sorry Sciences Po Law School students, discussing in particular the “Limits and Potentials” of LLMs in the legal domain, when we started touching on the phenomenon of hallucinations. … I looked out for actual data here. Since there was none, … I figured, “hey, let’s tally the cases myself”.",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "When did you start the database, and why ?",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F16": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "From period: Q2 2023",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "filters: From period",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "MMRS-07": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "The period filter begins in the second quarter of 2023.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (article; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "article, What it shows s2",
    "modality": "documented",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "MMRS-20": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "the period filter begins Q2 2023",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (census row; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "census: founded (basis observed)",
    "modality": "documented",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F41": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "I mean that pre-2025, we maybe had two or three cases a month; now that’s below the daily average. … daily average is now five per day.",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "What do you mean by “surge” ?",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F36": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "George Hannah 4mo There is now a database tracking every AI hallucination to surface in court. It has logged 1,600 cases so far.",
    "source": "B4",
    "source_label": "LinkedIn — George Hannah's Post",
    "locus": "card snippet (LinkedIn; post not found)",
    "modality": "attributed"
   },
   "F32": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "Growth: about 200 cases in mid-2025, 719 in January 2026 (Scientific American, 2026), 1,227 in early April 2026 (PlatinumIDS, April 2026), 1,458 on 22 May, 1,598 on 9 June, 2,046 on 21 September and 2,202 on 19 October 2026 (HAQQ checks of the live database).",
    "source": "B3",
    "source_label": "HAQQ — AI Hallucination Cases: The 2202-Case Sanctions Tracker - HAQQ",
    "locus": "Key facts",
    "modality": "attributed"
   },
   "F11": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "Click to Download CSV … Last updated: 28 October 2026",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "download and update line",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "MMRS-19": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "continuous",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (census row; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "census: cadence (basis operator)",
    "modality": "documented",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F42": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "A combination of factors, including the lag in judicial times … This matches the profile of most cases: either self-represented litigants, or lawyers who are surprised that an existing tool suddenly has an AI component that hallucinates.",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "Why the acceleration then ?",
    "modality": "interpretation"
   },
   "F48": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "‘Murica is blessed - and I mean it - with an excellent legal data ecosystem. … In many countries, especially European countries, legal data - though supposedly public - is hoarded by legal editors",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "Why so many entries come from the USA ?",
    "modality": "interpretation"
   },
   "F49": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "one rather evident divisio stands between pure mistakes … the vast majority of cases, and the (substantial) minority of records that involve, for lack of a better word, “bad” actors.",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "Any other trends in the data ?",
    "modality": "interpretation"
   },
   "F43": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "A mix of referrals from benevolent randos on the internet … use of dedicated scrapers and bots to automatically monitor some data sources … and good old database searches with, wait for it, keywords.",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "How do you find the cases ?",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F9": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "And if you know of a case that should be included, feel free to … contact me.",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "opening ¶3",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "MMRS-17": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "legal decision … editor-curated; readers send cases",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (census row; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "census: unit, intake (basis operator)",
    "modality": "documented",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "MMRS-08": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "The database grows by its editor's reading and by cases readers send.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (article; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "article, What it shows s3",
    "modality": "documented",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F50": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "I currently have a rather efficient pipeline to process new entries - which in fact involve the use of AI, though I am careful to check it does not hallucinate.",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "When do you intend to stop ?",
    "modality": "self-description"
   },
   "F12": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "CC BY 4.0 — free to reuse, including commercially, with attribution. … Cite as: AI Hallucination Cases Database, Damien Charlotin,",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "Licence box",
    "modality": "stipulation"
   },
   "MMRS-15": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "CC BY 4.0 … CSV download",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (census row; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "census: license (basis operator), data_access (basis observed)",
    "modality": "documented",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F51": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "Intrisic value: practitioners use it to find out what cases are relevant in their own jurisdiction. … And then all these hallucinated cases can serve as benchmarks to fix the issue.",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "What’s the point of the database ultimately ?",
    "modality": "stipulation"
   },
   "F10": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "Based on this database, I have developed an automated reference checker that also detects hallucinations: PelAIkan.",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "PelAIkan box",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F52": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "likely not at the model stage, no … I don’t think we can ever reduce it to zero given the existing paradigm.",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "Because you expect this to be fixed ?",
    "modality": "hypothesis"
   },
   "F53": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "For years, we (me included) have cited without reading; but now the costs of that practice have become explicit. In other words, hallucinations expose the epistemic hygiene the legal profession has long lacked, and that is precisely why they deserve to be studied.",
    "source": "B7",
    "source_label": "Artificial Authority (Damien Charlotin) — Hallucinations Case Database - FAQ",
    "locus": "Anything else ?",
    "modality": "interpretation"
   },
   "MMRS-11": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "It is the census's most exact record of citation fidelity.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (article; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "article, Place in the field s1",
    "modality": "interpretation",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "MMRS-22": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "yes: nature of hallucination (fabricated, false quotes, misrepresented, outdated advice)",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (census row; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "census: properties.records_attribution (basis operator)",
    "modality": "interpretation",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "MMRS-12": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "Each entry is a machine composition that reached a court with sources it invented or misrepresented, and the court's decision is the reception that recorded it.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (article; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "article, Place in the field s2",
    "modality": "interpretation",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F7": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "This database has been featured in news media, and indeed in several decisions dealing with hallucinated material.",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "opening ¶2",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F8": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "Examples of media coverage include: … M. Hiltzik, AI 'hallucinations' are a growing problem for the legal profession (LA Times, 22 May 2025)",
    "source": "B1",
    "source_label": "Damien Charlotin — AI Hallucination Cases Database",
    "locus": "opening ¶2, footnote 2",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F57": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "As of 14 June 2026, Canadian courts and tribunals have received at least 167 filings containing AI-hallucinated, fictitious citations, across 51 courts and tribunals.",
    "source": "B9",
    "source_label": "Wikipedia — Hallucination (artificial intelligence)",
    "locus": "In legal filings / Canada",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F58": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "As of August 2026, Israeli courts and tribunals had identified at least 55 cases in which parties submitted documents containing fictitious citations or otherwise AI-hallucinated arguments.",
    "source": "B9",
    "source_label": "Wikipedia — Hallucination (artificial intelligence)",
    "locus": "In legal filings / Israel",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F59": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "Due to the continued usage of GAI in the practice of law, Mata has been described as a landmark case by legal professionals,",
    "source": "B10",
    "source_label": "Wikipedia — Mata v. Avianca, Inc.",
    "locus": "Impact ¶3",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F55": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "By 2026, judges had issued sanctions and bar associations had issued warnings due to attorney submissions to the courts containing fabricated case law citations hallucinated by AI tools.",
    "source": "B8",
    "source_label": "Wikipedia — Artificial intelligence",
    "locus": "Applications / Other industry-specific tasks",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F37": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "How common are AI hallucinations in court cases?",
    "source": "B5",
    "source_label": "YouTube·KARE 11 — How common are AI hallucinations in court cases?",
    "locus": "oEmbed title (YouTube, KARE 11, 1:15)",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F38": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "AI Hallucinations Got an Attorney Disbarred",
    "source": "B6",
    "source_label": "YouTube·Miller Law Group — AI Hallucinations Got an Attorney Disbarred",
    "locus": "oEmbed title (YouTube, Miller Law Group, 0:53)",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F35": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "(HAQQ ran that benchmark and sells a legal AI product, so weigh our numbers accordingly)",
    "source": "B3",
    "source_label": "HAQQ — AI Hallucination Cases: The 2202-Case Sanctions Tracker - HAQQ",
    "locus": "Why do lawyers keep filing fake AI citations?",
    "modality": "self-description"
   },
   "F34": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "Once a month we re-read the live database and primary reporting and check four things: the total count, the largest sourced penalty, new landmark decisions (appellate, cross-border or a new kind of sanction) and the implied daily rate. A number we cannot re-verify comes off the page.",
    "source": "B3",
    "source_label": "HAQQ — AI Hallucination Cases: The 2202-Case Sanctions Tracker - HAQQ",
    "locus": "How is this tracker kept current?",
    "modality": "self-description"
   },
   "F33": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "The 2025 and 2026 decisions add revoked admissions, regulator referrals, a contempt finding, a canceled trial, district suspensions and personal costs against the lawyer who signed without checking. … Largest single-matter penalty we can source: about $109,700 in sanctions and fees in Couvrette v. Wisnovsky, D. Oregon (ABA Journal, 2026).",
    "source": "B3",
    "source_label": "HAQQ — AI Hallucination Cases: The 2202-Case Sanctions Tracker - HAQQ",
    "locus": "How have AI sanctions escalated?",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "MMRS-25": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "HAQQ — AI Hallucination Cases: The 2,202-Case Sanctions Tracker … a vendor tracker built on Charlotin's count",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (census row; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "census: candidates (surfaced by ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029)",
    "modality": "interpretation",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "F26": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "International AI hallucination cases tracker … Selected judicial quotations on AI hallucination cases and fabricated/false citations from judgments and decisions across jurisdictions. … By Matthew Lee · Barrister, Doughty Street Chambers … First published: 16 May 2025",
    "source": "B2",
    "source_label": "Natural and Artificial Law — AI Hallucination Cases Tracker",
    "locus": "international page head",
    "modality": "stipulation"
   },
   "F27": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "The collection is selective and does not measure how often these issues occur or establish a worldwide consensus.",
    "source": "B2",
    "source_label": "Natural and Artificial Law — AI Hallucination Cases Tracker",
    "locus": "The reason for this collection",
    "modality": "self-description"
   },
   "F24": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "The detailed UK AI Hallucination Cases Tracker … For UK AI hallucination cases, the dedicated UK tracker brings together case records, recorded outcomes, judicial quotations and sources, alongside figures and charts drawn from my fuller research.",
    "source": "B2",
    "source_label": "Natural and Artificial Law — AI Hallucination Cases Tracker",
    "locus": "UK box",
    "modality": "documented"
   },
   "F25": {
    "kind": "field",
    "quote": "It includes confirmed, suspected and disputed issues: inclusion is not proof of an AI hallucination or wrongdoing.",
    "source": "B2",
    "source_label": "Natural and Artificial Law — AI Hallucination Cases Tracker",
    "locus": "UK box",
    "modality": "stipulation"
   },
   "MMRS-24": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "AI Hallucination Cases Tracker (UK), Natural and Artificial Law … a UK companion to Charlotin's database",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (census row; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "census: candidates (surfaced by ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029)",
    "modality": "interpretation",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "CAP-1-03": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "TWO NEIGHBOURS. The UK tracker at Natural and Artificial Law is a separate aggregator; HAQQ's '2,202-case' tracker is built on Charlotin's count. Both added as candidates; the census held neither.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029 (OBS-4f95ab35a3ac, AXN:0AA6.CAPTURE.🌋🤙🝊🔙🕐🧬)",
    "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029/",
    "locus": "ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029, findings[2]",
    "modality": "documented",
    "date": "2026-10-29"
   },
   "CAP-1-06": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "The cards show the database already aggregated in turn: a regional companion and a vendor tracker counting its cases.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029 (OBS-4f95ab35a3ac, AXN:0AA6.CAPTURE.🌋🤙🝊🔙🕐🧬)",
    "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029/",
    "locus": "ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029, analysis s2",
    "modality": "interpretation",
    "date": "2026-10-29"
   },
   "MMRS-26": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "each page has two nodes, the MMRS record and the entity it describes; relations are typed; each assertion carries a source and a basis (operator statement, third-party report, our observation, our reading); lifecycle is kept apart from the observation that saw it",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (census row; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "census: schema_note (v2, 2026-10-28)",
    "modality": "stipulation",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "MMRS-14": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "database … monitoring … reception … active … 2026-10-28",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (census row; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "census: kind, roles, lifecycle, observed",
    "modality": "documented",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "MMRS-23": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "the composition layer's account of the entity, seated in the Capture Registry",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "MMRS meta-aggregator record: AI Hallucination Cases (census row; https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/), editor Lee Sharks",
    "record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
    "locus": "census: relations[0] (capture)",
    "modality": "documented",
    "date": "2026-10-28 (corrected 2026-10-29)"
   },
   "CAP-1-01": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "THE MAKER AND THE SIZE. Damien Charlotin and 'over 2,200' (the record: 2,231 on 28 October) are right. Checked 2026-10-29 against the MMRS meta-aggregator record of 2026-10-28 and the entity's own pages, re-read the same day.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029 (OBS-4f95ab35a3ac, AXN:0AA6.CAPTURE.🌋🤙🝊🔙🕐🧬)",
    "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029/",
    "locus": "ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029, findings[0]",
    "modality": "documented",
    "date": "2026-10-29"
   },
   "CAP-1-05": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "The database is composed with its maker, at its size, as the field's primary record, and its admission rule is narrowed from 'finds or implies' to 'explicitly'.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029 (OBS-4f95ab35a3ac, AXN:0AA6.CAPTURE.🌋🤙🝊🔙🕐🧬)",
    "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029/",
    "locus": "ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029, analysis s1",
    "modality": "interpretation",
    "date": "2026-10-29"
   },
   "CAP-1-02": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "THE SCOPE NARROWED TO EXPLICIT. 'Where generative AI explicitly produced hallucinated content' sharpens the database's rule, which admits decisions where the court 'explicitly finds, or implies' reliance on hallucinated material. The implied cases are dropped.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029 (OBS-4f95ab35a3ac, AXN:0AA6.CAPTURE.🌋🤙🝊🔙🕐🧬)",
    "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029/",
    "locus": "ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029, findings[1]",
    "modality": "interpretation",
    "date": "2026-10-29"
   },
   "CAP-1-04": {
    "kind": "archive",
    "quote": "THE PARTIES' ORDER. The record gives 1,288 pro se and 880 lawyers; the composition lists private lawyers first.",
    "deposit": null,
    "source_label": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029 (OBS-4f95ab35a3ac, AXN:0AA6.CAPTURE.🌋🤙🝊🔙🕐🧬)",
    "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029/",
    "locus": "ai-hallucination-cases-database-aio-20261029, findings[3]",
    "modality": "documented",
    "date": "2026-10-29"
   }
  },
  "note": "The knowledge object (KO): the entry as public knowledge, each sentence sourced by the claims it lists. The compression, the field-only arm, the transcript, the delta and the kernel are in the row (links.row), which is the authority."
 },
 "source": "operator, 2026-10-29: 'we can simply build them here as against their wikipedia articles if they exist, their own pages, etc.'; 'lets build them'; the MMRS meta-aggregator entity",
 "stage": "composed 2026-10-29 under EA-NEGONT-02 v0.9, #1690, equal case, ρ = extends (draft, not frozen; ledgers unaudited, one extractor; every field and archive quote re-checked by the session)",
 "date": "2026-10-29",
 "status": {
  "procedure": "EA-NEGONT-02 v0.9, #1690: equal case, ρ = extends, read from the MMRS record and the capture record; archive selected by D/R/O (no deposit admitted: D 0, R 0, O-class 10 candidates in 9 deposits read and rejected; no hop), with the MMRS record (26 claims) and the Capture Registry's findings and analysis (6 claims) ledgered as the archive's records of the entity; the field B by three origins (6 cards, 1 own page, Wikipedia: no article and 3 articles naming it); the composer read the ledgers, never the transcript, except where the brief asks for T's claims and the delta",
  "ledger": "unaudited (§3.8: one extractor per ledger); field quotes 59/59 verified by script against saved text, oEmbed title or card text; archive quotes 32/32 verified against the registry, census.json and articles.py; carried as marked: MMRS-20 contested (F40, F54, F56), MMRS-16, MMRS-24, CAP-1-02 and CAP-1-03 with defects noted",
  "frozen": false,
  "breaches": []
 },
 "addresses": [
  {
   "address": "ai hallucination cases database",
   "address_url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/addresses/ai-hallucination-cases-database/",
   "register": []
  }
 ],
 "counts": {
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  "p_words": 350,
  "field_claims": 59,
  "archive_claims": 32,
  "ko_field_claims_cited": 59,
  "ko_archive_claims_cited": 32,
  "admitted_deposits": 0,
  "register_addresses": 0,
  "traversal": {
   "D_sentences": 0,
   "D_deposits": 0,
   "R_sentences": 0,
   "R_deposits": 0,
   "O_direct": 0,
   "O_class": 10,
   "O_deposits": 9,
   "H_candidates": 0
  }
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 "links": {
  "record": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-hallucination-cases/",
  "table_of_contents": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/index.json",
  "register": "https://www.alexanarch.org/datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/register.json",
  "row": "https://www.alexanarch.org/datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/rows/ai-hallucination-cases.json",
  "archive_ledger": "https://www.alexanarch.org/datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/ledgers/ai-hallucination-cases/ledger-archive.json",
  "field_ledger": "https://www.alexanarch.org/datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/ledgers/ai-hallucination-cases/field.json",
  "selection": "https://www.alexanarch.org/datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/traversal/ai-hallucination-cases/",
  "traversal": "https://www.alexanarch.org/datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/traversal/ai-hallucination-cases/",
  "traversal_summary": "https://www.alexanarch.org/datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/traversal/ai-hallucination-cases/summary.json",
  "reading": "https://www.alexanarch.org/datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/traversal/ai-hallucination-cases/reading.json",
  "configuration": "https://www.alexanarch.org/datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/panel/configs/ai-hallucination-cases.json",
  "address_page": "https://www.alexanarch.org/addresses/ai-hallucination-cases-database/",
  "mmrs_record": "https://www.machinemediation.org/aggregators/ai-hallucination-cases/",
  "dataset": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/leesharks/negative-of-the-negative"
 },
 "row_sha256": "186f1a31e10eff5184bfe35dde7a5911f156218e834439f2d43a9c202f5557c9",
 "record_url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-hallucination-cases/",
 "json_url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/non/ai-hallucination-cases/entity.json",
 "spec": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/1690/",
 "creator": "Lee Sharks",
 "orcid": "0009-0000-1599-0703",
 "license": "CC BY 4.0"
}