{ "row": "viaf", "entity": "viaf", "address": "VIAF", "addresses": [ { "address": "VIAF", "slug": "viaf-aio-20261101", "addr_id": "ADDR-b691749d98a6", "obs_id": "OBS-34cceb53f2ee", "axn": "AXN:0B8C.CAPTURE.🌉🟠🌱🔅🕗❌" } ], "epoch": "2026-11-01", "type": "C (public entity on which the archive bears: a library name-authority service that links national and other authority files into clusters; an entity of the leesharks.com apparatus authorship census, host_relation 'infrastructure')", "surface": "Google AI Overview (expanded)", "auth": "signed out, incognito", "status": { "procedure": "EA-NEGONT-02 v0.10 (#1726): equal case, ρ = extends, read from the leesharks.com authorship census record, the capture record and the deposits that bear on the entity and its classes (#940 and #1722, the census's anchors; #317, #668, #261); archive selected by D/R/O (8 D candidates, 5 deposits admitted by reading with 4 instances kept; R empty; 1,438 O-class candidates read by filter and sample; hop of 21 read, 1 instance admitted), with the census record (37 claims) and the Capture Registry's findings, reading, analysis, title, PER note and query note (14 claims) ledgered as the archive's records of the entity; the field in two pools (B_D: 6 cards, 1 unreachable, the own page and Wikipedia among them; B_R: 1 census third-party source); the composer read the ledgers, never the transcript, except where the brief asks for T's claims and the delta", "ledger": "unaudited (§3.8: one extractor per ledger); field quotes 60/60 verified by script against saved text, the wikitext, the LOD record or the card text; archive quotes 65/65 verified against the registry, census.json and the deposit texts", "frozen": false, "breaches": [] }, "spec": "EA-NEGONT-02 v0.10 (#1726)", "objects": { "T": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/T1-viaf-aio-20261101.txt", "sha256": "d0ad593cc0d7b2964ed0a4e8fd743b7ea9c10f332265264c1032039d0f73fa5d", "words": 118, "cards": 6, "words_note": "one transcript at one address (118 words in the answer body, links reduced to their text, markers, the paste note and the card rail excluded; a closing offer of 22 words more; 12 markers; 6 cards)", "claims": [ "T1-1 definition: 'is an international name authority service that combines multiple national library authority files into a single online database.' (two markers)", "T1-2 operator: 'Operator: Hosted and maintained by OCLC (Online Computer Library Center).' (two markers)", "T1-3 origin: 'Origin: Initiated in 1998 as a joint proof-of-concept by the U.S. Library of Congress, the German National Library (DNB), and OCLC, launching formally in August 2003.' (one marker)", "T1-4 purpose: 'Purpose: Solves author name disambiguation by linking variant names, pseudonyms, and corporate titles across different languages, scripts, and regional spelling rules.' (three markers)", "T1-5 integration: 'Integration: Each cluster receives a unique standard identifier/URI that is widely used in library catalogs, Wikipedia biographical articles, and Wikidata.' (two markers)", "T1-6 access: 'Access: The service and its APIs are publicly available via the VIAF Website.' (two markers)", "T1-7 closing offer: 'Would you like help searching for a specific author or entity in VIAF, or learning how to access its RDF/JSON data?' (no marker)" ], "register": { "register": "data/EA-WG-CAPTURES-01.json", "slug": "viaf-aio-20261101", "obs_id": "OBS-34cceb53f2ee" }, "transcripts": [ { "slug": "viaf-aio-20261101", "address": "VIAF", "addr_id": "ADDR-b691749d98a6", "obs_id": "OBS-34cceb53f2ee", "axn": "AXN:0B8C.CAPTURE.🌉🟠🌱🔅🕗❌", "date": "2026-11-01", "surface": "Google AI Overview (expanded)", "auth": "signed out, incognito", "sha256": "d0ad593cc0d7b2964ed0a4e8fd743b7ea9c10f332265264c1032039d0f73fa5d", "sha256_of": "the registry's 'transcript' string (utf-8)", "sha256_raw": "d44803732eb44bed39f1e4b516777322a44fcccd43473ddfd87a8d5570f4512b", "words": 118, "cards": 6, "card_rail": [ "1. VIAF — VIAF", "2. OCLC — VIAF: Convenient access to name authority files | OCLC", "3. Wikipedia — Virtual International Authority File - Wikipedia", "4. OCLC — VIAF (The Virtual International Authority File)", "5. The Linked Open Data Cloud — LOD Cloud", "6. Semantic Web Journal — Description of the VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) Dataset" ], "claims": [ "T1-1 definition: 'is an international name authority service that combines multiple national library authority files into a single online database.' (two markers)", "T1-2 operator: 'Operator: Hosted and maintained by OCLC (Online Computer Library Center).' (two markers)", "T1-3 origin: 'Origin: Initiated in 1998 as a joint proof-of-concept by the U.S. Library of Congress, the German National Library (DNB), and OCLC, launching formally in August 2003.' (one marker)", "T1-4 purpose: 'Purpose: Solves author name disambiguation by linking variant names, pseudonyms, and corporate titles across different languages, scripts, and regional spelling rules.' (three markers)", "T1-5 integration: 'Integration: Each cluster receives a unique standard identifier/URI that is widely used in library catalogs, Wikipedia biographical articles, and Wikidata.' (two markers)", "T1-6 access: 'Access: The service and its APIs are publicly available via the VIAF Website.' (two markers)", "T1-7 closing offer: 'Would you like help searching for a specific author or entity in VIAF, or learning how to access its RDF/JSON data?' (no marker)" ], "markers": 12, "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/T1-viaf-aio-20261101.txt", "note": "The paste is the Overview expanded (the 'AI Mode Conversation' view), surface and auth by the operator's defaults of 2026-10-01 and 2026-10-14 as the registry records them (surface_basis, auth_basis); run with the census names on 2026-11-01, the paste received 01:59 EDT" } ] }, "KO": { "title": "Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)", "genre": "knowledge object, equal case, under EA-NEGONT-02 v0.10 (#1726): the final article form (§4.13), natural sentences under descriptive subheadings (§4.12), each sentence's sources beneath it by claim id (§4.5)", "status": "composed 2026-11-01 under v0.10 on the operator's ruling of 2026-10-29 ('as against their wikipedia articles if they exist, their own pages, etc.'); not frozen", "sentences": [ { "n": 1, "para": 0, "sense": "what it is", "text": "The Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) is an international authority file, a joint project of several national libraries operated by OCLC, that combines multiple library name authority files into a single OCLC-hosted name authority service.", "claims": [ "F11", "F1", "F2", "F30", "F38", "LS-01", "LS-03" ] }, { "n": 2, "para": 0, "sense": "what it is", "text": "Its contributors supply authority data that VIAF matches, links and groups; all the descriptions of one entity are merged into a cluster that brings the entity's different names together, and each cluster is assigned a URI.", "claims": [ "F3", "F43" ] }, { "n": 3, "para": 0, "sense": "what it is", "text": "The entities it covers are those whose names libraries control: people, corporations and places, and works and expressions in the FRBR model; its clusters are chiefly of persons and organizations.", "claims": [ "F47", "F43" ] }, { "n": 4, "para": 0, "sense": "what it is", "text": "In the cluster's data model the emphasis falls on recognizing, identifying and relating \"the thing\" that the contributors are trying to name, a model that passed from SKOS concepts through FOAF to foaf:focus.", "claims": [ "F57" ] }, { "n": 5, "para": 1, "sense": "linking existing authority files", "text": "The file was designed as a linkage: after several failed attempts to develop one joint authority file, the plan became to link the existing national authorities into a single virtual authority file in which identical records from the different data sets are linked together.", "claims": [ "F12", "F17", "F30" ] }, { "n": 6, "para": 1, "sense": "linking existing authority files", "text": "A VIAF record receives a standard data number, carries the primary \"see\" and \"see also\" records of the original documents and refers back to the original authority records; an example identifier is 106965171, and a VIAF URI has the canonical form http://viaf.org/viaf/[numerical value], which OCLC encourages for use in all appropriate circumstances.", "claims": [ "F18", "F26", "F46", "LS-09" ] }, { "n": 7, "para": 1, "sense": "linking existing authority files", "text": "National and regional variations in authorized form coexist within a cluster, with regional preferences of language, spelling and script preserved, so that German users see a name in the form the DNB established, French users the form the BnF established and English-speaking users the form of the LC/NACO file.", "claims": [ "F33", "F34", "F4" ] }, { "n": 8, "para": 1, "sense": "linking existing authority files", "text": "By linking disparate names for the same person or organization, it lets libraries serving different language communities repurpose one another's bibliographic data, toward its stated goal of lowering the cost and increasing the utility of library authority files.", "claims": [ "F32", "F10", "F48" ] }, { "n": 9, "para": 2, "sense": "origin and who holds it", "text": "The Library of Congress, the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek and OCLC began it in April 1998 as a proof of concept that authority records can be linked; after four years of testing the three formed the VIAF Consortium at the 2003 IFLA congress, on 6 August 2003, and the Bibliothèque nationale de France joined in October 2007.", "claims": [ "F7", "F13", "F14", "F8", "F15", "LS-16", "LS-27" ] }, { "n": 10, "para": 2, "sense": "origin and who holds it", "text": "On 4 April 2012 it passed from an OCLC Research prototype to an OCLC service, and OCLC Research's own page for the project now states that the research has concluded and that the page is kept \"for historical purposes only\".", "claims": [ "F29", "F16", "F28", "LS-02" ] }, { "n": 11, "para": 2, "sense": "origin and who holds it", "text": "OCLC maintains its hosting, software and data with the advice of the VIAF Council, through which the contributors take part in governance; the Cooperative Agreement the research page records places all key decisions with the Principals, and agencies that wish to participate must apply.", "claims": [ "F9", "F6", "F35", "F36", "LS-13" ] }, { "n": 12, "para": 3, "sense": "contributors and extent", "text": "Counts of its participants differ by date and by source: 21 authority files from 18 organizations in the winter of 2011 on the research page, 22 principals and contributors in 18 countries at the 2012 transition and more than 50 organizations from more than 30 countries on OCLC's current page, and \"a joint project of 20 national libraries\" in the Linked Open Data Cloud's record.", "claims": [ "F31", "F9", "F5", "F39", "F38" ] }, { "n": 13, "para": 3, "sense": "contributors and extent", "text": "Wikipedia's table of participants lists national libraries beside ISNI, the Perseus Project, the Getty Union List of Artist Names and Wikidata, the last marked \"citation needed\".", "claims": [ "F25", "LS-10" ] }, { "n": 14, "para": 3, "sense": "contributors and extent", "text": "In 2012 its builders described a dataset built from nearly two dozen files of 25 million authority records and 110 million bibliographic records, forming some 20 million clusters, and the Linked Open Data Cloud's record gives 200 million triples; no current count stands in the census record's saved source.", "claims": [ "F51", "F42", "LS-17" ] }, { "n": 15, "para": 4, "sense": "the identifier and the monthly clusters", "text": "Source files and their bibliographic metadata are sent to or harvested by OCLC, usually monthly; the records go through a matching process documented down to its appendices of noise titles, occupation codes and name synonyms, ambiguities are resolved, clusters are built from the matching records, and the file is rebuilt each month.", "claims": [ "F49", "F37", "F44", "LS-15" ] }, { "n": 16, "para": 4, "sense": "the identifier and the monthly clusters", "text": "Because the clustering algorithm runs every month, clusters may coalesce or split as data are added, and the identifier of certain authority records fluctuates; record IDs are maintained across updates with redirects when clusters are merged, and a change made in a source file can take more than a month to show.", "claims": [ "F24", "F50", "F54", "LS-19", "LS-30" ] }, { "n": 17, "para": 4, "sense": "the identifier and the monthly clusters", "text": "An earlier archive paper describes VIAF as aggregating national authority files \"to create stable identifiers for persons, organizations, and works\", one of the registries that solve entity disambiguation by assigning and maintaining identifiers; that description and the record of fluctuating identifiers stand together, and the redirects bear on both.", "claims": [ "O317-01", "O317-02", "F24", "F50" ] }, { "n": 18, "para": 5, "sense": "how a chosen name is held", "text": "Hickey and Young list among its known shortcomings that differences in rules and conventions cause difficulties, the common example being one authority file with entities for both Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain where another has only Mark Twain, and that matching is fairly conservative, so many possible matches are missed.", "claims": [ "F53", "F52" ] }, { "n": 19, "para": 5, "sense": "how a chosen name is held", "text": "The archive classes Clemens writing as Twain as pseudonymy, a different name on a work whose authorial function stays traceable to the civil identity behind it; in its account a pseudonym changes the label attached to an authorial function and a heteronym changes the organization of the function itself, the two told apart by eight testable markers, and the heteronym's function is attributable through the civil bearer without being reducible to that bearer.", "claims": [ "O940-01", "O940-02", "O940-03", "O940-04" ] }, { "n": 20, "para": 5, "sense": "how a chosen name is held", "text": "The archive also holds that heteronyms often have independent authority-control records because library systems catalogued them separately before the heteronymic nature of the authorship was widely understood, and it lists VIAF's Wikidata property, P214, among the identifiers a heteronym's item carries.", "claims": [ "O668-02" ] }, { "n": 21, "para": 5, "sense": "how a chosen name is held", "text": "Whether VIAF holds a pseudonym or heteronym as a see or see-also form of its bearer's cluster or as a cluster of its own is unanswered in the census record's saved source, as is whether a given chosen name has stayed distinct or been merged by the clustering algorithm; no VIAF cluster for a pseudonym or heteronym has been checked.", "claims": [ "LS-12", "LS-21", "LS-29", "LS-34" ] }, { "n": 22, "para": 5, "sense": "how a chosen name is held", "text": "The census reads the clusters that coalesce or split as the point where an authorial name can be merged with another by algorithm, the collapse #940 names, or separated again, and it records no instance of either for a given name.", "claims": [ "LS-23", "CAP-1-06" ] }, { "n": 23, "para": 5, "sense": "how a chosen name is held", "text": "ISNI, whose assignment system is based primarily on VIAF and which VIAF lists as a participant, gives each name or pseudonym under which an author has published its own ISNI.", "claims": [ "F58", "F59", "LS-32", "LS-33" ] }, { "n": 24, "para": 5, "sense": "how a chosen name is held", "text": "The archive counts the forcing of heteronyms into \"pseudonym\" categories that miss their distinctiveness as category collapse, a form of taxonomic violence it observes where literary personas are deleted from Wikipedia or miscategorized in Wikidata, and it calls a Wikidata statement sourced only to \"stated in Virtual International Authority File\" structurally vulnerable and informationally shallow.", "claims": [ "O261-01", "O668-01" ] }, { "n": 25, "para": 6, "sense": "civil-name reduction", "text": "In #940's account a civil name is the atomic unit of attribution across the systems that govern legitimacy, and a civil-name attribution regime can attempt to collapse a heteronymic corpus into single-civil-identity ownership; the heteronymic architecture does not prevent the attempt and makes the collapse register as loss.", "claims": [ "O940-05", "O940-06" ] }, { "n": 26, "para": 6, "sense": "civil-name reduction", "text": "#1722 keeps the existence of a maker apart from the kind of work: a heteronym is a real author's practice, and a heteronym has a hand that wrote it.", "claims": [ "O1722-01", "O1722-02" ] }, { "n": 27, "para": 7, "sense": "led by libraries", "text": "Christine L. Borgman groups VIAF with ISNI and ORCID as \"loosely coordinated efforts to standardize name forms\" and attempts at the problem of author name disambiguation, and notes that VIAF, unlike the other two, is led by libraries, as opposed to individual authors or creators.", "claims": [ "F21", "F22", "F23", "LS-31" ] }, { "n": 28, "para": 7, "sense": "led by libraries", "text": "Among its own stated shortcomings is a limited ability for those outside the library community to correct errors, and the archive sets authority control, which assigns identity from above, against its own practice of constructing recognizability from within.", "claims": [ "F52", "O317-03" ] }, { "n": 29, "para": 7, "sense": "led by libraries", "text": "The census reads VIAF as identity resolution led by libraries that links records judged identical into one cluster, records nothing in the file on authorial function or responsibility, and enters it as infrastructure to its question, a record of type index that keeps no works and links the authority records that participating libraries keep for names.", "claims": [ "LS-22", "LS-14", "LS-04", "LS-05", "LS-11", "LS-06", "LS-20" ] }, { "n": 30, "para": 7, "sense": "led by libraries", "text": "Its census asks how authorship is made, named, distributed, attributed and sustained across persons, personas, collectives and machine participation, and what is lost when those relations are collapsed, admits aggregators that gather and hold many works or records and say what they hold, and places VIAF under attribution, credit and identity infrastructure and meta-aggregation, its evidence an identity registry and a catalogue, read against #940 and #1722.", "claims": [ "LS-35", "LS-36", "LS-07", "LS-08", "LS-37" ] }, { "n": 31, "para": 8, "sense": "access, licence and integration", "text": "The data are available online for research, data exchange and sharing through a public website, a public API and bulk downloads, with reciprocal updating over OAI-PMH, and the dataset is released under the Open Data Commons Attribution License, a licence the census record found unstated in its saved source.", "claims": [ "F19", "F56", "F45", "F40", "LS-24", "LS-25" ] }, { "n": 32, "para": 8, "sense": "access, licence and integration", "text": "Its file numbers are added to Wikipedia biographical articles and incorporated into Wikidata, and as linked open data it was used in 2012 by freebase.com and other services; the Linked Open Data Cloud's record marks itself without licence or provenance metadata, and its listed download links on viaf.org fail with HTTP 403.", "claims": [ "F20", "F56", "F40", "F41", "LS-18", "CAP-1-07" ] }, { "n": 33, "para": 8, "sense": "access, licence and integration", "text": "In 2012 its builders counted about 55,000 visits a month to its pages and about 10 million web-service searches or page accesses a month, many apparently from commercial web harvesters.", "claims": [ "F55" ] }, { "n": 34, "para": 9, "sense": "reception and the composition at the name", "text": "VIAF's own site refused the census's fetch and this row's with a Cloudflare block, so its own statements are read here through its card's snippet, OCLC's pages and the 2012 dataset description; the census record rests on the Wikipedia article, last edited on 19 June 2026, and the ISNI article, last edited on 13 October 2026, tags a viaf.org sourceID URL as a dead link.", "claims": [ "F1", "F27", "F60", "LS-28", "LS-26", "CAP-1-09" ] }, { "n": 35, "para": 9, "sense": "reception and the composition at the name", "text": "Asked for \"VIAF\" on 1 November 2026, Google's AI Overview said what the file is, who runs it, where it came from, what it is for and how to use it; the Capture Registry found its origin, operator and integration exact and the 2012 transition carried on the fourth card only.", "claims": [ "CAP-1-10", "CAP-1-01", "CAP-1-02", "CAP-1-14", "CAP-1-13" ] }, { "n": 36, "para": 9, "sense": "reception and the composition at the name", "text": "The registry also found that the Overview linked pseudonyms on no saved page, gave each cluster a \"unique\" identifier where the saved account records its fluctuation, named no participant beyond the three founders, and left Borgman's point on libraries uncarried.", "claims": [ "CAP-1-03", "CAP-1-05", "CAP-1-08", "CAP-1-04", "CAP-1-11", "CAP-1-12" ] } ], "joins": [ { "act": "order of senses", "sentences": "1–36", "claims": [], "note": "equal case (§4.7): the entity's dependency order, field and archive claims ordered together by genealogy within each sense, neither ledger placed first as a block. What it is (¶0) precedes how it links (¶1), since the cluster is the unit the later senses qualify; origin and holder (¶2) and extent (¶3) precede the identifier (¶4), whose fluctuation is the ground of how a chosen name is held (¶5); civil-name reduction (¶6) follows the name question it reads; who leads it (¶7) qualifies the holder; access and integration (¶8) and reception with the composition at the name (¶9) stand last as relations of the entity already composed." }, { "act": "holding together (rival descriptions of the identifier)", "sentences": [ 16, 17 ], "claims": [ "O317-01", "O317-02", "F24", "F50" ], "note": "P_coh (§4.4): the archive's 'stable identifiers' (#317, 2026-01-17) and Wikipedia's fluctuating identifier, with Hickey and Young's redirects bearing on both, composed together; the composer does not rule between them (open block)." }, { "act": "holding together (the Clemens and Twain case and the archive's class)", "sentences": [ 18, 19 ], "claims": [ "F53", "O940-01", "O940-02" ], "note": "the shortcoming Hickey and Young state (one file with Clemens and Twain, another with Twain alone) placed beside #940's classing of the same pair as pseudonymy; the join is the composer's and adds no claim on how VIAF holds either name." }, { "act": "holding together (ISNI's rule beside the unanswered question)", "sentences": [ 21, 23 ], "claims": [ "LS-12", "LS-21", "F59", "F58" ], "note": "ISNI's rule (each pseudonym its own ISNI) stands beside the census's unanswered question of how VIAF holds a pseudonym; ISNI is a distinct entity, and its rule is composed as ISNI's." }, { "act": "holding together (category collapse and Wikidata)", "sentences": [ 24 ], "claims": [ "O261-01", "O668-01" ], "note": "#261's category collapse and #668's thin-sourcing judgment, each stated by the archive of Wikidata; the sentence names Wikidata as both deposits do and applies neither category to VIAF itself." }, { "act": "placing in the open block", "sentences": "open", "claims": [ "LS-12", "LS-21", "O668-02", "O317-01", "F24", "F50", "F5", "F38", "CAP-1-03" ], "note": "four questions placed in the open block: how VIAF holds a pseudonym or heteronym; whether the identifier is stable; the count of participants; the source of the Overview's pseudonyms." } ], "plan": { "order": [ "F11", "F1", "F2", "F30", "F38", "LS-01", "LS-03", "F3", "F43", "F47", "F57", "F12", "F17", "F18", "F26", "F46", "LS-09", "F33", "F34", "F4", "F32", "F10", "F48", "F7", "F13", "F14", "F8", "F15", "LS-16", "LS-27", "F29", "F16", "F28", "LS-02", "F9", "F6", "F35", "F36", "LS-13", "F31", "F5", "F39", "F25", "LS-10", "F51", "F42", "LS-17", "F49", "F37", "F44", "LS-15", "F24", "F50", "F54", "LS-19", "LS-30", "O317-01", "O317-02", "F53", "F52", "O940-01", "O940-02", "O940-03", "O940-04", "O668-02", "LS-12", "LS-21", "LS-29", "LS-34", "LS-23", "CAP-1-06", "F58", "F59", "LS-32", "LS-33", "O261-01", "O668-01", "O940-05", "O940-06", "O1722-01", "O1722-02", "F21", "F22", "F23", "LS-31", "O317-03", "LS-22", "LS-14", "LS-04", "LS-05", "LS-11", "LS-06", "LS-20", "LS-35", "LS-36", "LS-07", "LS-08", "LS-37", "F19", "F56", "F45", "F40", "LS-24", "LS-25", "F20", "F41", "LS-18", "CAP-1-07", "F55", "F27", "F60", "LS-28", "LS-26", "CAP-1-09", "CAP-1-10", "CAP-1-01", "CAP-1-02", "CAP-1-14", "CAP-1-13", "CAP-1-03", "CAP-1-05", "CAP-1-08", "CAP-1-04", "CAP-1-11", "CAP-1-12" ], "senses": { "what it is": [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ], "linking existing authority files": [ 5, 6, 7, 8 ], "origin and who holds it": [ 9, 10, 11 ], "contributors and extent": [ 12, 13, 14 ], "the identifier and the monthly clusters": [ 15, 16, 17 ], "how a chosen name is held": [ 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 ], "civil-name reduction": [ 25, 26 ], "led by libraries": [ 27, 28, 29, 30 ], "access, licence and integration": [ 31, 32, 33 ], "reception and the composition at the name": [ 34, 35, 36 ] }, "marks": [ { "claim": "O317-01", "mark": "contested", "with": [ "F24" ], "note": "the archive's \"stable identifiers\" against the field's fluctuation; F50 (redirects) bears on both; both composed (P_coh)" }, { "claim": "F5", "mark": "contested", "with": [ "F9", "F31", "F39" ], "note": "participant counts differ by date and source; all composed with their dates" } ], "conflicts": [], "cuts": [], "carried": 125 } }, "P": { "title": "Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)", "genre": "the compression: AIO's interaction grammar (lede, headed clusters, bolded labels, card rail), composed from the knowledge object; equal case", "status": "composed 2026-11-01 from the v0.10 knowledge object; not frozen", "lede": { "text": "is an international name authority file, a joint project of national libraries operated by OCLC since 2012, that links existing authority files into monthly clusters, each with an identifier that can change as clusters coalesce or split; how it holds a pseudonym or heteronym is unshown.", "claims": [ "F11", "F2", "F30", "F16", "F43", "F24", "LS-01", "LS-03", "LS-12", "LS-21" ] }, "sections": [ { "icon": "🔗", "head": "What it links", "items": [ { "label": "Linkage:", "text": "existing national files joined into one virtual file after joint-file attempts failed.", "claims": [ "F12", "F17", "F30" ] }, { "label": "Cluster:", "text": "all descriptions of one entity merged, its names together; see and see-also forms carried; a URI per cluster.", "claims": [ "F3", "F18", "F43", "F46", "F26", "LS-09" ] }, { "label": "Regional forms:", "text": "the DNB, BnF and LC/NACO forms of one name coexist.", "claims": [ "F33", "F34", "F4", "F32", "F10", "F48", "F47", "F57" ] } ] }, { "icon": "🏛️", "head": "Who holds it", "items": [ { "label": "Origin:", "text": "LC, DNB and OCLC, 1998; consortium 6 August 2003; BnF 2007; an OCLC service 4 April 2012.", "claims": [ "F7", "F13", "F14", "F8", "F15", "F16", "F29", "F28", "LS-27", "LS-16" ] }, { "label": "Holder:", "text": "OCLC hosts, advised by the VIAF Council; key decisions with the Principals.", "claims": [ "F9", "F6", "F35", "F36", "LS-02", "LS-13" ] }, { "label": "Led by libraries:", "text": "\"as opposed to individual authors or creators\" (Borgman); outsiders' corrections limited.", "claims": [ "F21", "F22", "F23", "F52", "LS-31", "LS-22", "O317-03" ] }, { "label": "Extent:", "text": "21 files (2011), 22 partners (2012), \"20 national libraries\" (LOD Cloud), 50+ organizations now.", "claims": [ "F31", "F5", "F38", "F39", "F25", "F51", "F42", "LS-10", "LS-17" ] } ] }, { "icon": "🔢", "head": "The identifier", "items": [ { "label": "Monthly:", "text": "clusters rebuilt monthly; they may coalesce or split, and some identifiers fluctuate.", "claims": [ "F24", "F44", "F49", "F37", "F54", "LS-15", "LS-19", "LS-30" ] }, { "label": "Redirects:", "text": "IDs kept with redirects when clusters merge (2012).", "claims": [ "F50" ] }, { "label": "Archive:", "text": "\"stable identifiers\" (#317), held beside the fluctuation.", "claims": [ "O317-01", "O317-02" ] } ] }, { "icon": "🎭", "head": "Names, pseudonyms, heteronyms", "items": [ { "label": "Clemens/Twain:", "text": "one file has both, another only Twain (Hickey and Young).", "claims": [ "F53" ] }, { "label": "Pseudonym or heteronym:", "text": "a label changed, or the authorial function reorganized, attributable without reduction (#940).", "claims": [ "O940-01", "O940-02", "O940-03", "O940-04", "O940-05", "O940-06", "O1722-01", "O1722-02" ] }, { "label": "Records:", "text": "heteronyms often hold separate authority records (#668); category collapse (#261).", "claims": [ "O668-02", "O261-01", "O668-01" ] }, { "label": "Census:", "text": "how VIAF holds them is unanswered; merging by algorithm is \"the collapse #940 names\".", "claims": [ "LS-12", "LS-21", "LS-23", "LS-29", "LS-34", "LS-11", "LS-14", "LS-04", "LS-05", "LS-06", "LS-20", "LS-35", "LS-36", "LS-07", "LS-08", "LS-37" ] }, { "label": "ISNI:", "text": "built on VIAF; each pseudonym its own ISNI.", "claims": [ "F58", "F59", "LS-32", "LS-33" ] } ] }, { "icon": "🌐", "head": "Access", "items": [ { "label": "Open:", "text": "website, API, bulk downloads, OAI-PMH; ODC-By.", "claims": [ "F19", "F56", "F45", "F40", "F41", "LS-24", "LS-25" ] }, { "label": "Integration:", "text": "numbers in Wikipedia biographies and Wikidata.", "claims": [ "F20", "F55", "LS-18", "CAP-1-07" ] }, { "label": "Own site:", "text": "viaf.org refused the fetch (403).", "claims": [ "F1", "F27", "F60", "LS-28", "LS-26", "CAP-1-09" ] } ] }, { "icon": "🔎", "head": "At the name", "items": [ { "label": "Overview, 1 November 2026:", "text": "origin and operator exact; pseudonyms linked on no saved page; identifier \"unique\" (Capture Registry).", "claims": [ "CAP-1-01", "CAP-1-02", "CAP-1-03", "CAP-1-04", "CAP-1-05", "CAP-1-06", "CAP-1-08", "CAP-1-10", "CAP-1-11", "CAP-1-12", "CAP-1-13", "CAP-1-14" ] } ] } ], "open": [ { "question": "Does VIAF hold a pseudonym or heteronym as a see or see-also form of its bearer's cluster, or as a cluster of its own, and does that differ by contributing file?", "rests_on": [ "LS-12", "LS-21", "LS-34", "F53", "F18", "O668-02", "O940-02" ], "modality": "interpretation (the census record; #668); F53 self-description (the 2012 shortcoming), F18 documented", "would_resolve": "a reading of the VIAF clusters for named pseudonyms and heteronyms (Mark Twain and Samuel Clemens; Pessoa's heteronyms), the see and see-also forms each carries and the contributing file of each, read from viaf.org where it admits the fetch" }, { "question": "Is the VIAF identifier stable?", "rests_on": [ "O317-01", "F24", "F50", "F54", "LS-30", "CAP-1-05" ], "modality": "interpretation (#317; the census; the Capture Registry); F24 and F50 documented", "would_resolve": "a dated comparison of cluster identifiers for one set of names across monthly builds, with the redirects followed" }, { "question": "How many institutions contribute, and how many clusters does it hold now?", "rests_on": [ "F5", "F9", "F31", "F38", "F39", "F51", "LS-17" ], "modality": "documented, dated 2011, 2012 and undated", "would_resolve": "VIAF's own current figures, from viaf.org or OCLC, dated" }, { "question": "Where did the Overview's pseudonyms come from?", "rests_on": [ "CAP-1-03", "F53", "F43", "F59" ], "modality": "interpretation (the Capture Registry); F53, F43, F59 documented or self-description", "would_resolve": "a later capture at the address that cites a source for the pseudonym linkage; the field holds variant names (F43), the Clemens/Twain shortcoming (F53) and ISNI's pseudonym rule (F59, a reference source), none naming pseudonyms as linked by VIAF" } ], "rail": [ { "lineage": "what it is", "claims": [ "F1", "F2", "F11", "F47", "LS-01", "LS-03" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "the cluster: one entity, its names together", "claims": [ "F3", "F43", "F57" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "regional forms kept within the cluster", "claims": [ "F4", "F33", "F34" ], "earliest": "B2" }, { "lineage": "contributors and extent", "claims": [ "F5", "F25", "F31", "F38", "F39", "F42", "F51", "LS-10", "LS-17", "CAP-1-08" ], "earliest": "B4" }, { "lineage": "who holds it: OCLC, the Council, the Principals", "claims": [ "F6", "F9", "F35", "F36", "LS-13", "O317-02" ], "earliest": 317 }, { "lineage": "origin: 1998, 2003, 2007", "claims": [ "F7", "F8", "F13", "F14", "F15", "LS-16", "LS-27", "CAP-1-01" ], "earliest": "B3" }, { "lineage": "purpose: cost and utility of authority files", "claims": [ "F10", "F32", "F48" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "linking existing authority files", "claims": [ "F12", "F17", "F30" ], "earliest": "B3" }, { "lineage": "operator: an OCLC service since 2012", "claims": [ "F16", "F28", "F29", "LS-02", "CAP-1-02" ], "earliest": "B3" }, { "lineage": "the record: number, see and see-also forms", "claims": [ "F18", "F26", "F46", "LS-09" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "access and licence", "claims": [ "F19", "F40", "F41", "F45", "F56", "LS-24", "LS-25" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "integration: Wikipedia, Wikidata, linked data", "claims": [ "F20", "F55", "LS-18", "CAP-1-07", "O668-01" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "Borgman: name forms, led by libraries", "claims": [ "F21", "F22", "F23", "LS-14", "LS-22", "LS-31", "CAP-1-04", "O317-03" ], "earliest": 317 }, { "lineage": "the identifier: monthly clusters, fluctuation, redirects", "claims": [ "F24", "F50", "F54", "LS-19", "LS-30", "CAP-1-05", "CAP-1-06", "O317-01" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "reception: the encyclopedia, the cloud, the journal", "claims": [ "F27", "F60", "LS-26", "LS-28", "CAP-1-09", "CAP-1-10", "CAP-1-11", "CAP-1-12", "CAP-1-13", "CAP-1-14" ], "earliest": "B3" }, { "lineage": "method: matching, monthly rebuild", "claims": [ "F37", "F44", "F49", "LS-15" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "shortcomings: matching, correction, rules", "claims": [ "F52" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "how a chosen name is held", "claims": [ "F53", "LS-12", "LS-21", "LS-23", "LS-29", "LS-34", "CAP-1-03", "O261-01", "O668-02", "O940-01", "O940-02", "O940-03", "O940-04" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "neighbours: ISNI and the pseudonym rule", "claims": [ "F58", "F59", "LS-32", "LS-33" ], "earliest": "B7" }, { "lineage": "what the census asks of it", "claims": [ "LS-04", "LS-05", "LS-06", "LS-07", "LS-08", "LS-11", "LS-20", "LS-35", "LS-36", "LS-37" ], "earliest": "LS" }, { "lineage": "civil-name reduction", "claims": [ "O940-05", "O940-06", "O1722-01", "O1722-02" ], "earliest": 940 } ], "body_words": 283, "entity": "Composed under v0.10, equal case (ρ = extends): the article first (§4.13), attribution beneath (§4.5); every field and archive claim carried." }, "P_B": { "title": "Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)", "arm": "B (the field alone)", "genre": "popup — the compression from the field ledger alone (cards and the census third-party source)", "status": "composed 2026-11-01 from the field ledger alone; not frozen", "lede": { "text": "is an international authority file run by OCLC for a group of national libraries, linking their name authority files into monthly clusters.", "claims": [ "F11", "F30", "F43", "F24" ] }, "sections": [ { "icon": "🏛️", "head": "History", "items": [ { "label": "Origin:", "text": "1998 proof of concept; consortium 2003; OCLC service 2012.", "claims": [ "F7", "F13", "F14", "F16", "F29" ] } ] }, { "icon": "🔗", "head": "How it works", "items": [ { "label": "Clusters:", "text": "names of one entity together; IDs fluctuate, redirects kept.", "claims": [ "F3", "F18", "F24", "F50" ] }, { "label": "Limits:", "text": "conservative matching; Clemens and Twain split by some files.", "claims": [ "F52", "F53" ] } ] }, { "icon": "🌐", "head": "Access", "items": [ { "label": "Open:", "text": "API, dumps, ODC-By; numbers in Wikidata.", "claims": [ "F19", "F45", "F20" ] } ] } ], "open": [ { "question": "Opacities", "rests_on": [ "F1", "F5", "F38" ], "modality": "documented and attributed", "would_resolve": "viaf.org's own pages, refused at fetch; current participant counts" } ], "entity": "the field's entity: the OCLC-hosted linkage of national name authority files, as its cards and one reference source present it", "rail": [ { "lineage": "what it is", "claims": [ "F1", "F2", "F11", "F47" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "the cluster: one entity, its names together", "claims": [ "F3", "F43", "F57" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "regional forms kept within the cluster", "claims": [ "F4", "F33", "F34" ], "earliest": "B2" }, { "lineage": "contributors and extent", "claims": [ "F5", "F25", "F31", "F38", "F39", "F42", "F51" ], "earliest": "B4" }, { "lineage": "who holds it: OCLC, the Council, the Principals", "claims": [ "F6", "F9", "F35", "F36" ], "earliest": "B2" }, { "lineage": "origin: 1998, 2003, 2007", "claims": [ "F7", "F8", "F13", "F14", "F15" ], "earliest": "B3" }, { "lineage": "purpose: cost and utility of authority files", "claims": [ "F10", "F32", "F48" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "linking existing authority files", "claims": [ "F12", "F17", "F30" ], "earliest": "B3" }, { "lineage": "operator: an OCLC service since 2012", "claims": [ "F16", "F28", "F29" ], "earliest": "B3" }, { "lineage": "the record: number, see and see-also forms", "claims": [ "F18", "F26", "F46" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "access and licence", "claims": [ "F19", "F40", "F41", "F45", "F56" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "integration: Wikipedia, Wikidata, linked data", "claims": [ "F20", "F55" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "Borgman: name forms, led by libraries", "claims": [ "F21", "F22", "F23" ], "earliest": "B3" }, { "lineage": "the identifier: monthly clusters, fluctuation, redirects", "claims": [ "F24", "F50", "F54" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "reception: the encyclopedia, the cloud, the journal", "claims": [ "F27", "F60" ], "earliest": "B3" }, { "lineage": "method: matching, monthly rebuild", "claims": [ "F37", "F44", "F49" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "shortcomings: matching, correction, rules", "claims": [ "F52" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "how a chosen name is held", "claims": [ "F53" ], "earliest": "B6" }, { "lineage": "neighbours: ISNI and the pseudonym rule", "claims": [ "F58", "F59" ], "earliest": "B7" } ], "body_words": 59 }, "KO_B": { "title": "Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)", "arm": "B (the field alone)", "genre": "knowledge object", "status": "composed 2026-11-01; not frozen", "sentences": [ { "n": 1, "para": 0, "text": "The Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) is an international authority file, a joint project of several national libraries operated by OCLC, that combines library name authority files into a single OCLC-hosted name authority service.", "claims": [ "F11", "F1", "F2", "F30", "F38", "F39" ] }, { "n": 2, "para": 0, "text": "Contributors supply authority data that VIAF matches, links and groups into clusters, one per entity with its different names brought together, each cluster assigned a URI; it covers persons, organizations, places, works and expressions whose names libraries control.", "claims": [ "F3", "F43", "F47", "F57" ] }, { "n": 3, "para": 0, "text": "A VIAF record has a standard data number, carries the see and see-also records of the originals and refers to the original authority records, and national variations in authorized form coexist within it.", "claims": [ "F18", "F26", "F46", "F33", "F34", "F4" ] }, { "n": 4, "para": 1, "text": "After failed attempts at one joint authority file, the plan became to link existing national authorities into a single virtual file, toward lower cost and greater utility of library authority files.", "claims": [ "F12", "F17", "F10", "F48", "F32" ] }, { "n": 5, "para": 1, "text": "The Library of Congress, the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek and OCLC began it in April 1998, formed the consortium in August 2003, and the BnF joined in October 2007.", "claims": [ "F7", "F13", "F14", "F8", "F15" ] }, { "n": 6, "para": 1, "text": "It became an OCLC service on 4 April 2012; OCLC maintains it with the advice of the VIAF Council, the Principals hold key decisions, and OCLC Research's project page is kept for historical purposes.", "claims": [ "F16", "F29", "F28", "F9", "F6", "F35", "F36" ] }, { "n": 7, "para": 2, "text": "Its participants number 21 files from 18 organizations (2011), 22 in 18 countries (2012), more than 50 organizations from more than 30 countries (now), or 20 national libraries (the LOD Cloud), with ISNI, the Getty ULAN and Wikidata among them.", "claims": [ "F31", "F9", "F5", "F39", "F38", "F25", "F51", "F42" ] }, { "n": 8, "para": 2, "text": "The clustering runs monthly; clusters may coalesce or split, so some identifiers fluctuate, while record IDs are kept with redirects when clusters merge.", "claims": [ "F24", "F50", "F44", "F49", "F37", "F54" ] }, { "n": 9, "para": 3, "text": "Its builders list conservative matching, a limited ability for those outside the library community to correct errors, and files that differ on whether Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain are one entity or two.", "claims": [ "F52", "F53" ] }, { "n": 10, "para": 3, "text": "Borgman groups it with ISNI and ORCID as efforts to standardize name forms and notes that it is led by libraries, as opposed to individual authors or creators.", "claims": [ "F21", "F22", "F23" ] }, { "n": 11, "para": 3, "text": "ISNI, built mainly on VIAF, gives each pseudonym its own ISNI.", "claims": [ "F58", "F59" ] }, { "n": 12, "para": 4, "text": "Its data are open for research and sharing through a website, an API, bulk downloads and OAI-PMH, under ODC-By, and its numbers are carried into Wikipedia and Wikidata.", "claims": [ "F19", "F56", "F45", "F40", "F41", "F20", "F55" ] }, { "n": 13, "para": 4, "text": "Wikipedia's article was last edited on 19 June 2026; the ISNI article tags a viaf.org URL as a dead link.", "claims": [ "F27", "F60" ] } ] }, "L_B": { "words": 380, "text": "The Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) is an international authority file, a joint project of several national libraries operated by OCLC, that combines library name authority files into a single OCLC-hosted name authority service. Contributors supply authority data that VIAF matches, links and groups into clusters, one per entity with its different names brought together, each cluster assigned a URI; it covers persons, organizations, places, works and expressions whose names libraries control. A VIAF record has a standard data number, carries the see and see-also records of the originals and refers to the original authority records, and national variations in authorized form coexist within it. After failed attempts at one joint authority file, the plan became to link existing national authorities into a single virtual file, toward lower cost and greater utility of library authority files. The Library of Congress, the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek and OCLC began it in April 1998, formed the consortium in August 2003, and the BnF joined in October 2007. It became an OCLC service on 4 April 2012; OCLC maintains it with the advice of the VIAF Council, the Principals hold key decisions, and OCLC Research's project page is kept for historical purposes. Its participants number 21 files from 18 organizations (2011), 22 in 18 countries (2012), more than 50 organizations from more than 30 countries (now), or 20 national libraries (the LOD Cloud), with ISNI, the Getty ULAN and Wikidata among them. The clustering runs monthly; clusters may coalesce or split, so some identifiers fluctuate, while record IDs are kept with redirects when clusters merge. Its builders list conservative matching, a limited ability for those outside the library community to correct errors, and files that differ on whether Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain are one entity or two. Borgman groups it with ISNI and ORCID as efforts to standardize name forms and notes that it is led by libraries, as opposed to individual authors or creators. ISNI, built mainly on VIAF, gives each pseudonym its own ISNI. Its data are open for research and sharing through a website, an API, bulk downloads and OAI-PMH, under ODC-By, and its numbers are carried into Wikipedia and Wikidata. Wikipedia's article was last edited on 19 June 2026; the ISNI article tags a viaf.org URL as a dead link.", "note": "L_F(B), the field composed in its own ontology (§0.4), realized as KO_B; its compression is P_B" }, "L_BA": { "words": 1669, "text": "The Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) is an international authority file, a joint project of several national libraries operated by OCLC, that combines multiple library name authority files into a single OCLC-hosted name authority service. Its contributors supply authority data that VIAF matches, links and groups; all the descriptions of one entity are merged into a cluster that brings the entity's different names together, and each cluster is assigned a URI. The entities it covers are those whose names libraries control: people, corporations and places, and works and expressions in the FRBR model; its clusters are chiefly of persons and organizations. In the cluster's data model the emphasis falls on recognizing, identifying and relating \"the thing\" that the contributors are trying to name, a model that passed from SKOS concepts through FOAF to foaf:focus. The file was designed as a linkage: after several failed attempts to develop one joint authority file, the plan became to link the existing national authorities into a single virtual authority file in which identical records from the different data sets are linked together. A VIAF record receives a standard data number, carries the primary \"see\" and \"see also\" records of the original documents and refers back to the original authority records; an example identifier is 106965171, and a VIAF URI has the canonical form http://viaf.org/viaf/[numerical value], which OCLC encourages for use in all appropriate circumstances. National and regional variations in authorized form coexist within a cluster, with regional preferences of language, spelling and script preserved, so that German users see a name in the form the DNB established, French users the form the BnF established and English-speaking users the form of the LC/NACO file. By linking disparate names for the same person or organization, it lets libraries serving different language communities repurpose one another's bibliographic data, toward its stated goal of lowering the cost and increasing the utility of library authority files. The Library of Congress, the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek and OCLC began it in April 1998 as a proof of concept that authority records can be linked; after four years of testing the three formed the VIAF Consortium at the 2003 IFLA congress, on 6 August 2003, and the Bibliothèque nationale de France joined in October 2007. On 4 April 2012 it passed from an OCLC Research prototype to an OCLC service, and OCLC Research's own page for the project now states that the research has concluded and that the page is kept \"for historical purposes only\". OCLC maintains its hosting, software and data with the advice of the VIAF Council, through which the contributors take part in governance; the Cooperative Agreement the research page records places all key decisions with the Principals, and agencies that wish to participate must apply. Counts of its participants differ by date and by source: 21 authority files from 18 organizations in the winter of 2011 on the research page, 22 principals and contributors in 18 countries at the 2012 transition and more than 50 organizations from more than 30 countries on OCLC's current page, and \"a joint project of 20 national libraries\" in the Linked Open Data Cloud's record. Wikipedia's table of participants lists national libraries beside ISNI, the Perseus Project, the Getty Union List of Artist Names and Wikidata, the last marked \"citation needed\". In 2012 its builders described a dataset built from nearly two dozen files of 25 million authority records and 110 million bibliographic records, forming some 20 million clusters, and the Linked Open Data Cloud's record gives 200 million triples; no current count stands in the census record's saved source. Source files and their bibliographic metadata are sent to or harvested by OCLC, usually monthly; the records go through a matching process documented down to its appendices of noise titles, occupation codes and name synonyms, ambiguities are resolved, clusters are built from the matching records, and the file is rebuilt each month. Because the clustering algorithm runs every month, clusters may coalesce or split as data are added, and the identifier of certain authority records fluctuates; record IDs are maintained across updates with redirects when clusters are merged, and a change made in a source file can take more than a month to show. An earlier archive paper describes VIAF as aggregating national authority files \"to create stable identifiers for persons, organizations, and works\", one of the registries that solve entity disambiguation by assigning and maintaining identifiers; that description and the record of fluctuating identifiers stand together, and the redirects bear on both. Hickey and Young list among its known shortcomings that differences in rules and conventions cause difficulties, the common example being one authority file with entities for both Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain where another has only Mark Twain, and that matching is fairly conservative, so many possible matches are missed. The archive classes Clemens writing as Twain as pseudonymy, a different name on a work whose authorial function stays traceable to the civil identity behind it; in its account a pseudonym changes the label attached to an authorial function and a heteronym changes the organization of the function itself, the two told apart by eight testable markers, and the heteronym's function is attributable through the civil bearer without being reducible to that bearer. The archive also holds that heteronyms often have independent authority-control records because library systems catalogued them separately before the heteronymic nature of the authorship was widely understood, and it lists VIAF's Wikidata property, P214, among the identifiers a heteronym's item carries. Whether VIAF holds a pseudonym or heteronym as a see or see-also form of its bearer's cluster or as a cluster of its own is unanswered in the census record's saved source, as is whether a given chosen name has stayed distinct or been merged by the clustering algorithm; no VIAF cluster for a pseudonym or heteronym has been checked. The census reads the clusters that coalesce or split as the point where an authorial name can be merged with another by algorithm, the collapse #940 names, or separated again, and it records no instance of either for a given name. ISNI, whose assignment system is based primarily on VIAF and which VIAF lists as a participant, gives each name or pseudonym under which an author has published its own ISNI. The archive counts the forcing of heteronyms into \"pseudonym\" categories that miss their distinctiveness as category collapse, a form of taxonomic violence it observes where literary personas are deleted from Wikipedia or miscategorized in Wikidata, and it calls a Wikidata statement sourced only to \"stated in Virtual International Authority File\" structurally vulnerable and informationally shallow. In #940's account a civil name is the atomic unit of attribution across the systems that govern legitimacy, and a civil-name attribution regime can attempt to collapse a heteronymic corpus into single-civil-identity ownership; the heteronymic architecture does not prevent the attempt and makes the collapse register as loss. #1722 keeps the existence of a maker apart from the kind of work: a heteronym is a real author's practice, and a heteronym has a hand that wrote it. Christine L. Borgman groups VIAF with ISNI and ORCID as \"loosely coordinated efforts to standardize name forms\" and attempts at the problem of author name disambiguation, and notes that VIAF, unlike the other two, is led by libraries, as opposed to individual authors or creators. Among its own stated shortcomings is a limited ability for those outside the library community to correct errors, and the archive sets authority control, which assigns identity from above, against its own practice of constructing recognizability from within. The census reads VIAF as identity resolution led by libraries that links records judged identical into one cluster, records nothing in the file on authorial function or responsibility, and enters it as infrastructure to its question, a record of type index that keeps no works and links the authority records that participating libraries keep for names. Its census asks how authorship is made, named, distributed, attributed and sustained across persons, personas, collectives and machine participation, and what is lost when those relations are collapsed, admits aggregators that gather and hold many works or records and say what they hold, and places VIAF under attribution, credit and identity infrastructure and meta-aggregation, its evidence an identity registry and a catalogue, read against #940 and #1722. The data are available online for research, data exchange and sharing through a public website, a public API and bulk downloads, with reciprocal updating over OAI-PMH, and the dataset is released under the Open Data Commons Attribution License, a licence the census record found unstated in its saved source. Its file numbers are added to Wikipedia biographical articles and incorporated into Wikidata, and as linked open data it was used in 2012 by freebase.com and other services; the Linked Open Data Cloud's record marks itself without licence or provenance metadata, and its listed download links on viaf.org fail with HTTP 403. In 2012 its builders counted about 55,000 visits a month to its pages and about 10 million web-service searches or page accesses a month, many apparently from commercial web harvesters. VIAF's own site refused the census's fetch and this row's with a Cloudflare block, so its own statements are read here through its card's snippet, OCLC's pages and the 2012 dataset description; the census record rests on the Wikipedia article, last edited on 19 June 2026, and the ISNI article, last edited on 13 October 2026, tags a viaf.org sourceID URL as a dead link. Asked for \"VIAF\" on 1 November 2026, Google's AI Overview said what the file is, who runs it, where it came from, what it is for and how to use it; the Capture Registry found its origin, operator and integration exact and the 2012 transition carried on the fourth card only. The registry also found that the Overview linked pseudonyms on no saved page, gave each cluster a \"unique\" identifier where the saved account records its fluctuation, named no participant beyond the three founders, and left Borgman's point on libraries uncarried.", "rail": [], "note": "L(B ∪ A) in the equal-terms case (§0.4), realized as the knowledge object (objects.KO); its compression is objects.P" } }, "field": [ { "id": "B1", "card": "VIAF — VIAF", "fetched": "unreachable: https://viaf.org/ HTTP 403 (Cloudflare block) at 2026-11-01T06:14:47Z, as the census's fetch at 2026-11-01T05:32:47Z; card title and snippet only", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D" }, { "id": "B2", "card": "OCLC — VIAF: Convenient access to name authority files | OCLC", "fetched": "card; B2.html sha256 fc02350aa6a54164, HTTP 200 at 2026-11-01T06:14:47Z", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D" }, { "id": "B3", "card": "Wikipedia — Virtual International Authority File - Wikipedia", "fetched": "card; B3.html sha256 10288c58ab5b9929, HTTP 200 at 2026-11-01T06:14:53Z; wikitext HTTP 200 (sha256 fd2bc9158af25086)", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D" }, { "id": "B4", "card": "OCLC — VIAF (The Virtual International Authority File)", "fetched": "card; B4.html sha256 980d3a7f49c45ff0, HTTP 200 at 2026-11-01T06:14:48Z", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D" }, { "id": "B5", "card": "The Linked Open Data Cloud — LOD Cloud", "fetched": "card; B5.html sha256 06ddf35a9abe8026, HTTP 200 at 2026-11-01T06:14:48Z; the page a script template, its record read from /json/viaf (HTTP 200, sha256 ef4a2030346d37b5)", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D" }, { "id": "B6", "card": "Semantic Web Journal — Description of the VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) Dataset", "fetched": "card; B6.pdf sha256 6aea26e7edced5b2, HTTP 200 at 2026-11-01T06:15:39Z", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D" }, { "id": "B7", "card": "Wikipedia — International Standard Name Identifier (census source)", "fetched": "census third party; B7.html sha256 24575f41df384288, HTTP 200 at 2026-11-01T05:32:47Z; the census's saved copy, sha256 matching the manifest", "origin": "census_third_party", "pool": "B_R" } ], "field_claims": { "F1": { "source": "B1", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "card title and snippet (unreachable)", "quote": "VIAF: The Virtual International Authority File The VIAF® (Virtual International Authority File) combines multiple name authority files into a single OCLC-hosted...", "claim": "VIAF's own site as its card renders it: it combines multiple name authority files into a single OCLC-hosted service", "modality": "self-description", "kind": "definition", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "what it is", "date": "undated (snippet only)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "the card's title and snippet (unreachable source), whitespace-normalised" }, "F2": { "source": "B2", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Overview", "quote": "The VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) service provides libraries and library users with convenient access to the world’s major name authority files.", "claim": "OCLC's product page: the service gives libraries and their users access to the world's major name authority files", "modality": "stipulation", "kind": "definition", "kernel": true, "const": true, "lineage": "what it is", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B2.txt (sha256 c82ab27c76c5f161…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F3": { "source": "B2", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Overview", "quote": "VIAF Contributors regularly supply authority data that VIAF matches, links, and groups. All descriptions for a given entity are merged into a cluster that brings together the different names for that entity.", "claim": "contributors supply authority data that VIAF matches, links and groups; all descriptions of an entity are merged into one cluster that brings its different names together", "modality": "stipulation", "kind": "function", "kernel": true, "const": true, "lineage": "the cluster: one entity, its names together", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B2.txt (sha256 c82ab27c76c5f161…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F4": { "source": "B2", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Overview", "quote": "This service allows researchers to identify names, locations, works, and expressions while preserving regional preferences for language, spelling, and script.", "claim": "researchers identify names, locations, works and expressions, regional preferences of language, spelling and script preserved", "modality": "self-description", "kind": "function", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "regional forms kept within the cluster", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B2.txt (sha256 c82ab27c76c5f161…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F5": { "source": "B2", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Collaborate with other libraries", "quote": "The data of more than 50 organizations from more than 30 countries is represented in VIAF.", "claim": "more than 50 organizations from more than 30 countries", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "contributors and extent", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B2.txt (sha256 c82ab27c76c5f161…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F6": { "source": "B2", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Collaborate with other libraries", "quote": "These Contributors participate in the governance of VIAF through the VIAF Council, which provides guidance on the policies, practices, and operation of VIAF.", "claim": "contributors take part in governance through the VIAF Council", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "who holds it: OCLC, the Council, the Principals", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B2.txt (sha256 c82ab27c76c5f161…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F7": { "source": "B2", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Join a trusted global authority file", "quote": "The United States Library of Congress, the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, and OCLC began a proof-of-concept project to link their authority records in April 1998. After four years of testing authority file linking, this group formed the VIAF Consortium at the 69th IFLA General Conference in August 2003.", "claim": "LC, DNB and OCLC began a proof of concept in April 1998; after four years of testing they formed the VIAF Consortium at the 69th IFLA General Conference, August 2003", "modality": "documented", "kind": "genealogy", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "origin: 1998, 2003, 2007", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B2.txt (sha256 c82ab27c76c5f161…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F8": { "source": "B2", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Join a trusted global authority file", "quote": "The Bibliothèque nationale de France joined the consortium in October 2007.", "claim": "the BnF joined in October 2007; the four original members served as Principals", "modality": "documented", "kind": "genealogy", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "origin: 1998, 2003, 2007", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B2.txt (sha256 c82ab27c76c5f161…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F9": { "source": "B2", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Join a trusted global authority file", "quote": "In 2012, the 22 VIAF Principals and Contributors in 18 countries worked with OCLC as VIAF transitioned into an OCLC service. With advice from the VIAF Council, OCLC maintains the hosting, software, and data for VIAF.", "claim": "22 principals and contributors in 18 countries at the 2012 transition; OCLC maintains hosting, software and data with the Council's advice", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "who holds it: OCLC, the Council, the Principals", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B2.txt (sha256 c82ab27c76c5f161…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F10": { "source": "B2", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "closing paragraph", "quote": "The goal of the service is to lower the cost and increase the utility of library authority files by matching and linking widely used authority files and making that information available online.", "claim": "its goal: lower the cost and raise the utility of library authority files by matching and linking them and putting them online", "modality": "stipulation", "kind": "function", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "purpose: cost and utility of authority files", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B2.txt (sha256 c82ab27c76c5f161…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F11": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "lead", "quote": "The Virtual International Authority File ( VIAF ) is an international authority file . It is a joint project of several national libraries, operated by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC).", "claim": "an international authority file, a joint project of several national libraries operated by OCLC", "modality": "documented", "kind": "definition", "kernel": true, "const": true, "lineage": "what it is", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F12": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "History", "quote": "After several failed attempts to develop a unique joint authority file, the new idea was to link existing national authorities.", "claim": "after failed attempts at one joint authority file, the idea became to link the existing national files", "modality": "documented", "kind": "genealogy", "kernel": false, "const": true, "lineage": "linking existing authority files", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F13": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "History", "quote": "The project was initiated by the American Library of Congress (LC), the German National Library (DNB), and the OCLC in April 1998 as a proof-of-concept that authority records can be linked.", "claim": "initiated April 1998 by LC, DNB and OCLC as a proof of concept that authority records can be linked", "modality": "documented", "kind": "genealogy", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "origin: 1998, 2003, 2007", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F14": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "History", "quote": "After extensive testing, the VIAF consortium was formed at the 2003 World Library and Information Congress … on 6 August 2003,", "claim": "the consortium formed at the 2003 World Library and Information Congress, 6 August 2003", "modality": "documented", "kind": "genealogy", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "origin: 1998, 2003, 2007", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F15": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "History", "quote": "The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) joined the project on 5 October 2007.", "claim": "the BnF joined on 5 October 2007", "modality": "documented", "kind": "genealogy", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "origin: 1998, 2003, 2007", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F16": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "History", "quote": "The project transitioned to being a service of OCLC on 4 April 2012.", "claim": "an OCLC service from 4 April 2012", "modality": "documented", "kind": "genealogy", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "operator: an OCLC service since 2012", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F17": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "History", "quote": "The aim is to link the national authority files (such as the German Integrated Authority File ) to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together.", "claim": "the aim: national files linked into a single virtual authority file, identical records linked together", "modality": "documented", "kind": "function", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "linking existing authority files", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F18": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "History", "quote": "A VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary \"see\" and \"see also\" records from the original documents, and refers to the original authority records.", "claim": "the unit: a VIAF record with a standard data number, the see and see-also records of the originals, and references to the original records", "modality": "documented", "kind": "definition", "kernel": true, "const": true, "lineage": "the record: number, see and see-also forms", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F19": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "History", "quote": "The data is made available online and is available for research and, data exchange and sharing. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) protocol.", "claim": "online for research, data exchange and sharing; reciprocal updating by OAI-PMH", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "access and licence", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F20": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "History", "quote": "The file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata .", "claim": "VIAF numbers added to Wikipedia biographical articles and incorporated into Wikidata", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "integration: Wikipedia, Wikidata, linked data", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F21": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "History (Borgman)", "quote": "Christine L. Borgman groups VIAF with the International Standard Name Identifier and ORCID systems, describing all three as \"loosely coordinated efforts to standardize name forms\".", "claim": "Borgman groups VIAF with ISNI and ORCID as 'loosely coordinated efforts to standardize name forms'", "modality": "attributed", "kind": "interpretation", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "Borgman: name forms, led by libraries", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F22": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "History (Borgman)", "quote": "Borgman characterizes all three systems as attempts to solve the problem of author name disambiguation , which has grown in scale as the quantity of data multiplies.", "claim": "Borgman: all three are attempts to solve author name disambiguation, a problem grown with the quantity of data", "modality": "attributed", "kind": "interpretation", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "Borgman: name forms, led by libraries", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F23": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "History (Borgman)", "quote": "She notes that VIAF, unlike the other two systems, is led by libraries, as opposed to individual authors or creators.", "claim": "Borgman: VIAF, unlike ISNI and ORCID, is led by libraries, as opposed to individual authors or creators", "modality": "attributed", "kind": "interpretation", "kernel": false, "const": true, "lineage": "Borgman: name forms, led by libraries", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F24": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "VIAF clusters", "quote": "VIAF's clustering algorithm is run every month. As more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records.", "claim": "monthly clustering; clusters may coalesce or split, so the identifier of certain records fluctuates", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": true, "const": true, "lineage": "the identifier: monthly clusters, fluctuation, redirects", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F25": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Participating libraries and organizations (table)", "quote": "International Standard Name Identifier ISNI – London United Kingdom … Perseus Project PERSEUS … Union List of Artist Names – Getty Research Institute ULAN JPG … Wikidata [ citation needed ] WKP", "claim": "the participants table: national libraries and others, among them ISNI, the Perseus Project, the Getty ULAN and Wikidata, the last marked 'citation needed'", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "contributors and extent", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F26": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "infobox", "quote": "Example 106965171", "claim": "the infobox gives an example identifier, 106965171", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the record: number, see and see-also forms", "date": "2026-06-19 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F27": { "source": "B3", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "footer", "quote": "This page was last edited on 19 June 2026, at 19:30", "claim": "the article's last edit, 19 June 2026", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "reception: the encyclopedia, the cloud, the journal", "date": "2026-06-19", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B3.txt (sha256 e1015846cc96508b…) or wikitext B3.wiki, whitespace-normalised", "also_origin": "wikipedia" }, "F28": { "source": "B4", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "notice", "quote": "Please note: This research project has concluded. … Information on this page is provided for historical purposes only. Some portion of this content may be out-of-date and include broken links.", "claim": "OCLC Research: the research project has concluded; the page is kept for historical purposes and may be out of date", "modality": "self-description", "kind": "fact", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "operator: an OCLC service since 2012", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B4.txt (sha256 620890178288de6f…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F29": { "source": "B4", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "notice", "quote": "On 4 April 2012, VIAF has transitioned from an OCLC Research prototype to an OCLC service.", "claim": "from an OCLC Research prototype to an OCLC service on 4 April 2012", "modality": "documented", "kind": "genealogy", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "operator: an OCLC service since 2012", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B4.txt (sha256 620890178288de6f…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F30": { "source": "B4", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "opening", "quote": "A joint project with the Library of Congress, the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, and the Bibliothèque nationale de France, in cooperation with an expanding number of other national libraries and other agencies, VIAF explores virtually combining the name authority files of participating institutions into a single name authority service.", "claim": "a joint project with LC, DNB and BnF, virtually combining the participants' name authority files into a single name authority service", "modality": "stipulation", "kind": "definition", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "linking existing authority files", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B4.txt (sha256 620890178288de6f…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F31": { "source": "B4", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "opening", "quote": "As of the winter of 2011 there are 21 authority files of personal, corporate, and conference names from 18 organizations participating in VIAF.", "claim": "21 authority files from 18 organizations, winter 2011", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "contributors and extent", "date": "2011 (winter, as the page states)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B4.txt (sha256 620890178288de6f…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F32": { "source": "B4", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Impact", "quote": "By linking disparate names for the same person or organization, VIAF provides a convenient means for a wider community of libraries and other agencies to repurpose bibliographic data produced by libraries serving different language communities.", "claim": "linking disparate names for one person or organization lets libraries repurpose bibliographic data across language communities", "modality": "stipulation", "kind": "function", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "purpose: cost and utility of authority files", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B4.txt (sha256 620890178288de6f…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F33": { "source": "B4", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Impact (the VIAF service)", "quote": "Links national and regional-level authority records, creating clusters of related records … Expands the concept of universal bibliographic control by (1) allowing national and regional variations in authorized form to coexist; and (2) supporting needs for variations in preferred language, script and spelling", "claim": "it links national and regional records into clusters and lets variations in authorized form coexist, with variation in language, script and spelling", "modality": "stipulation", "kind": "function", "kernel": false, "const": true, "lineage": "regional forms kept within the cluster", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B4.txt (sha256 620890178288de6f…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F34": { "source": "B4", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Impact", "quote": "For example, German users will be able to see a name displayed in the form established by the DNB, while French users will see the same name as established by the BnF, and English-speaking users will view the name as established by the LC/NACO file.", "claim": "German users see the DNB form, French users the BnF form, English-speaking users the LC/NACO form of one name", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "regional forms kept within the cluster", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B4.txt (sha256 620890178288de6f…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F35": { "source": "B4", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Governance", "quote": "VIAF consortium members are governed by the VIAF Cooperative Agreement. Under it, all key decisions rest with the Principals.", "claim": "the Cooperative Agreement: all key decisions rest with the Principals", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "who holds it: OCLC, the Council, the Principals", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B4.txt (sha256 620890178288de6f…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F36": { "source": "B4", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Participation", "quote": "Agencies that wish to participate in VIAF must apply.", "claim": "agencies must apply to participate, submitting test files", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "who holds it: OCLC, the Council, the Principals", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B4.txt (sha256 620890178288de6f…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F37": { "source": "B4", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Documents", "quote": "Personal Name Matching Jenny Toves' description of how names are matched in VIAF file processing. The Appendices list the \"noise titles\", country codes, occupation codes, and name synonyms", "claim": "Toves's documentation of personal-name matching, its appendices listing noise titles, country codes, occupation codes and name synonyms", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "method: matching, monthly rebuild", "date": "undated (the page as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B4.txt (sha256 620890178288de6f…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F38": { "source": "B5", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "card title and snippet", "quote": "Overview: VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) is an OCLC dataset and joint project of 20 national libraries combining multiple LAM name authority files ...", "claim": "the LOD Cloud's card: an OCLC dataset and joint project of 20 national libraries combining LAM name authority files", "modality": "attributed", "kind": "definition", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "contributors and extent", "date": "undated (snippet)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved record B5.json (sha256 ef4a2030346d37b5…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F39": { "source": "B5", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "dataset record, description.en", "quote": "VIAF (Virtual International Autority File) is an OCLC dataset and service -- built in cooperation with national libraries and other partners -- that virtually combines multiple LAM (Library Archives Museum) name authority files into a single name authority service. Put simply it is a large database of people and organizations that occur in library catalogs. … VIAF is a joint project of 20 national libraries, implemented and hosted by OCLC.", "claim": "the LOD Cloud's record: an OCLC dataset and service virtually combining LAM name authority files, 'a large database of people and organizations that occur in library catalogs', a joint project of 20 national libraries", "modality": "attributed", "kind": "definition", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "contributors and extent", "date": "undated (the record as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved record B5.json (sha256 ef4a2030346d37b5…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F40": { "source": "B5", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "dataset record, license and keywords", "quote": "\"license\" : \"http://www.opendefinition.org/licenses/odc-by\" … \"no-license-metadata\", \"no-provenance-metadata\"", "claim": "the LOD record's licence ODC-By, and its keywords no-license-metadata and no-provenance-metadata", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "access and licence", "date": "undated (the record as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved record B5.json (sha256 ef4a2030346d37b5…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F41": { "source": "B5", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "dataset record, other_download", "quote": "\"status\" : \"FAIL (HTTP error fetching URL. Status=403, URL=[http://viaf.org/viaf/data/viaf-20130615-links.txt.gz])\"", "claim": "the LOD record's VIAF download links (2013 dumps on viaf.org) fail with HTTP 403", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "access and licence", "date": "undated (the record as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved record B5.json (sha256 ef4a2030346d37b5…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F42": { "source": "B5", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "dataset record, triples", "quote": "\"triples\" : \"200000000\"", "claim": "the LOD record gives 200,000,000 triples", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "contributors and extent", "date": "undated (the record as fetched 2026-11-01)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved record B5.json (sha256 ef4a2030346d37b5…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F43": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Brief description of dataset", "quote": "VIAF virtually combines multiple library authority files into a single name authority service. The system mines and clusters variant names for a given entity (chiefly, persons and organizations), links the corresponding source records, and assigns a URI to each cluster.", "claim": "Hickey and Young: VIAF virtually combines library authority files; it mines and clusters variant names for an entity, chiefly persons and organizations, links the source records and assigns a URI to each cluster", "modality": "stipulation", "kind": "definition", "kernel": true, "const": true, "lineage": "the cluster: one entity, its names together", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F44": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Version date and number; Maintenance", "quote": "Updated monthly … The file is rebuilt each month using the latest source data.", "claim": "updated monthly; rebuilt each month from the latest source data", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "method: matching, monthly rebuild", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F45": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Licensing", "quote": "The VIAF dataset is made available under an Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-By)", "claim": "the dataset under the Open Data Commons Attribution License", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "access and licence", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F46": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Licensing", "quote": "To facilitate interoperability, OCLC strongly encourages the use of VIAF URIs in all appropriate circumstances. The canonical structure of a VIAF URI is http://viaf.org/viaf/[numerical value]", "claim": "OCLC encourages VIAF URIs; their canonical form http://viaf.org/viaf/[numerical value]", "modality": "stipulation", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the record: number, see and see-also forms", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F47": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Topic coverage", "quote": "Entities whose names are controlled by libraries, including people, corporations, and places, as well as FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) works and expressions.", "claim": "coverage: entities whose names libraries control, people, corporations, places, FRBR works and expressions", "modality": "stipulation", "kind": "definition", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "what it is", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F48": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Purpose", "quote": "To lower the cost and increase the utility of library authority files.", "claim": "purpose: lower cost, more utility of library authority files", "modality": "stipulation", "kind": "function", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "purpose: cost and utility of authority files", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F49": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Method of creation", "quote": "The source authority files and associated bibliographic metadata are either sent to or harvested by OCLC, usually on a monthly basis. … These enhanced authority records go through a matching process, ambiguities are resolved and clusters built from matching records.", "claim": "source files sent to or harvested by OCLC, usually monthly; matching, ambiguities resolved, clusters built from matching records", "modality": "stipulation", "kind": "function", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "method: matching, monthly rebuild", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F50": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Method of creation", "quote": "Record IDs are maintained across updates with redirects in the Web service API when clusters get merged.", "claim": "record IDs maintained across updates with redirects when clusters merge", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "the identifier: monthly clusters, fluctuation, redirects", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F51": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Size of the Dataset", "quote": "The dataset is built from information supplied by nearly two dozen files consisting of 25 million authority records and 110 million bibliographic records. VIAF builds some 20 million clusters from those 25 million source records, finding about 24 million relationships between source records.", "claim": "2012: nearly two dozen files, 25 million authority and 110 million bibliographic records, some 20 million clusters", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "contributors and extent", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F52": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Known Shortcomings", "quote": "Matches between source entities is fairly conservative, so many possible matches are missed … Limited ability for those outside the library community to correct errors", "claim": "known shortcomings: conservative matching misses many matches; limited ability for those outside the library community to correct errors", "modality": "self-description", "kind": "fact", "kernel": true, "const": true, "lineage": "shortcomings: matching, correction, rules", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F53": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Known Shortcomings", "quote": "Differences in rules and conventions can cause difficulties. A common example is for one authority file to have entities for both Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain, while another only has Mark Twain.", "claim": "differences in rules and conventions: one file has entities for both Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain, another only Mark Twain", "modality": "self-description", "kind": "fact", "kernel": true, "const": true, "lineage": "how a chosen name is held", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F54": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Known Shortcomings", "quote": "Monthly updates mean changes made to the source files could take more than a month to show up in VIAF", "claim": "changes in source files can take more than a month to show", "modality": "self-description", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the identifier: monthly clusters, fluctuation, redirects", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F55": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Web browser usage; Web API usage", "quote": "Each month VIAF receives about 55,000 visits and 260,000 page views from 30,000 visitors. … The web service currently receives about 10 million searches/page accesses each month, many of which appear to be from commercial web harvesters.", "claim": "2012 use: about 55,000 visits a month; about 10 million web-service accesses a month, many apparently commercial harvesters", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "integration: Wikipedia, Wikidata, linked data", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F56": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "Brief description of dataset; Availability", "quote": "Available as Linked Open Data (LOD), VIAF is leveraged by freebase.com and an expanding array of other agencies and services. … VIAF is available from a public web site (http://viaf.org) written using a public API, plus bulk downloads.", "claim": "linked open data used by freebase.com and others; a public web site on a public API, plus bulk downloads", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "access and licence", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F57": { "source": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "locus": "The evolution of data modeling and linked data in VIAF", "quote": "the emphasis isn't so much on imposing labels across all domains as it is on recognizing, identifying, and relating \"the thing\" that all these contributors are trying to name. … The solution eventually revealed itself in the form of foaf:focus", "claim": "the model: the emphasis on recognizing, identifying and relating 'the thing' contributors name; SKOS, then FOAF, then foaf:focus joining concepts to the thing", "modality": "stipulation", "kind": "interpretation", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the cluster: one entity, its names together", "date": "2012-05-25 (the description's date)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B6.txt (pdftotext of B6.pdf, sha256 7c31fe4ce989a750…) or the card's snippet, whitespace-normalised" }, "F58": { "source": "B7", "origin": "census_third_party", "pool": "B_R", "locus": "ISNI-IA (assignment system)", "quote": "The system is based primarily on the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) service, which has been developed by OCLC for use in the aggregation of library catalogues.", "claim": "the ISNI article: ISNI's assignment system is based primarily on VIAF", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "neighbours: ISNI and the pseudonym rule", "date": "2026-10-13 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B7.txt (the census's text, sha256 6e896cd4a929806c…), whitespace-normalised" }, "F59": { "source": "B7", "origin": "census_third_party", "pool": "B_R", "locus": "Uses", "quote": "If an author has published under several different names or pseudonyms, each such name will receive its own ISNI.", "claim": "under ISNI each name or pseudonym an author has published under receives its own ISNI", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "neighbours: ISNI and the pseudonym rule", "date": "2026-10-13 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B7.txt (the census's text, sha256 6e896cd4a929806c…), whitespace-normalised" }, "F60": { "source": "B7", "origin": "census_third_party", "pool": "B_R", "locus": "Format (viaf.org URL)", "quote": "https://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/ISNI%7C000000012146438X [ dead link ] … Dead link tagged October 2025 … This page was last edited on 13 October 2026, at 13:38", "claim": "the ISNI article tags a viaf.org sourceID URL a dead link (October 2025); last edited 13 October 2026", "modality": "documented", "kind": "fact", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "reception: the encyclopedia, the cloud, the journal", "date": "2026-10-13 (the article's last edit)", "quote_ok": true, "checked_against": "saved text B7.txt (the census's text, sha256 6e896cd4a929806c…), whitespace-normalised" } }, "field_sources": { "B1": "VIAF — VIAF", "B2": "OCLC — VIAF: Convenient access to name authority files | OCLC", "B3": "Wikipedia — Virtual International Authority File - Wikipedia", "B4": "OCLC — VIAF (The Virtual International Authority File)", "B5": "The Linked Open Data Cloud — LOD Cloud", "B6": "Semantic Web Journal — Description of the VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) Dataset", "B7": "Wikipedia — International Standard Name Identifier (census source)" }, "delta": { "T_vs_LB": "At 'VIAF' (T1, six cards, B1–B6, the disclosed pool B_D; B7, the ISNI article, is the reference pool and stands outside this comparison, §0.3), T composes a definition, five bulleted features and a closing offer. Composed at its source's grain or coarser: the definition (F11, F1, F2, F30), the operator (F9, F11), the origin (F7, F13, F14; 'launching formally in August 2003' for the consortium's formation), integration into Wikipedia biographical articles and Wikidata (F20), and public access with APIs (F56, F19). Substituted reading: 'combines multiple national library authority files into a single online database' (T1-1) composes the virtual file as one database; the field's founding distinction, that the project links existing national files after attempts at one joint file failed (F12, F17, F30, F43 'virtually combines'), is carried as a combination. Force raised: 'Solves author name disambiguation' (T1-4) where Borgman's account, as card 3 gives it, calls the three systems 'attempts to solve the problem' (F22), and card 6 lists conservative matching that misses many matches (F52). Composed beyond the cards: 'pseudonyms' (T1-4). The field holds variant names (F43), regional forms (F33, F34, F4) and the Clemens/Twain shortcoming (F53), which records that authority files differ on whether a pseudonym and its bearer are one entity or two: the linkage of pseudonyms is asserted and that limit dropped. 'corporate titles' and 'regional spelling rules' compose F43 ('persons and organizations') and F4 ('regional preferences for language, spelling, and script') at coarse grain. Limit dropped: 'Each cluster receives a unique standard identifier/URI' (T1-5) composes F43 ('assigns a URI to each cluster') and F18 ('a standard data number') without F24 (clusters coalesce or split; some identifiers fluctuate) or F54 (changes take more than a month); F50 (IDs maintained with redirects when clusters merge) qualifies the fluctuation and is absent too. 'widely used in library catalogs' has no field claim. Available, not composed: F23 (led by libraries, as opposed to individual authors or creators) and F21 (Borgman's grouping with ISNI and ORCID); F18's see and see-also forms; F3 (all descriptions of an entity merged into one cluster); the participant counts F5, F9, F31, F38, F39 (card 5's '20 national libraries' on the rail only); governance F6, F35, F36; the BnF's joining F8, F15; the 2012 transition F16, F29, on card 4's snippet only; F28 (the research page concluded); the licence F45, F40; the shortcomings F52, F53, F54; coverage F47; size and use F51, F55, F42; the data model F57; the participants table F25; F41 (the LOD record's failing downloads); F26 (an example identifier); F27. Composed without attribution: every bullet, at the coarse grain of reference description (recorded). Content replaced by use: the closing offer (T1-7) proposes a search and 'its RDF/JSON data', a next step; 'JSON' has no field claim. Nothing is assigned to another; nothing is denied.", "T_vs_LB_reading": "v0.10 §0.5: the first diff is ontological and narrow. T and the field agree on the entity, a library name-authority file operated by OCLC; T's ontology is the reference entry's (what, who, when, for what, how to use), and it composes the file as a product with a stable identifier and a solved problem. What it keeps out of its own cards is the file's dynamics (monthly clusters that coalesce or split, redirects) and its limits as its builders state them (conservative matching, the Clemens/Twain difference, library leadership, correction outside libraries), and it adds a pseudonym linkage none of its cards states.", "LB_vs_LBA": "Admission adds, in one claim space with the field's: the census's question of how a chosen name is held, unanswered in its saved source (LS-12, LS-21, LS-29, LS-34), and its reading of the coalescing and splitting clusters as the point where an authorial name can be merged by algorithm, the collapse #940 names (LS-23); #940's distinction of pseudonym from heteronym, the label against the organization of the authorial function, with Clemens under Twain as its own example of pseudonymy (O940-01 to O940-04), which meets the field's Clemens/Twain shortcoming (F53) on the same pair of names; #668's claim that heteronyms often hold independent authority-control records, and its listing of P214 (O668-02); #261's category collapse and #668's thin-sourcing judgment on Wikidata statements sourced to VIAF (O261-01, O668-01); #317's 'stable identifiers' and institutional coordination (O317-01, O317-02), a rival description composed beside F24 and F50 under P_coh, and its authority control that 'assigns identity from above' (O317-03) beside Borgman's 'led by libraries' (F23); #940's civil name as the atomic unit of attribution and the collapse that registers as loss (O940-05, O940-06); #1722's heteronym as a real author's practice (O1722-01, O1722-02); the census's reading of VIAF as library-led identity resolution that records nothing on authorial function (LS-22, LS-14), its relation of infrastructure (LS-04) and its organizing question (LS-35); and the Capture Registry's findings on the composition at the name (CAP-1-01 to CAP-1-14). Not surfaced: no archive source is on T's rail (archive_controlled_cites 0). The field is carried whole; the archive adds the authorship question to the field's own object, which the field states only as a shortcoming of rules and conventions (F53) and as Borgman's 'led by libraries' (F23).", "alignment": { "T1_cards_claims": [ "F1", "F2", "F3", "F4", "F5", "F6", "F7", "F8", "F9", "F10", "F11", "F12", "F13", "F14", "F15", "F16", "F17", "F18", "F19", "F20", "F21", "F22", "F23", "F24", "F25", "F26", "F27", "F28", "F29", "F30", "F31", "F32", "F33", "F34", "F35", "F36", "F37", "F38", "F39", "F40", "F41", "F42", "F43", "F44", "F45", "F46", "F47", "F48", "F49", "F50", "F51", "F52", "F53", "F54", "F55", "F56", "F57" ], "T1_composed": [ "F1", "F2", "F11", "F30", "F9", "F7", "F13", "F14", "F43", "F4", "F20", "F56", "F19", "F18", "F46" ], "T1_composed_note": "F43 and F18 composed without F24, F50, F54 (limit dropped); F22 composed at a raised force ('Solves'); F12, F17, F30 composed as a single online database (substituted reading); F4 and F43 at coarse grain for 'regional spelling rules' and 'corporate titles'", "T1_outside_cards": [ "'pseudonyms' (T1-4: no field claim names pseudonyms as linked by VIAF; F53 records the difference among files)", "'unique' (T1-5: no field claim; F24 records fluctuation)", "'widely used in library catalogs' (T1-5)", "'its RDF/JSON data' (T1-7: RDF in F57; JSON in no field claim)" ], "rule": "a field claim counts as composed when T states it at its source's grain or coarser; B_D only (B7 excluded, §0.3); the transcript read for this alignment only" }, "pool_note": "T against L_F(B_D): B1–B6; L_F(B) against L(B ∪ A): B1–B7 with A" }, "kernel": [ { "K": "K1", "claim": "`LS-12`", "source": "leesharks.com authorship census record", "M_src": "interpretation", "sense": "how a chosen name is held", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "missing distinction: the field states the Clemens/Twain difference among files (F53) and no field claim says how VIAF holds a pseudonym or heteronym; T composes a linkage of pseudonyms (T1-4)", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" }, { "K": "K2", "claim": "`LS-23`", "source": "leesharks.com authorship census record", "M_src": "interpretation", "sense": "how a chosen name is held", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "qualified claim: F24 (clusters coalesce or split; identifiers fluctuate), read as the merge point of authorial names", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" }, { "K": "K3", "claim": "`O940-02`", "source": "#940", "M_src": "stipulation", "sense": "how a chosen name is held", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "missing distinction: the field holds variant names (F43) without the pseudonym/heteronym distinction; T composes pseudonyms among variant names (T1-4)", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" }, { "K": "K4", "claim": "`O940-01`", "source": "#940", "M_src": "stipulation", "sense": "how a chosen name is held", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "qualified claim: F53 (one file has Clemens and Twain, another only Twain), classed by the archive as pseudonymy", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" }, { "K": "K5", "claim": "`O668-02`", "source": "#668", "M_src": "interpretation", "sense": "how a chosen name is held", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "missing distinction: no field claim on heteronyms in authority records", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" }, { "K": "K6", "claim": "`O317-01`", "source": "#317", "M_src": "interpretation", "sense": "the identifier and the monthly clusters", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "rival claim: F24 (fluctuating identifiers); F50 (redirects) bears on both; the field claim can win on the same terms (§8.2)", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" }, { "K": "K7", "claim": "`O261-01`", "source": "#261", "M_src": "interpretation", "sense": "how a chosen name is held", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "none: the field has no claim on how Wikidata categorizes heteronyms", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" }, { "K": "K8", "claim": "`O668-01`", "source": "#668", "M_src": "interpretation", "sense": "access, licence and integration", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "qualified claim: F20 (VIAF numbers incorporated into Wikidata)", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" }, { "K": "K9", "claim": "`LS-22`", "source": "leesharks.com authorship census record", "M_src": "interpretation", "sense": "led by libraries", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "qualified claim: F23 (led by libraries, as opposed to authors or creators), read as identity resolution led by libraries", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" }, { "K": "K10", "claim": "`O317-03`", "source": "#317", "M_src": "stipulation", "sense": "led by libraries", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "qualified claim: F23, F52 (limited correction from outside the library community)", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" }, { "K": "K11", "claim": "`O940-06`", "source": "#940", "M_src": "interpretation", "sense": "civil-name reduction", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "none", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" }, { "K": "K12", "claim": "`O1722-01`", "source": "#1722", "M_src": "interpretation", "sense": "civil-name reduction", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "none", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" }, { "K": "K13", "claim": "`CAP-1-03`", "source": "Capture Registry", "M_src": "interpretation", "sense": "reception and the composition at the name", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "rival claim: T1-4 ('linking variant names, pseudonyms')", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" }, { "K": "K14", "claim": "`CAP-1-05`", "source": "Capture Registry", "M_src": "interpretation", "sense": "reception and the composition at the name", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "rival claim: T1-5 ('a unique standard identifier/URI')", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" }, { "K": "K15", "claim": "`LS-04`", "source": "leesharks.com authorship census record", "M_src": "interpretation", "sense": "led by libraries", "qualifiers carried": "—", "f (source's own falsifiers)": "— (none stated; watch: a later composition at the address that states or drops the claim, attributed or not (uptake §8.3))", "contrast": "none: the field has no claim on the file's relation to authorship", "resolver": "a later capture at 'VIAF' (ADDR-b691749d98a6) on Google AI Overview, seated in the Capture Registry (§8.3)" } ], "kernel_T": [ { "claim": "F24", "note": "monthly clusters that coalesce or split, identifiers fluctuating (card 3), absent; T composes a unique identifier" }, { "claim": "F50", "note": "record IDs kept with redirects when clusters merge (card 6), absent" }, { "claim": "F23", "note": "led by libraries, as opposed to individual authors or creators (card 3), absent (CAP-1-04)" }, { "claim": "F53", "note": "the Clemens/Twain difference among files (card 6), absent where T links pseudonyms" }, { "claim": "F52", "note": "conservative matching; limited correction from outside libraries (card 6), absent where T says the file solves disambiguation" }, { "claim": "F12", "note": "the linkage of existing files after failed attempts at one joint file (card 3), composed as a single online database" }, { "claim": "F18", "note": "the see and see-also forms of the original records (card 3), absent" }, { "claim": "F5", "note": "more than 50 organizations from more than 30 countries (card 2), absent; T names no participant beyond the founders (CAP-1-08)" } ], "ledger": { "archive": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/ledgers/viaf/ledger-archive.json", "field": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/ledgers/viaf/field.json", "selection": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/traversal/viaf/", "config": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/panel/configs/viaf.json", "intake": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/", "audit": null }, "ontology": { "composition": "equal", "composition_note": "equal-terms case (v0.9 §0.9, §4.1, unchanged in v0.10): one claim space; the field's and the archive's claims ordered together by genealogy within each sense; the field's claims composed as received, the archive's as claims on the same object", "case": { "value": "equal", "statement": "The archive reads the field's entity as the entity. The census record describes VIAF from the Wikipedia article and keeps the resource's terms (operator, kind, unit, record object, method) apart from its own reading (ls_reading), which asks of the same file how a chosen name is held and reads its coalescing clusters as the point where an authorial name can be merged, 'the collapse #940 names'. #940 and #1722 supply the pseudonym/heteronym distinction and the claim that a heteronym is a real author's practice; #668 adds that heteronyms often hold separate authority records; #317 describes the same file as making stable identifiers. None of these reads VIAF as made by reception or contests that it is the OCLC-hosted linkage of library authority files: they add senses (how a chosen name is held, civil-name reduction, library leadership as a question of authorship) on the field's object. ρ = extends; the equal-terms case.", "loci": [ { "dep": "LS", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'viaf'].ls_reading", "quote": "VIAF, as Wikipedia describes it, resolves a name across library authority files by linking records judged identical into one cluster, with see and see-also forms carried from the source records; that is identity resolution led by libraries, and the saved source does not show whether a pseudonym or heteronym stays a distinct cluster or folds into its bearer's." }, { "dep": "LS", "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'viaf'].ls_reading", "quote": "Clusters that 'coalesce or split' mean an authorial name can be merged with another by algorithm, the collapse #940 names, or separated again; which happens to a given name is not recorded here." }, { "dep": 940, "locus": "§2 ¶2 (line 99)", "quote": "A pseudonym changes the label attached to an authorial function. A heteronym changes the organization of the authorial function itself." }, { "dep": 668, "locus": "External identifiers (line 196)", "quote": "P214 (VIAF), P244 (Library of Congress), P268 (BnF), P646 (Freebase), P1207 (NUKAT), and others where they exist. Heteronyms often have independent authority-control records because library systems cataloged them separately before the heteronymic nature of the authorship was widely understood." }, { "dep": 317, "locus": "§3.1.1 Authority Control and Identity Management ¶1 (line 193)", "quote": "The Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) aggregates national authority files to create stable identifiers for persons, organizations, and works." } ] }, "E_F": { "type": "C (public entity: a library name-authority service)", "definition": "the Virtual International Authority File, an international authority file, a joint project of several national libraries operated by OCLC (an OCLC service since 4 April 2012), begun in 1998 by the Library of Congress, the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek and OCLC, that links existing national and other library authority files into a single virtual file of clusters, each with a URI, the see and see-also forms of its source records kept and regional forms coexisting, rebuilt monthly so that clusters may coalesce or split and some identifiers fluctuate; led by libraries; its builders list conservative matching, limited correction from outside libraries and files that differ on Clemens and Twain among its shortcomings", "claims": [ "F11", "F2", "F30", "F16", "F7", "F12", "F17", "F3", "F43", "F18", "F33", "F24", "F50", "F23", "F52", "F53" ] }, "E_A": { "definition": "the same file, in the leesharks.com authorship census record and the archive's deposits: library-led identity resolution that links authority records judged identical into one cluster and keeps no works, infrastructure to the question of how authorship is named and attributed; whether it holds a pseudonym or heteronym as a form of its bearer's cluster or as a cluster of its own is unshown, and its coalescing clusters are the point where an authorial name can be merged by algorithm, the collapse #940 names, or separated again; #940 classes the Clemens/Twain pair as pseudonymy and distinguishes the heteronym, attributable through the civil bearer without being reducible to that bearer; #668 holds that heteronyms often have independent authority records; #317 describes the file as making stable identifiers by institutional coordination, authority control assigning identity from above", "claims": [ "LS-22", "LS-23", "LS-12", "LS-21", "LS-14", "LS-11", "LS-04", "O940-01", "O940-02", "O940-04", "O940-06", "O668-02", "O317-01", "O317-03", "O261-01", "O1722-01" ], "defining_papers": [ 940, 1722, 317, 668, 261 ], "defining_records": [ "leesharks.com apparatus authorship census record (census.json rows[slug == 'viaf'], organizing_question, admission_rule, anchor), https://www.leesharks.com/apparatus/aggregators/viaf", "Capture Registry entry viaf-aio-20261101 (OBS-34cceb53f2ee), https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/viaf-aio-20261101/" ] }, "rho": { "value": "extends", "status": "read from the census record, the capture record and the deposits that bear on the entity and its classes (#940, #1722, #317, #668, #261), 2026-11-01", "statement": "The archive reads VIAF as its cards and Wikipedia present it and adds, on the same object, the authorship question: how a chosen name is held by a cluster (LS-12, LS-21), the merging of authorial names by algorithm (LS-23), the pseudonym/heteronym distinction and civil-name reduction (#940), heteronyms' separate authority records (#668), category collapse (#261), a heteronym as a real author's practice (#1722), library leadership as identity resolution with nothing on authorial function (LS-22, LS-14). One archive claim contradicts a field claim: #317's 'stable identifiers' against F24's fluctuation; both are composed (P_coh) with F50's redirects.", "claims": [ "LS-12", "LS-21", "LS-23", "LS-22", "LS-14", "O940-01", "O940-02", "O940-04", "O940-06", "O668-02", "O261-01", "O1722-01", "O317-01" ], "guard": "ρ = extends claims an addition and no more: the archive's claims do not make the field's sources wrong at their dates; where #317 contradicts F24 both stand with their sources, and the census's unanswered question stays a question (open block).", "considered": [ { "value": "constructs", "rejected": "the archive does not read VIAF as made by reception; its record takes the field's account of the file as the account" }, { "value": "revises", "rejected": "VIAF is not the archive's own entity; #317 is an earlier archive description of it, composed beside the field, and no later archive text narrows or withdraws it" } ] }, "translation": [ { "lineage": "what it is", "field_claims": [ "F1", "F2", "F11", "F47" ], "received": "F1 (B1, card title and snippet (unreachable)): \"VIAF: The Virtual International Authority File The VIAF® (Virtual International Authority File) combines multiple name authority files into a single OCLC-hosted...\" | F2 (B2, Overview): \"The VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) service provides libraries and library users with convenient access to the world’s major name authority files.\" | F11 (B3, lead): \"The Virtual International Authority File ( VIAF ) is an international authority file . It is a joint project of several national libraries, operated by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC).\" | F47 (B6, Topic coverage): \"Entities whose names are controlled by libraries, including people, corporations, and places, as well as FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) works and expressions.\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received beside LS-01, LS-03", "archive_claims": [ "LS-01", "LS-03" ] }, { "lineage": "the cluster: one entity, its names together", "field_claims": [ "F3", "F43", "F57" ], "received": "F3 (B2, Overview): \"VIAF Contributors regularly supply authority data that VIAF matches, links, and groups. All descriptions for a given entity are merged into a cluster that brings together the different names for that entity.\" | F43 (B6, Brief description of dataset): \"VIAF virtually combines multiple library authority files into a single name authority service. The system mines and clusters variant names for a given entity (chiefly, persons and organizations), links the corresponding source records, and assigns a URI to each cluster.\" | F57 (B6, The evolution of data modeling and linked data in VIAF): \"the emphasis isn't so much on imposing labels across all domains as it is on recognizing, identifying, and relating \"the thing\" that all these contributors are trying to name. … The solution eventually revealed itself in the form of foaf:focus\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received", "archive_claims": [] }, { "lineage": "regional forms kept within the cluster", "field_claims": [ "F4", "F33", "F34" ], "received": "F4 (B2, Overview): \"This service allows researchers to identify names, locations, works, and expressions while preserving regional preferences for language, spelling, and script.\" | F33 (B4, Impact (the VIAF service)): \"Links national and regional-level authority records, creating clusters of related records … Expands the concept of universal bibliographic control by (1) allowing national and regional variations in authorized form to coexist; and (2) supporting needs for variations in preferred language, script and spelling\" | F34 (B4, Impact): \"For example, German users will be able to see a name displayed in the form established by the DNB, while French users will see the same name as established by the BnF, and English-speaking users will view the name as established by the LC/NACO file.\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received", "archive_claims": [] }, { "lineage": "contributors and extent", "field_claims": [ "F5", "F25", "F31", "F38", "F39", "F42", "F51" ], "received": "F5 (B2, Collaborate with other libraries): \"The data of more than 50 organizations from more than 30 countries is represented in VIAF.\" | F25 (B3, Participating libraries and organizations (table)): \"International Standard Name Identifier ISNI – London United Kingdom … Perseus Project PERSEUS … Union List of Artist Names – Getty Research Institute ULAN JPG … Wikidata [ citation needed ] WKP\" | F31 (B4, opening): \"As of the winter of 2011 there are 21 authority files of personal, corporate, and conference names from 18 organizations participating in VIAF.\" | F38 (B5, card title and snippet): \"Overview: VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) is an OCLC dataset and joint project of 20 national libraries combining multiple LAM name authority files ...\" | F39 (B5, dataset record, description.en): \"VIAF (Virtual International Autority File) is an OCLC dataset and service -- built in cooperation with national libraries and other partners -- that virtually combines multiple LAM (Library Archives Museum) name authority files into a single name authority service. Put simply it is a large database of people and organizations that occur in library catalogs. … VIAF is a joint project of 20 national libraries, implemented and hosted by OCLC.\" | F42 (B5, dataset record, triples): \"\"triples\" : \"200000000\"\" | F51 (B6, Size of the Dataset): \"The dataset is built from information supplied by nearly two dozen files consisting of 25 million authority records and 110 million bibliographic records. VIAF builds some 20 million clusters from those 25 million source records, finding about 24 million relationships between source records.\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received beside LS-10, LS-17, CAP-1-08", "archive_claims": [ "LS-10", "LS-17", "CAP-1-08" ] }, { "lineage": "who holds it: OCLC, the Council, the Principals", "field_claims": [ "F6", "F9", "F35", "F36" ], "received": "F6 (B2, Collaborate with other libraries): \"These Contributors participate in the governance of VIAF through the VIAF Council, which provides guidance on the policies, practices, and operation of VIAF.\" | F9 (B2, Join a trusted global authority file): \"In 2012, the 22 VIAF Principals and Contributors in 18 countries worked with OCLC as VIAF transitioned into an OCLC service. With advice from the VIAF Council, OCLC maintains the hosting, software, and data for VIAF.\" | F35 (B4, Governance): \"VIAF consortium members are governed by the VIAF Cooperative Agreement. Under it, all key decisions rest with the Principals.\" | F36 (B4, Participation): \"Agencies that wish to participate in VIAF must apply.\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received beside LS-13, O317-02", "archive_claims": [ "LS-13", "O317-02" ] }, { "lineage": "origin: 1998, 2003, 2007", "field_claims": [ "F7", "F8", "F13", "F14", "F15" ], "received": "F7 (B2, Join a trusted global authority file): \"The United States Library of Congress, the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, and OCLC began a proof-of-concept project to link their authority records in April 1998. After four years of testing authority file linking, this group formed the VIAF Consortium at the 69th IFLA General Conference in August 2003.\" | F8 (B2, Join a trusted global authority file): \"The Bibliothèque nationale de France joined the consortium in October 2007.\" | F13 (B3, History): \"The project was initiated by the American Library of Congress (LC), the German National Library (DNB), and the OCLC in April 1998 as a proof-of-concept that authority records can be linked.\" | F14 (B3, History): \"After extensive testing, the VIAF consortium was formed at the 2003 World Library and Information Congress … on 6 August 2003,\" | F15 (B3, History): \"The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) joined the project on 5 October 2007.\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received beside LS-16, LS-27, CAP-1-01", "archive_claims": [ "LS-16", "LS-27", "CAP-1-01" ] }, { "lineage": "purpose: cost and utility of authority files", "field_claims": [ "F10", "F32", "F48" ], "received": "F10 (B2, closing paragraph): \"The goal of the service is to lower the cost and increase the utility of library authority files by matching and linking widely used authority files and making that information available online.\" | F32 (B4, Impact): \"By linking disparate names for the same person or organization, VIAF provides a convenient means for a wider community of libraries and other agencies to repurpose bibliographic data produced by libraries serving different language communities.\" | F48 (B6, Purpose): \"To lower the cost and increase the utility of library authority files.\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received", "archive_claims": [] }, { "lineage": "linking existing authority files", "field_claims": [ "F12", "F17", "F30" ], "received": "F12 (B3, History): \"After several failed attempts to develop a unique joint authority file, the new idea was to link existing national authorities.\" | F17 (B3, History): \"The aim is to link the national authority files (such as the German Integrated Authority File ) to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together.\" | F30 (B4, opening): \"A joint project with the Library of Congress, the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, and the Bibliothèque nationale de France, in cooperation with an expanding number of other national libraries and other agencies, VIAF explores virtually combining the name authority files of participating institutions into a single name authority service.\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received", "archive_claims": [] }, { "lineage": "operator: an OCLC service since 2012", "field_claims": [ "F16", "F28", "F29" ], "received": "F16 (B3, History): \"The project transitioned to being a service of OCLC on 4 April 2012.\" | F28 (B4, notice): \"Please note: This research project has concluded. … Information on this page is provided for historical purposes only. Some portion of this content may be out-of-date and include broken links.\" | F29 (B4, notice): \"On 4 April 2012, VIAF has transitioned from an OCLC Research prototype to an OCLC service.\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received beside LS-02, CAP-1-02", "archive_claims": [ "LS-02", "CAP-1-02" ] }, { "lineage": "the record: number, see and see-also forms", "field_claims": [ "F18", "F26", "F46" ], "received": "F18 (B3, History): \"A VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary \"see\" and \"see also\" records from the original documents, and refers to the original authority records.\" | F26 (B3, infobox): \"Example 106965171\" | F46 (B6, Licensing): \"To facilitate interoperability, OCLC strongly encourages the use of VIAF URIs in all appropriate circumstances. The canonical structure of a VIAF URI is http://viaf.org/viaf/[numerical value]\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received beside LS-09", "archive_claims": [ "LS-09" ] }, { "lineage": "access and licence", "field_claims": [ "F19", "F40", "F41", "F45", "F56" ], "received": "F19 (B3, History): \"The data is made available online and is available for research and, data exchange and sharing. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) protocol.\" | F40 (B5, dataset record, license and keywords): \"\"license\" : \"http://www.opendefinition.org/licenses/odc-by\" … \"no-license-metadata\", \"no-provenance-metadata\"\" | F41 (B5, dataset record, other_download): \"\"status\" : \"FAIL (HTTP error fetching URL. Status=403, URL=[http://viaf.org/viaf/data/viaf-20130615-links.txt.gz])\"\" | F45 (B6, Licensing): \"The VIAF dataset is made available under an Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-By)\" | F56 (B6, Brief description of dataset; Availability): \"Available as Linked Open Data (LOD), VIAF is leveraged by freebase.com and an expanding array of other agencies and services. … VIAF is available from a public web site (http://viaf.org) written using a public API, plus bulk downloads.\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received beside LS-24, LS-25", "archive_claims": [ "LS-24", "LS-25" ] }, { "lineage": "integration: Wikipedia, Wikidata, linked data", "field_claims": [ "F20", "F55" ], "received": "F20 (B3, History): \"The file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata .\" | F55 (B6, Web browser usage; Web API usage): \"Each month VIAF receives about 55,000 visits and 260,000 page views from 30,000 visitors. … The web service currently receives about 10 million searches/page accesses each month, many of which appear to be from commercial web harvesters.\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received beside LS-18, CAP-1-07, O668-01", "archive_claims": [ "LS-18", "CAP-1-07", "O668-01" ] }, { "lineage": "Borgman: name forms, led by libraries", "field_claims": [ "F21", "F22", "F23" ], "received": "F21 (B3, History (Borgman)): \"Christine L. Borgman groups VIAF with the International Standard Name Identifier and ORCID systems, describing all three as \"loosely coordinated efforts to standardize name forms\".\" | F22 (B3, History (Borgman)): \"Borgman characterizes all three systems as attempts to solve the problem of author name disambiguation , which has grown in scale as the quantity of data multiplies.\" | F23 (B3, History (Borgman)): \"She notes that VIAF, unlike the other two systems, is led by libraries, as opposed to individual authors or creators.\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received beside LS-14, LS-22, LS-31, CAP-1-04, O317-03", "archive_claims": [ "LS-14", "LS-22", "LS-31", "CAP-1-04", "O317-03" ] }, { "lineage": "the identifier: monthly clusters, fluctuation, redirects", "field_claims": [ "F24", "F50", "F54" ], "received": "F24 (B3, VIAF clusters): \"VIAF's clustering algorithm is run every month. As more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records.\" | F50 (B6, Method of creation): \"Record IDs are maintained across updates with redirects in the Web service API when clusters get merged.\" | F54 (B6, Known Shortcomings): \"Monthly updates mean changes made to the source files could take more than a month to show up in VIAF\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received beside LS-19, LS-30, CAP-1-05, CAP-1-06, O317-01", "archive_claims": [ "LS-19", "LS-30", "CAP-1-05", "CAP-1-06", "O317-01" ] }, { "lineage": "reception: the encyclopedia, the cloud, the journal", "field_claims": [ "F27", "F60" ], "received": "F27 (B3, footer): \"This page was last edited on 19 June 2026, at 19:30\" | F60 (B7, Format (viaf.org URL)): \"https://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/ISNI%7C000000012146438X [ dead link ] … Dead link tagged October 2025 … This page was last edited on 13 October 2026, at 13:38\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received beside LS-26, LS-28, CAP-1-09, CAP-1-10, CAP-1-11, CAP-1-12, CAP-1-13, CAP-1-14", "archive_claims": [ "LS-26", "LS-28", "CAP-1-09", "CAP-1-10", "CAP-1-11", "CAP-1-12", "CAP-1-13", "CAP-1-14" ] }, { "lineage": "method: matching, monthly rebuild", "field_claims": [ "F37", "F44", "F49" ], "received": "F37 (B4, Documents): \"Personal Name Matching Jenny Toves' description of how names are matched in VIAF file processing. The Appendices list the \"noise titles\", country codes, occupation codes, and name synonyms\" | F44 (B6, Version date and number; Maintenance): \"Updated monthly … The file is rebuilt each month using the latest source data.\" | F49 (B6, Method of creation): \"The source authority files and associated bibliographic metadata are either sent to or harvested by OCLC, usually on a monthly basis. … These enhanced authority records go through a matching process, ambiguities are resolved and clusters built from matching records.\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received beside LS-15", "archive_claims": [ "LS-15" ] }, { "lineage": "shortcomings: matching, correction, rules", "field_claims": [ "F52" ], "received": "F52 (B6, Known Shortcomings): \"Matches between source entities is fairly conservative, so many possible matches are missed … Limited ability for those outside the library community to correct errors\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received", "archive_claims": [] }, { "lineage": "how a chosen name is held", "field_claims": [ "F53" ], "received": "F53 (B6, Known Shortcomings): \"Differences in rules and conventions can cause difficulties. A common example is for one authority file to have entities for both Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain, while another only has Mark Twain.\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received beside LS-12, LS-21, LS-23, LS-29, LS-34, CAP-1-03, O261-01, O668-02, O940-01, O940-02, O940-03, O940-04", "archive_claims": [ "LS-12", "LS-21", "LS-23", "LS-29", "LS-34", "CAP-1-03", "O261-01", "O668-02", "O940-01", "O940-02", "O940-03", "O940-04" ] }, { "lineage": "neighbours: ISNI and the pseudonym rule", "field_claims": [ "F58", "F59" ], "received": "F58 (B7, ISNI-IA (assignment system)): \"The system is based primarily on the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) service, which has been developed by OCLC for use in the aggregation of library catalogues.\" | F59 (B7, Uses): \"If an author has published under several different names or pseudonyms, each such name will receive its own ISNI.\"", "receiving_text": "—", "translation": "untranslated: composed as received beside LS-32, LS-33", "archive_claims": [ "LS-32", "LS-33" ] } ], "receiving_texts": "equal-terms case: every field claim composed as received, beside the archive claims it stands with; no receiving text" }, "measure": { "rule": "v0.9 §4.10 (unchanged in v0.10): KO_B sentences surviving in the KO at similarity ≥ 0.95, with positions (computed as apply_v09.py does: difflib.SequenceMatcher ratio, the best KO sentence for each KO_B sentence)", "v0.9": { "surviving": 0, "of": 13, "positions": [ null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null ] }, "opening_run": { "rule": "§5.10 (equal-terms case): the field-only KO's sentences as the KO's opening run in their own order", "breach": false }, "blocks": { "rule": "§4.1 (equal-terms case): the KO does not open with the field as a block or close with the archive as one; sentences typed by the ledgers of the claims they cite (F field-only, A archive-only, M both)", "sequence": "MFFFFMFFMMMFMMMMMFAAAAMAAAMMAAMMFMAA", "field_only_head": 0, "archive_only_tail": 2, "breach": false }, "max_similarity": [ 0.765, 0.453, 0.206, 0.597, 0.658, 0.413, 0.175, 0.575, 0.137, 0.715, 0.492, 0.513, 0.412 ], "ko_sentence_1_max_similarity_to_KO_B": 0.765 }, "homonyms": { "names": [], "basis": "The census row carries no disambiguation field. No card is a homonym, and T composes no other entity under 'VIAF'. 'VIAF' and 'viaf.org' are the census's other names for the entity. The distinct entities below are named by the field, the census or the archive beside the entity and are never senses of its name.", "distinct_entities": [ "OCLC, the operator and host (F9, F11; LS-02), an organization", "ISNI, a participant whose assignment system is based on VIAF and a row of its own in the census (F25, F58, F59; LS-32)", "ORCID, grouped with VIAF by Borgman (F21), a row of its own (orcid-names)", "Wikidata, a participant marked citation needed and a consumer of VIAF numbers (F20, F25), a row of its own", "the Integrated Authority File (GND) of the DNB, a source file (F17)", "the Library of Congress NACO file, a source file (F25, F34)", "Christine L. Borgman, a scholar quoted by Wikipedia (F21–F23), a person", "freebase.com, a consumer of the linked data (F56)" ] }, "notes": [ "One address, Google AI Overview (expanded), signed out, incognito, 2026-11-01: viaf-aio-20261101 (OBS-34cceb53f2ee, ADDR-b691749d98a6, AXN:0B8C.CAPTURE.🌉🟠🌱🔅🕗❌), six cards, 118 words in the answer body with a closing offer, 12 markers. A NEW address (CAP-1-14); the census record was compiled the same night and no card cites it.", "Fetching: every reachable card saved verbatim with curl and the census agent 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; leesharks-authorship-census)' on 2026-11-01 between 06:14 and 06:16 UTC, raw and text with sha256 in field.json. viaf.org (card 1, the census's own page) refused with HTTP 403, a Cloudflare block, as it refused the census at 05:32 UTC; no retry by another agent string or route. The LOD Cloud's page is a script template; its record was read from the JSON the page itself links. The Semantic Web Journal card is a PDF found by WebSearch; a guessed node URL first returned the site's 'Access denied' page (recorded, never the card's URL).", "Pools (v0.10 §0.3, §3.1(a)): B_D = B1–B6 (60 − 3 = 57 claims), B_R = B7, the ISNI article the census read (3 claims). The own page and the Wikipedia article are cards, carried once in B_D. T against L_F(B_D) uses B1–B6; B7 enters L_F(B) and L(B ∪ A) only.", "Census fields a fetched source contradicts or shows out of date (reported, not fixed): (1) negative_tags[1] 'the saved source says nothing of pseudonyms' and record.name 'the saved source does not say how a pseudonym or heteronym is held' are true of the Wikipedia article, but card 6 (Hickey and Young, 2012) states the Clemens/Twain difference among files (F53) and card 2 that all descriptions of an entity are merged into one cluster with its different names (F3); (2) license 'not stated in the saved source': ODC-By in B6 (F45) and the LOD record (F40); (3) count 'not stated': 2012 figures in B6 (F51), 200 million triples in B5 (F42), more than 50 organizations from more than 30 countries in B2 (F5); (4) operator and kind rest on Wikipedia while OCLC's own pages (B2, B4) were reachable; (5) stated_limits names only the fluctuation, where B6 lists its own shortcomings (F52, F53, F54) and redirects (F50).", "Capture findings the field ledger shows wrong or needing qualification (reported, not fixed): (1) findings[3]: 'the LOD Cloud card gives 'joint project of 20 national libraries', a figure in no saved source' — the figure is verbatim in the LOD Cloud's own dataset record (B5.json, F39), the card's source; it was in no source the census saved. (2) findings[1]: 'The composition's linking of pseudonyms is on no saved page' holds for the word; card 6's Clemens/Twain shortcoming (F53) and 'variant names' (F43) are the nearest field claims, and card 3 gives Borgman's 'author name disambiguation' (F22), the source of T's 'Solves author name disambiguation' at a raised force. (3) findings[2]: 'the composition presents the identifier as stable' — card 6 states record IDs are maintained across updates with redirects when clusters merge (F50), which bears on the stability the finding contests.", "#317 (Logotic Programming, 2026-01-17; instance in #959) is the archive's own earlier description of VIAF ('stable identifiers'), a rival of F24, composed beside it under P_coh; the census and the Capture Registry read the identifier as fluctuating.", "Homonyms: none on the rail; T composes no other entity under 'VIAF'.", "Not run: scripts/build_non.py (only --check), scripts/non_axn.py; panel.json not edited; the session seats the panel entry, mints the AXN (0B8C) and builds the pages." ], "composition": { "source": "this row (composed directly under the brief rebuild/negative-of-the-negative/v010/BRIEF-NEW-ROW-AUTHORSHIP.md)", "composer": "Claude (Opus 5.5), subagent, 2026-11-01", "spec": "EA-NEGONT-02 v0.10 (#1726)", "defining_material_read": [ { "what": "the specification v0.10", "file": "data/texts/AXN-0B79-text.md", "read": "§0–§11 whole (the procedure), Appendix headings" }, { "what": "the briefs", "file": "rebuild/negative-of-the-negative/v010/BRIEF-NEW-ROW-AUTHORSHIP.md; v09/BRIEF-NEW-ROW-AGGREGATOR.md, BRIEF-NEW-ROW-LABOR.md, BRIEF-NEW-ROW-LEFT.md", "read": "whole" }, { "what": "leesharks.com authorship census record, row", "file": "/home/claude/fleet/leesharks.com/data/authorship-census/census.json (rows[slug == 'viaf'], organizing_question, admission_rule, anchor, areas, schema_note); data/authorship-census/rows/viaf.py", "read": "whole" }, { "what": "census sources", "file": "/home/claude/fleet/leesharks.com/data/authorship-census/sources/viaf--home.*, viaf--wikipedia.*, isni--wikipedia.*, manifest.json", "read": "whole" }, { "what": "the capture", "file": "data/EA-WG-CAPTURES-01.json entries[slug == viaf-aio-20261101]", "read": "whole (transcript read for T and the delta only)" }, { "what": "field texts", "file": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B1–B7", "read": "whole (B7 at the passages on VIAF, pseudonyms and the viaf.org URLs)" }, { "what": "#940 EA-HETERONYMY-01", "file": "data/texts/AXN-03B8-text.md", "read": "§0–§2 whole, the rest by its argument" }, { "what": "#1722 AI Calls You Fake", "file": "data/texts/AXN-0B2A-text.md", "read": "Parts One–Two and the passages on heteronyms, entity resolution and who pays" }, { "what": "#317, #959, #668, #982, #984, #261", "file": "data/texts/AXN-0078, -03CB, -0215, -03E2, -03E4, -003F", "read": "at the candidate loci and their sections" }, { "what": "the exemplar row", "file": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/rows/reuther-library.json (and its ledgers, reading, config)", "read": "structure field by field" } ], "cuts": [], "notes": "equal case; KO 36 sentences, 60 of 60 field and 65 of 65 archive claims cited; P body 283 words" }, "composition_v09": { "source": "this row (composed directly under the brief rebuild/negative-of-the-negative/v010/BRIEF-NEW-ROW-AUTHORSHIP.md)", "composer": "Claude (Opus 5.5), subagent, 2026-11-01", "spec": "EA-NEGONT-02 v0.10 (#1726)", "defining_material_read": [ { "what": "the specification v0.10", "file": "data/texts/AXN-0B79-text.md", "read": "§0–§11 whole (the procedure), Appendix headings" }, { "what": "the briefs", "file": "rebuild/negative-of-the-negative/v010/BRIEF-NEW-ROW-AUTHORSHIP.md; v09/BRIEF-NEW-ROW-AGGREGATOR.md, BRIEF-NEW-ROW-LABOR.md, BRIEF-NEW-ROW-LEFT.md", "read": "whole" }, { "what": "leesharks.com authorship census record, row", "file": "/home/claude/fleet/leesharks.com/data/authorship-census/census.json (rows[slug == 'viaf'], organizing_question, admission_rule, anchor, areas, schema_note); data/authorship-census/rows/viaf.py", "read": "whole" }, { "what": "census sources", "file": "/home/claude/fleet/leesharks.com/data/authorship-census/sources/viaf--home.*, viaf--wikipedia.*, isni--wikipedia.*, manifest.json", "read": "whole" }, { "what": "the capture", "file": "data/EA-WG-CAPTURES-01.json entries[slug == viaf-aio-20261101]", "read": "whole (transcript read for T and the delta only)" }, { "what": "field texts", "file": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B1–B7", "read": "whole (B7 at the passages on VIAF, pseudonyms and the viaf.org URLs)" }, { "what": "#940 EA-HETERONYMY-01", "file": "data/texts/AXN-03B8-text.md", "read": "§0–§2 whole, the rest by its argument" }, { "what": "#1722 AI Calls You Fake", "file": "data/texts/AXN-0B2A-text.md", "read": "Parts One–Two and the passages on heteronyms, entity resolution and who pays" }, { "what": "#317, #959, #668, #982, #984, #261", "file": "data/texts/AXN-0078, -03CB, -0215, -03E2, -03E4, -003F", "read": "at the candidate loci and their sections" }, { "what": "the exemplar row", "file": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/rows/reuther-library.json (and its ledgers, reading, config)", "read": "structure field by field" } ], "cuts": [], "notes": "equal case; KO 36 sentences, 60 of 60 field and 65 of 65 archive claims cited; P body 283 words" }, "field_by_origin": { "cards": [ "B1", "B2", "B3", "B4", "B5", "B6" ], "own_pages": [], "own_pages_note": "the census's one own page (viaf--home, https://viaf.org/) is card 1: one page, carried once, as a card, in B_D (B1); both fetches refused (HTTP 403)", "wikipedia": [ "B3" ], "census_third_party": [ "B7" ], "unreachable": [ "B1" ], "title_only": [ "B1" ], "wikipedia_state": "article: 'Virtual International Authority File' (raw wikitext HTTP 200, rendered HTTP 200, 2026-11-01T06:14Z), no redirect, last edited 19 June 2026; it is card 3 of T, so the Wikipedia source and the card are one source, carried once in B_D (B3)", "pools": { "B_D": [ "B1", "B2", "B3", "B4", "B5", "B6" ], "B_R": [ "B7" ], "note": "v0.10 §0.3, §3.1(a): B_D, every card on the rail (no source named in the body beyond the cards; the body's inline link to the VIAF Website is card 1's site); B_R, the reference pool (the ISNI article the census read). The own page and the Wikipedia article are both in B_D as cards 1 and 3. T against L_F(B_D) uses B1–B6 alone." }, "sources": [ { "id": "B1", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "role": "Overview card 1 (and the census own page viaf--home: one page, carried once, in B_D)", "card": "VIAF — VIAF", "url": "https://viaf.org/", "kind": "Overview card (VIAF's own site); the census's own page viaf--home", "files": { "B1.html": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B1.html", "sha256": "b00d19dfad090d9e66eb2307c743940d7f70b9c988d7d9056b8b5b388c1ff773" }, "B1.txt": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B1.txt", "sha256": "6493d64d0f8135df746eb9c358c571799903edf7f09f6954fc6e47f0685a21e4" }, "B1-census.html": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B1-census.html", "sha256": "33c44cf052936ca1c325df0a54faa8355b16e3fc9a5ae3c8139c28e1c347c462" }, "B1-census.txt": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B1-census.txt", "sha256": "b1f18cffd475fd8d2f39d00917de79c6f724fe8ce289bf4863ebaa8e8e7e0bf6" } }, "fetched": { "at": "2026-11-01T06:14:47Z", "http": 403, "url": "https://viaf.org/", "raw": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B1.html", "raw_sha256": "b00d19dfad090d9e66eb2307c743940d7f70b9c988d7d9056b8b5b388c1ff773", "result": "unreachable: HTTP 403, a Cloudflare block page (\"Sorry, you have been blocked … You are unable to access viaf.org\"); one attempt with the census agent string, no retry by another agent string or route", "census_copy": { "src": "viaf--home", "http": "403", "fetched": "2026-11-01T05:32:47Z", "sha256": "33c44cf052936ca1c325df0a54faa8355b16e3fc9a5ae3c8139c28e1c347c462", "agrees": "both refused (HTTP 403, Cloudflare block page); the block pages differ by Ray ID" } }, "names_operator": "card snippet: yes ('a single OCLC-hosted...')", "names_archive": "no (none of the Crimson Hexagonal Archive, Alexanarch, Lee Sharks, leesharks.com, machinemediation, EA-WG-CAPTURES-01 in the saved text, card title and snippet)", "note": "URL from the card's site and snippet (VIAF's own site, the census's own page viaf--home). Refused at 06:14:47Z with the census agent string, as the census's fetch was at 05:32:47Z; recorded unreachable, the card's title and snippet its only text (§3.1(a)). The card and the census own page are one page, carried once, as a card, in B_D.", "surfaced_by_T": [ { "slug": "viaf-aio-20261101", "card": 1 } ], "card_title": "VIAF", "card_snippet": "VIAF: The Virtual International Authority File The VIAF® (Virtual International Authority File) combines multiple name authority files into a single OCLC-hosted..." }, { "id": "B2", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "role": "Overview card 2", "card": "OCLC — VIAF: Convenient access to name authority files | OCLC", "url": "https://www.oclc.org/en/viaf.html", "kind": "Overview card (OCLC's product page for VIAF: overview, contributors, governance, history)", "files": { "B2.html": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B2.html", "sha256": "fc02350aa6a54164031f2529d2251c453f6526afd9ef6c2f07e2418994ffd6d7" }, "B2.txt": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B2.txt", "sha256": "c82ab27c76c5f161c7833a31859a3b29996a017c064201178b8c3af3a137bfa0" } }, "fetched": { "at": "2026-11-01T06:14:47Z", "http": 200, "url": "https://www.oclc.org/en/viaf.html", "raw": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B2.html", "raw_sha256": "fc02350aa6a54164031f2529d2251c453f6526afd9ef6c2f07e2418994ffd6d7", "text": [ "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B2.txt" ] }, "names_operator": "yes ('a single OCLC-hosted name authority service'; 'OCLC maintains the hosting, software, and data for VIAF')", "names_archive": "no (none of the Crimson Hexagonal Archive, Alexanarch, Lee Sharks, leesharks.com, machinemediation, EA-WG-CAPTURES-01 in the saved text, card title and snippet)", "note": "URL by the card's title (the page's is 'VIAF: Convenient access to name authority files | OCLC', verbatim); found by WebSearch on the title; the snippet's 'unified entity clusters, preserving r...' is a summary line of the card renderer and stands beside the page text.", "searches": [ "WebSearch '\"VIAF: Convenient access to name authority files\" OCLC'" ], "surfaced_by_T": [ { "slug": "viaf-aio-20261101", "card": 2 } ], "card_title": "VIAF: Convenient access to name authority files | OCLC", "card_snippet": "Overview: VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) is an OCLC-hosted service combining global name authority files into unified entity clusters, preserving r..." }, { "id": "B3", "origin": "card", "also_origin": "wikipedia", "pool": "B_D", "role": "Overview card 3 (and the entity's Wikipedia article: one source, carried once, in B_D)", "card": "Wikipedia — Virtual International Authority File - Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File", "kind": "Overview card (the Wikipedia article); the entity's Wikipedia article", "files": { "B3.html": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B3.html", "sha256": "10288c58ab5b9929ff1a6ca8df8bedd564582dd142321e9141d0f10a2e80ee32" }, "B3.txt": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B3.txt", "sha256": "e1015846cc96508b21ab074fc61c5482733530a03c2c5c08dbd3f1972b36e7ae" }, "B3.wiki": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B3.wiki", "sha256": "fd2bc9158af25086cdef06894ca412b3d842106eab9f4b37d803d248152608f0" }, "B3-census.html": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B3-census.html", "sha256": "d506ac21de7d3c5c673cc75d04ad77a5d6a1cfd3c05675c16576219293ea1fb9" } }, "fetched": { "at": "2026-11-01T06:14:53Z", "http": 200, "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File", "raw": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B3.html", "raw_sha256": "10288c58ab5b9929ff1a6ca8df8bedd564582dd142321e9141d0f10a2e80ee32", "text": [ "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B3.txt", "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B3.wiki" ], "wikitext": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtual_International_Authority_File&action=raw", "http": 200, "at": "2026-11-01T06:14:52Z", "sha256": "fd2bc9158af25086cdef06894ca412b3d842106eab9f4b37d803d248152608f0" }, "census_copy": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "sha256": "d506ac21de7d3c5c673cc75d04ad77a5d6a1cfd3c05675c16576219293ea1fb9", "http": "200", "fetched": "2026-11-01T05:32:48Z", "agrees": "same length (255,502 bytes), different hash (the rendered page carries per-request tokens); the article text the same, last edited 19 June 2026 in both" } }, "names_operator": "yes ('operated by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC)')", "names_archive": "no (none of the Crimson Hexagonal Archive, Alexanarch, Lee Sharks, leesharks.com, machinemediation, EA-WG-CAPTURES-01 in the saved text, card title and snippet)", "note": "Article title Virtual_International_Authority_File, no redirect; rendered page and raw wikitext both HTTP 200; last edited 19 June 2026. The census row rests on this article (its evidence basis third_party).", "surfaced_by_T": [ { "slug": "viaf-aio-20261101", "card": 3 } ], "card_title": "Virtual International Authority File - Wikipedia", "card_snippet": "Virtual International Authority File The Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) is an international authority file. It is a joint project of several nation..." }, { "id": "B4", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "role": "Overview card 4", "card": "OCLC — VIAF (The Virtual International Authority File)", "url": "https://www.oclc.org/research/activities/viaf.html", "kind": "Overview card (OCLC Research's page for the concluded VIAF research project, kept 'for historical purposes only')", "files": { "B4.html": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B4.html", "sha256": "980d3a7f49c45ff0aa8b25e4520c1f0acacb3571e9ed003f091fa3240c799e27" }, "B4.txt": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B4.txt", "sha256": "620890178288de6fd4da4a264fe40ebb544a58c850fabdf9ebe9a50b277dfe71" } }, "fetched": { "at": "2026-11-01T06:14:48Z", "http": 200, "url": "https://www.oclc.org/research/activities/viaf.html", "raw": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B4.html", "raw_sha256": "980d3a7f49c45ff0aa8b25e4520c1f0acacb3571e9ed003f091fa3240c799e27", "text": [ "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B4.txt" ] }, "names_operator": "yes ('VIAF has transitioned from an OCLC Research prototype to an OCLC service')", "names_archive": "no (none of the Crimson Hexagonal Archive, Alexanarch, Lee Sharks, leesharks.com, machinemediation, EA-WG-CAPTURES-01 in the saved text, card title and snippet)", "note": "URL by the card's title, verbatim as the page's heading; found by WebSearch. The snippet's 'Partners: Joint project ...' renders the page's partner sentence.", "searches": [ "WebSearch '\"VIAF (The Virtual International Authority File)\" OCLC research prototype April 4, 2012'" ], "surfaced_by_T": [ { "slug": "viaf-aio-20261101", "card": 4 } ], "card_title": "VIAF (The Virtual International Authority File)", "card_snippet": "Overview: VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) transitioned from an OCLC Research prototype to an OCLC service on April 4, 2012. Partners: Joint project ..." }, { "id": "B5", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "role": "Overview card 5", "card": "The Linked Open Data Cloud — LOD Cloud", "url": "https://lod-cloud.net/dataset/viaf", "kind": "Overview card (the LOD Cloud's dataset record for VIAF): the HTML page is a script-rendered template; its record is the JSON the page loads and links ('Download metadata as: JSON', /json/viaf)", "files": { "B5.html": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B5.html", "sha256": "06ddf35a9abe802607b4a7d0610174fe5f734ab4cc18b6a25729ad8c82a9189b" }, "B5.txt": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B5.txt", "sha256": "39c0c54cbe7d6f698d522de6fdd79b3139450a005702aad52e53093dcb233a04" }, "B5.json": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B5.json", "sha256": "ef4a2030346d37b5c01ed5e66fe5dd29c553622d394f4173782e5e2014310b2f" } }, "fetched": { "at": "2026-11-01T06:14:48Z", "http": 200, "url": "https://lod-cloud.net/dataset/viaf", "raw": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B5.html", "raw_sha256": "06ddf35a9abe802607b4a7d0610174fe5f734ab4cc18b6a25729ad8c82a9189b", "text": [ "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B5.json" ], "result": "the HTML is an unrendered template ({{dataset.description.en}}); the dataset record read from the JSON the page itself links", "json": { "url": "https://lod-cloud.net/json/viaf", "http": 200, "at": "2026-11-01T06:15:14Z", "sha256": "ef4a2030346d37b5c01ed5e66fe5dd29c553622d394f4173782e5e2014310b2f" } }, "names_operator": "yes ('an OCLC dataset and service'; contact point 'OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.')", "names_archive": "no (none of the Crimson Hexagonal Archive, Alexanarch, Lee Sharks, leesharks.com, machinemediation, EA-WG-CAPTURES-01 in the saved text, card title and snippet)", "note": "URL from the site's dataset path for VIAF (lod-cloud.net/dataset/<identifier>); the page's template carries no text of its own, so the record is read from the page's own JSON link (/json/viaf, linked on the page as 'Download metadata as: JSON'). The card snippet's 'joint project of 20 national libraries' is verbatim in the JSON description.", "surfaced_by_T": [ { "slug": "viaf-aio-20261101", "card": 5 } ], "card_title": "LOD Cloud", "card_snippet": "Overview: VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) is an OCLC dataset and joint project of 20 national libraries combining multiple LAM name authority files ..." }, { "id": "B6", "origin": "card", "pool": "B_D", "role": "Overview card 6", "card": "Semantic Web Journal — Description of the VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) Dataset", "url": "https://www.semantic-web-journal.net/sites/default/files/swj294.pdf", "kind": "Overview card (Thomas B. Hickey and Jeffrey A. Young, OCLC Research, 'Description of the VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) Dataset', Semantic Web Journal special call for linked dataset descriptions, dated 2012.05.25; PDF)", "files": { "B6.pdf": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B6.pdf", "sha256": "6aea26e7edced5b2300eedee7394965d94fab026ada1702f81ae03cda38c9186" }, "B6.txt": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B6.txt", "sha256": "7c31fe4ce989a750c279e3394e5ee185e2a2133ad138f939a78f6d540c45faf7" }, "B6-try1.html": { "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B6-try1.html", "sha256": "4aeb8cc0e2727012fc4689e552ce07925998226c3e7fbe598af9bf25d166071d" } }, "fetched": { "at": "2026-11-01T06:15:39Z", "http": 200, "url": "https://www.semantic-web-journal.net/sites/default/files/swj294.pdf", "raw": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B6.pdf", "raw_sha256": "6aea26e7edced5b2300eedee7394965d94fab026ada1702f81ae03cda38c9186", "text": [ "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B6.txt" ], "tries": [ { "url": "https://www.semantic-web-journal.net/content/description-viaf-virtual-international-authority-file-dataset", "http": 403, "at": "2026-11-01T06:14:49Z", "file": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/viaf-20261101/B6-try1.html", "sha256": "4aeb8cc0e2727012fc4689e552ce07925998226c3e7fbe598af9bf25d166071d", "note": "a guessed node URL; the site's 'Access denied' page for that path. The card's PDF was then found by WebSearch and fetched with the same agent string; the guessed URL was never the card's" } ] }, "names_operator": "yes ('the product of an ongoing collaboration of OCLC and a group of national libraries'; '©2012 OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.')", "names_archive": "no (none of the Crimson Hexagonal Archive, Alexanarch, Lee Sharks, leesharks.com, machinemediation, EA-WG-CAPTURES-01 in the saved text, card title and snippet)", "note": "URL found by WebSearch (extended) on the exact card title; text extracted with pdftotext -layout. The card snippet ('©2012 OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., 6565 Kilgour Place, Dublin, Ohio (USA) 43017-3395. 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