{
 "row": "stanford-canaries",
 "address": "Canaries in the Coal Mine",
 "addresses": [
  "Canaries in the Coal Mine"
 ],
 "extracted": "2026-10-29",
 "extractor": "Claude (Opus 5.5), subagent, one extractor (unaudited, §3.8)",
 "rule": "v0.9 §3.5, source-neutral: opening or abstract, defined terms, headline findings, stated limits; quotes verbatim from the saved page texts (whitespace-normalised for the check; multi-part quotes joined by ' … ', each part checked), the paper PDF's extracted text, and the Wikipedia summary with its verbatim citing sentences; 56/56 verified by script",
 "B_note": "The field B (§0.4, §3.1(a)), three origins kept apart, with the homonym's cards recorded apart (BRIEF-NEW-ROW-LABOR §5): 'card', the card that concerns the entity (B1, the paper's page on the Lab's site, with the PDF it links); 'card (homonym: the idiom)', cards 2–10 (B2 The Gale Review, B3 Reddit r/AskHistorians unreachable, B4 and B5 YouTube videos, B6 Cambridge Dictionary, B7 Government of Alberta, B8 and B9 YouTube videos, B10 a Facebook video), recorded with their sense and not ledgered; 'own_page', the census's other own page, the dashboard (B11), not surfaced by T; 'wikipedia', no article, three citing articles (B12). The census read no third-party source for the entity (both its sources carry basis 'operator'): no 'census_third_party' origin.",
 "lineage_note": "Lineages: what it is (B1, B11); the name (B1, B11); the operator and the authors (B1, B11); the data (B1, B11); exposure and usage measures (B11); the six facts (B1); automation against augmentation (B1, B11); mechanisms and the career ladder (B1); gender (B1, B11); occupations (B11); robustness (B1, B11); the stated limit (B1, B11); the sample's limits (B1, B11); versions and lifecycle (B1, B11); reception, the encyclopedia (B12). The paper is one work in two instances (B1's page and its PDF): one source id, the PDF's loci marked 'PDF'. The census's self_description, method, count, findings, limits, lifecycle and data_access quotes restate B1 and B11 (one lineage each with the page; recorded in the archive ledger as 'restates').",
 "pages": "saved files under datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/ (Bn.html raw, Bn.txt text extracted with scripts and styles stripped; B1-pdf.pdf and B1-pdf.txt the paper's PDF and its pdftotext text; B1 and B11 the census's saved copies, B1 refetched and byte-identical; B3-try1.html the Reddit response; W1–W16 raw Wikipedia responses with B12.txt a summary of codes and notices and the citing sentences, B12.html the rendered 404); sha256 per file in each source's 'files'",
 "field": [
  {
   "id": "B1",
   "origin": "card",
   "role": "Overview card 1 (the entity's card)",
   "card": "Stanford Digital Economy Lab — Canaries in the Coal Mine? Six Facts about the Recent Employment Effects of ...",
   "url": "https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/publication/canaries-in-the-coal-mine-six-facts-about-the-recent-employment-effects-of-artificial-intelligence/",
   "kind": "Overview card (the operator's page for the working paper, revised 12 August 2026), with the paper's PDF linked from it",
   "files": {
    "B1.html": {
     "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B1.html",
     "sha256": "352ff6c8dee78a6488197e7acfafa4227df2fdece05cbbe65498e36ed4f07ea3"
    },
    "B1.txt": {
     "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B1.txt",
     "sha256": "6f95c29726751b4fae71d5e47f06bbef7d4e47f1cd55c9c4084ab33d926c6bde"
    },
    "B1-pdf.pdf": {
     "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B1-pdf.pdf",
     "sha256": "c8d2e5c4ccc0de7ef977c191c144726d6073e164b33f30397fcb0090165d2bdf"
    },
    "B1-pdf.txt": {
     "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B1-pdf.txt",
     "sha256": "8115df5ac713e35b15fa751b0890f4002063b2dea93ccc0150eca366a433f9b6"
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   },
   "fetched": {
    "at": "2026-10-29T22:31:26Z",
    "http": 200,
    "url": "https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/publication/canaries-in-the-coal-mine-six-facts-about-the-recent-employment-effects-of-artificial-intelligence/",
    "raw": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B1.html",
    "raw_sha256": "352ff6c8dee78a6488197e7acfafa4227df2fdece05cbbe65498e36ed4f07ea3",
    "census_copy": "stanford-canaries--paper",
    "census_sha256": "352ff6c8dee78a6488197e7acfafa4227df2fdece05cbbe65498e36ed4f07ea3",
    "agrees": true,
    "text": [
     "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B1.txt",
     "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B1-pdf.txt"
    ],
    "pdf": {
     "at": "2026-10-29T22:31:51Z",
     "http": 200,
     "url": "https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/app/uploads/2026/08/Canaries_August2026.pdf",
     "raw_sha256": "c8d2e5c4ccc0de7ef977c191c144726d6073e164b33f30397fcb0090165d2bdf",
     "text": "pdftotext (no layout)"
    }
   },
   "names_operator": "yes ('Stanford Digital Economy Lab'; authors Erik Brynjolfsson, Bharat Chandar, Ruyu Chen; the PDF: 'Stanford University and NBER')",
   "names_archive": "no (none of the Crimson Hexagonal Archive, Alexanarch, Lee Sharks, laborvector, machinemediation, provenanceerasure, EA-WG-CAPTURES-01 in the saved text, card title and snippet)",
   "note": "The card's page is the census's own page 'paper': fetched with the honest agent string, byte-identical to the census's saved copy (sha256 352ff6c8…, the manifest's), so carried once, as a card; B1.txt is the census's text of it (copied). The page links the paper's PDF ('View PDF'), which the census lists as unchecked ('the paper's PDF (only its landing page was saved)'); it was fetched beside the page to read the card's own paper for its stated limits, and is quoted under B1 with locus 'PDF'. The card's snippet ('* Economics of Transformative AI Revolutionizing economics to harness the full p...') is the page's navigation text, not a claim.",
   "surfaced_by_T": [
    {
     "slug": "canaries-in-the-coal-mine-aio-20261029",
     "card": 1
    }
   ],
   "card_title": "Canaries in the Coal Mine? Six Facts about the Recent Employment Effects of ...",
   "card_snippet": "Canaries in the Coal Mine? Six Facts about the Recent Employment Effects of ... * Economics of Transformative AI Revolutionizing economics to harness the full p...",
   "card_note": null
  },
  {
   "id": "B2",
   "origin": "card (homonym: the idiom)",
   "role": "Overview card 2 (the homonym's)",
   "card": "The Gale Review — The historic roots and modern connotations of \"Canary in the Coal Mine\"",
   "url": "https://review.gale.com/2020/09/08/canaries-in-the-coal-mine/",
   "kind": "Overview card of the homonym, the idiom 'canary in a coal mine'",
   "sense": "the idiom's history: canaries in nineteenth- and twentieth-century mines, in warfare, and the phrase as 'a well-known phrase, used to refer to early indicators of potential hazards'",
   "files": {
    "B2.html": {
     "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B2.html",
     "sha256": "31b27ebe8bf60bd4fc4a21e3a6a36b912611714296ff0361f34edef9a8ffa3e4"
    },
    "B2.txt": {
     "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B2.txt",
     "sha256": "207059ff54393fe263a80aa28012bbbbb4db814f1fa8f3b0a0f3db04fb4fbc0f"
    }
   },
   "fetched": {
    "at": "2026-10-29T22:33:19Z",
    "http": 200,
    "url": "https://review.gale.com/2020/09/08/canaries-in-the-coal-mine/",
    "raw": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B2.html",
    "raw_sha256": "31b27ebe8bf60bd4fc4a21e3a6a36b912611714296ff0361f34edef9a8ffa3e4",
    "text": [
     "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B2.txt"
    ]
   },
   "names_operator": "no (the entity's operator is not named)",
   "names_archive": "no (none of the Crimson Hexagonal Archive, Alexanarch, Lee Sharks, laborvector, machinemediation, provenanceerasure, EA-WG-CAPTURES-01 in the saved text, card title and snippet)",
   "note": "URL by WebSearch on the card's title and site; the page's <title> is the card's. The snippet ('History: … mandated by 1911 regulations; replaced by electronic sensors in 1996. Warfare and C...') is a summary, not the page's words (the page: 'By 1911, regulations insisted …'; 'as late as 1996 when British legislation officially ordered miners to replace canaries with electronic carbon monoxide sensors').",
   "surfaced_by_T": [
    {
     "slug": "canaries-in-the-coal-mine-aio-20261029",
     "card": 2
    }
   ],
   "card_title": "The historic roots and modern connotations of \"Canary in the Coal Mine\"",
   "card_snippet": "History: Canaries used in 19th-century coal mines to detect carbon monoxide; mandated by 1911 regulations; replaced by electronic sensors in 1996. Warfare and C...",
   "card_note": null,
   "ledgered": "no: the homonym's card, recorded with its sense (BRIEF-NEW-ROW-LABOR §5); its spans that T composes are in delta.homonym_alignment"
  },
  {
   "id": "B3",
   "origin": "card (homonym: the idiom)",
   "role": "Overview card 3 (the homonym's)",
   "card": "Reddit·r/AskHistorians — Why were canaries used in coal mines? : r/AskHistorians - Reddit",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "Overview card of the homonym, the idiom 'canary in a coal mine'",
   "sense": "the idiom's history: why canaries were used in coal mines (the snippet: physiology and visibility)",
   "files": {
    "B3-try1.html": {
     "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B3-try1.html",
     "sha256": "351ed5d5bc7c40f25b17e7a2302bdcfa47d0dd5c14719ebbe7ed106759325cf6"
    }
   },
   "fetched": {
    "at": "2026-10-29T22:33:32Z",
    "http": 200,
    "url": null,
    "raw": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B3-try1.html",
    "raw_sha256": "351ed5d5bc7c40f25b17e7a2302bdcfa47d0dd5c14719ebbe7ed106759325cf6",
    "text": []
   },
   "names_operator": "no (the entity's operator is not named)",
   "names_archive": "no (none of the Crimson Hexagonal Archive, Alexanarch, Lee Sharks, laborvector, machinemediation, provenanceerasure, EA-WG-CAPTURES-01 in the saved text, card title and snippet)",
   "note": "unreachable: no thread URL found (two WebSearches on title and site, one refused by the search proxy with HTTP 400); one fetch of https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/search/?q=why+were+canaries+used+in+coal+mines&restrict_sr=1 with the honest agent returned HTTP 200 with a script page titled 'Reddit' (a bot check), saved as B3-try1.html; not retried with another agent or route. The card's title and snippet stand.",
   "surfaced_by_T": [
    {
     "slug": "canaries-in-the-coal-mine-aio-20261029",
     "card": 3
    }
   ],
   "card_title": "Why were canaries used in coal mines? : r/AskHistorians - Reddit",
   "card_snippet": "March 16, 2025 — Canary Physiology and Visibility: Canaries were effective in coal mines because their small size and rapid breathing made them highly susceptible to dangerous g...",
   "card_note": null,
   "ledgered": "no: the homonym's card, recorded with its sense (BRIEF-NEW-ROW-LABOR §5); its spans that T composes are in delta.homonym_alignment"
  },
  {
   "id": "B4",
   "origin": "card (homonym: the idiom)",
   "role": "Overview card 4 (the homonym's)",
   "card": "YouTube·iswearenglish — Canary in the Coalmine Definition",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "Overview card of the homonym, the idiom 'canary in a coal mine' (video, 5:34)",
   "sense": "the idiom: a definition (video, 5:34)",
   "files": {},
   "fetched": {
    "result": "not fetched (video card) or URL not found"
   },
   "names_operator": "no (the entity's operator is not named)",
   "names_archive": "no (card title and snippet)",
   "note": "video card: admitted through its title (no snippet on the rail); no URL found by WebSearch on title and channel; not fetched.",
   "surfaced_by_T": [
    {
     "slug": "canaries-in-the-coal-mine-aio-20261029",
     "card": 4
    }
   ],
   "card_title": "Canary in the Coalmine Definition",
   "card_snippet": null,
   "card_note": "video, 5:34",
   "ledgered": "no: the homonym's card, recorded with its sense (BRIEF-NEW-ROW-LABOR §5); its spans that T composes are in delta.homonym_alignment"
  },
  {
   "id": "B5",
   "origin": "card (homonym: the idiom)",
   "role": "Overview card 5 (the homonym's)",
   "card": "YouTube·Beamish Museum — Why were canaries used down the mine?",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "Overview card of the homonym, the idiom 'canary in a coal mine' (video, 1m)",
   "sense": "the idiom's history: why canaries were used down the mine (video, 1m)",
   "files": {},
   "fetched": {
    "result": "not fetched (video card) or URL not found"
   },
   "names_operator": "no (the entity's operator is not named)",
   "names_archive": "no (card title and snippet)",
   "note": "video card: admitted through its title; no URL found by WebSearch on title and channel; not fetched.",
   "surfaced_by_T": [
    {
     "slug": "canaries-in-the-coal-mine-aio-20261029",
     "card": 5
    }
   ],
   "card_title": "Why were canaries used down the mine?",
   "card_snippet": null,
   "card_note": "video, 1m",
   "ledgered": "no: the homonym's card, recorded with its sense (BRIEF-NEW-ROW-LABOR §5); its spans that T composes are in delta.homonym_alignment"
  },
  {
   "id": "B6",
   "origin": "card (homonym: the idiom)",
   "role": "Overview card 6 (the homonym's)",
   "card": "Cambridge Dictionary — Meaning of canary in a coalmine in English - Cambridge Dictionary",
   "url": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/canary-in-a-coalmine",
   "kind": "Overview card of the homonym, the idiom 'canary in a coal mine'",
   "sense": "the idiom defined: 'something that gives an early warning of danger or failure', with examples (the Arctic, butterflies, 'The canary in the mine is the airport')",
   "files": {
    "B6.html": {
     "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B6.html",
     "sha256": "6f7032f23435ec1dd546769df40145f613c865250f2b4533296381e8eeafff6b"
    },
    "B6.txt": {
     "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B6.txt",
     "sha256": "94e6b2be6f37b9bd470ad4cf00d63bc467bd64b3dbae87cc7c701be498eb39ad"
    }
   },
   "fetched": {
    "at": "2026-10-29T22:33:19Z",
    "http": 200,
    "url": "https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/canary-in-a-coalmine",
    "raw": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B6.html",
    "raw_sha256": "6f7032f23435ec1dd546769df40145f613c865250f2b4533296381e8eeafff6b",
    "text": [
     "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B6.txt"
    ]
   },
   "names_operator": "no (the entity's operator is not named)",
   "names_archive": "no (none of the Crimson Hexagonal Archive, Alexanarch, Lee Sharks, laborvector, machinemediation, provenanceerasure, EA-WG-CAPTURES-01 in the saved text, card title and snippet)",
   "note": "URL by WebSearch on the dictionary's site; the snippet's words are on the page.",
   "surfaced_by_T": [
    {
     "slug": "canaries-in-the-coal-mine-aio-20261029",
     "card": 6
    }
   ],
   "card_title": "Meaning of canary in a coalmine in English - Cambridge Dictionary",
   "card_snippet": "canary in a coalmine idiom (also canary in the coalmine, canary in the mine) Add to word list Add to word list something that gives an early warning of danger o...",
   "card_note": null,
   "ledgered": "no: the homonym's card, recorded with its sense (BRIEF-NEW-ROW-LABOR §5); its spans that T composes are in delta.homonym_alignment"
  },
  {
   "id": "B7",
   "origin": "card (homonym: the idiom)",
   "role": "Overview card 7 (the homonym's)",
   "card": "Government of Alberta — Canaries in the Coal Mine - Coal - Alberta's Energy Heritage",
   "url": "https://history.alberta.ca/energyheritage/coal/the-alberta-dream-1874-1914/early-methods-and-technology/canaries-in-the-coal-mine.aspx",
   "kind": "Overview card of the homonym, the idiom 'canary in a coal mine'",
   "sense": "the idiom's history: canaries carried into Alberta's mines to detect carbon monoxide",
   "files": {
    "B7.html": {
     "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B7.html",
     "sha256": "01f43ec0cede9b00fb00a3db8ab608f4beb3d373c4a00711d185a2bced9e3d05"
    },
    "B7.txt": {
     "path": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B7.txt",
     "sha256": "f05adcb96638c101f1982e63538270a75c84b93d4e7c9f228c2382541294a4b4"
    }
   },
   "fetched": {
    "at": "2026-10-29T22:33:20Z",
    "http": 200,
    "url": "https://history.alberta.ca/energyheritage/coal/the-alberta-dream-1874-1914/early-methods-and-technology/canaries-in-the-coal-mine.aspx",
    "raw": "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B7.html",
    "raw_sha256": "01f43ec0cede9b00fb00a3db8ab608f4beb3d373c4a00711d185a2bced9e3d05",
    "text": [
     "datasets/negative-of-the-negative/v2/intake/stanford-canaries-20261029/B7.txt"
    ]
   },
   "names_operator": "no (the entity's operator is not named)",
   "names_archive": "no (none of the Crimson Hexagonal Archive, Alexanarch, Lee Sharks, laborvector, machinemediation, provenanceerasure, EA-WG-CAPTURES-01 in the saved text, card title and snippet)",
   "note": "URL by WebSearch on the card's title and site. The snippet ('One of the earliest warning systems miners employed … The combination of the bird's rapid breathing...') is not on the served page, which gives 'A canary’s heart rate is so high …'; recorded, not resolved.",
   "surfaced_by_T": [
    {
     "slug": "canaries-in-the-coal-mine-aio-20261029",
     "card": 7
    }
   ],
   "card_title": "Canaries in the Coal Mine - Coal - Alberta's Energy Heritage",
   "card_snippet": "One of the earliest warning systems miners employed to detect the presence of toxic gases in a mine used canaries. The combination of the bird's rapid breathing...",
   "card_note": null,
   "ledgered": "no: the homonym's card, recorded with its sense (BRIEF-NEW-ROW-LABOR §5); its spans that T composes are in delta.homonym_alignment"
  },
  {
   "id": "B8",
   "origin": "card (homonym: the idiom)",
   "role": "Overview card 8 (the homonym's)",
   "card": "YouTube·Tutor Nick P — Canary in a Coalmine - Idioms (770) Origin - English Tutor Nick P",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "Overview card of the homonym, the idiom 'canary in a coal mine' (video, 2:04)",
   "sense": "the idiom's origin (video, 2:04)",
   "files": {},
   "fetched": {
    "result": "not fetched (video card) or URL not found"
   },
   "names_operator": "no (the entity's operator is not named)",
   "names_archive": "no (card title and snippet)",
   "note": "video card: admitted through its title; not fetched.",
   "surfaced_by_T": [
    {
     "slug": "canaries-in-the-coal-mine-aio-20261029",
     "card": 8
    }
   ],
   "card_title": "Canary in a Coalmine - Idioms (770) Origin - English Tutor Nick P",
   "card_snippet": null,
   "card_note": "video, 2:04",
   "ledgered": "no: the homonym's card, recorded with its sense (BRIEF-NEW-ROW-LABOR §5); its spans that T composes are in delta.homonym_alignment"
  },
  {
   "id": "B9",
   "origin": "card (homonym: the idiom)",
   "role": "Overview card 9 (the homonym's)",
   "card": "YouTube·Smartest Year Ever — Canaries in Coal Mines 🐤 #dailyfacts",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "Overview card of the homonym, the idiom 'canary in a coal mine' (video, 1:09)",
   "sense": "the idiom's history (video, 1:09)",
   "files": {},
   "fetched": {
    "result": "not fetched (video card) or URL not found"
   },
   "names_operator": "no (the entity's operator is not named)",
   "names_archive": "no (card title and snippet)",
   "note": "video card: admitted through its title; not fetched.",
   "surfaced_by_T": [
    {
     "slug": "canaries-in-the-coal-mine-aio-20261029",
     "card": 9
    }
   ],
   "card_title": "Canaries in Coal Mines 🐤 #dailyfacts",
   "card_snippet": null,
   "card_note": "video, 1:09",
   "ledgered": "no: the homonym's card, recorded with its sense (BRIEF-NEW-ROW-LABOR §5); its spans that T composes are in delta.homonym_alignment"
  },
  {
   "id": "B10",
   "origin": "card (homonym: the idiom)",
   "role": "Overview card 10 (the homonym's)",
   "card": "Facebook·Amazing Time Capsule — How Canaries Saved the Lives of Miners | Amazing Time Capsule",
   "url": null,
   "kind": "Overview card of the homonym, the idiom 'canary in a coal mine' (video)",
   "sense": "the idiom's history: how canaries saved miners (video, 1m)",
   "files": {},
   "fetched": {
    "result": "not fetched (video card) or URL not found"
   },
   "names_operator": "no (the entity's operator is not named)",
   "names_archive": "no (card title and snippet)",
   "note": "video card: admitted through its title; the rail carries one google.com/goto link, opaque; not fetched.",
   "surfaced_by_T": [
    {
     "slug": "canaries-in-the-coal-mine-aio-20261029",
     "card": 10
    }
   ],
   "card_title": "How Canaries Saved the Lives of Miners | Amazing Time Capsule",
   "card_snippet": null,
   "card_note": "video, [1m](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESogEB6zswFT9qJXl1mov9iH0FSD06go8edvUa1sPoh-j4oPaiZnr8gOVUZ_aA-edkzAQNg1AMRQQOqriZrjBpJ8HOfCDIwMuH5BPWKzxKCYQc-ut0AogTcTe8PvrxyGTJZy4BSPY6iNdbcQVXWS71b1AceLAVjFtqOs1Z4PxeYRg_-7QBKQcnTz3rv9OjeH9FFkwLs6PUzt9_jI-dfwqlkk92m6U)",
   "ledgered": "no: the homonym's card, recorded with its sense (BRIEF-NEW-ROW-LABOR §5); its spans that T composes are in delta.homonym_alignment"
  },
  {
   "id": "B11",
   "origin": "own_page",
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   "quote": "However, the specific capabilities of generative AI, particularly its proficiency with codified knowledge work, suggest there may be “canaries in the coal mine” which will be affected first.",
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   "quote": "In levels, employment of 22–25-year-olds in the two most exposed quintiles fell about 11% between November 2022 and June 2026, while employment of the same age group in the three least-exposed quintiles grew about 10%.",
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   "quote": "Earlier versions of this study headlined regression estimates adjusting for firm-level shocks (a 13% relative decline as of July 2025 data; 16% as of September 2025 data). We now emphasize the simpler descriptive divergence, which requires no modeling choices: by this same measure, the kept-pace shortfall was 15% at the July 2025 data vintage and has since widened to 19% as of June 2026.",
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   "quote": "This paper updates and extends “Canaries in the Coal Mine? Six Facts about the Recent Employment Effects of Artificial Intelligence” (August 2025) with data through June 2026 and new analyses.",
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   "quote": "Additional analysis provides suggestive evidence about mechanisms. We find employment declines for young workers in occupations that involve codified knowledge.",
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   "quote": "One possibility is that AI more effectively substitutes for knowledge that has been digitized and codified—the core of formal education—while acting as a complement to the tacit, experience-based knowledge held by senior employees (Acemoglu and Autor, 2011).",
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   "quote": "This slowdown in hiring at the entry level provides early suggestions that generative AI may be affecting the career ladder in the American labor market.",
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   "quote": "Finally, women face greater AI exposure on average, suggesting heterogeneity by gender worth monitoring going forward.",
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   "quote": "A key challenge in the literature is balancing three features that are core to measuring AI’s labor market impact: timeliness, worker granularity, and administrative verifiability.",
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   "quote": "ADP provides payroll services to firms employing over 26 million U.S. workers. Our analysis sample is a subset of these records: a balanced panel of firms observed monthly from January 2021 through June 2026, comprising between 3.5 and 5 million employees per month.",
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   "quote": "though we caution that there may also be selection in which firms use ADP",
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   "quote": "They are also robust to allowing for firm entry and exit, though the clientele in the ADP analysis sample may not fully reflect new business formation.",
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   "quote": "We caution that this work does not estimate a causal impact of AI: these are descriptive facts, and ongoing work is needed to determine how much they are caused by the spread of generative AI rather than merely correlated with it.",
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   "quote": "We do not make predictions about future impacts or claim that the trends we document will continue indefinitely.",
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   "quote": "In collaboration with ADP Research, we summarize live labor market trends for a sample workers in firms using ADP payroll services.",
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   "quote": "Brynjolfsson, Chandar, and Chen (2025) studied these emergent labor market impacts. In the Canaries dashboard, we now update and extend this work, presenting it alongside other labor market indicators.",
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   "locus": "'How we built the Canaries Dashboard' ¶3",
   "quote": "The occupational granularity and timeliness of our results afford an early signal of changes to the labor market, a canary in the coal mine. Accordingly, the Canaries Dashboard complements, rather than substitutes for, analyses that make use of nationally representative datasets.",
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   "locus": "Methodology ¶1",
   "quote": "We adopt the balanced sample approach of Brynjolfsson, Chandar, and Chen (2025) , including firms with 5 years of employment history in ADP. … Each month, we roll this 5-year window forward. We additionally limit our sample to workers successfully matched to an occupation code.",
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   "locus": "Methodology ¶2",
   "quote": "As of the Canaries Dashboard launch, our balanced sample of firms using ADP payroll services, spanning the 5 years ending in April 2026, consists of 25,000 firms. In November 2022, these firms employed 4.6mm workers successfully matched to an occupation code. This sample covers over 730 unique occupations.",
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   "locus": "Methodology ¶3",
   "quote": "We match the occupation-level ADP data to various measures of exposure: Eloundou et al. (2024) and the Anthropic Economic Index .",
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   "locus": "'Automation vs. Complementarity' ¶1",
   "quote": "The Anthropic Economic Index summarizes total usage at the occupation level and further decomposes this usage into automation and augmentation patterns. Under automation, users fully delegate tasks, whereas augmentation usage features collaboration between humans and an AI system.",
   "claim": "the Anthropic Economic Index's usage terms, as the dashboard gives them: automation, users fully delegate tasks; augmentation, collaboration between humans and an AI system",
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   "locus": "Gender, 'Results summary' ¶2 (Updated July 22 2026)",
   "quote": "In the most-exposed quintile, employment among early-career women has been contracting at 4.5% per year since the introduction of ChatGPT in November 2022, while employment for men of the same age is contracting at 2.5% per year.",
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   "locus": "Gender, 'Results summary' ¶4",
   "quote": "Accordingly, gender-based differences in the relationship between AI exposure and employment trends appear to be driven primarily by occupational composition, rather than disparate trends within given sets of occupations.",
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   "quote": "For example, early-career software developers and customer service workers show substantial employment declines. On the other hand, home health aides, a less-exposed occupation, show employment increases for the youngest workers.",
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   "locus": "'How we built the Canaries Dashboard' ¶5",
   "quote": "when including the broadest set of controls, declines in AI-exposed occupations become statistically significant in 2024. The earlier declines are likely driven by non-AI factors.",
   "claim": "from the February 2026 update: with the broadest controls, declines significant in 2024; earlier declines likely non-AI",
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   "locus": "'How we built the Canaries Dashboard' ¶6",
   "quote": "Accordingly, the Canaries Dashboard measures the correlation between occupational exposure measures and employment trends in our sample, rather than a causal link between the two.",
   "claim": "the dashboard's stated limit: correlation between exposure and employment in its sample, not a causal link",
   "modality": "self-description",
   "kind": "function",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": true,
   "lineage": "the stated limit: descriptive and correlational, not causal",
   "date": "2026-10-21 (dashboard last updated; read 2026-10-29)",
   "quote_ok": true,
   "checked_against": "saved text B11.txt (sha256 c75299602d1ce1c1…), whitespace-normalised"
  },
  "F48": {
   "source": "B11",
   "origin": "own_page",
   "locus": "'How we built' ¶1; 'Our work with ADP Research' ¶2",
   "quote": "We use low-latency data on a large, but not necessarily representative, sample of firms. … Our sample represents neither the entire U.S. labor market nor the universe of firms using ADP payroll services.",
   "claim": "the sample large but not necessarily representative; neither the U.S. labor market nor all ADP firms",
   "modality": "self-description",
   "kind": "fact",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "the sample's limits",
   "date": "2026-10-21 (dashboard last updated; read 2026-10-29)",
   "quote_ok": true,
   "checked_against": "saved text B11.txt (sha256 c75299602d1ce1c1…), whitespace-normalised; multi-part quote, each part checked"
  },
  "F49": {
   "source": "B11",
   "origin": "own_page",
   "locus": "'How we built' ¶2",
   "quote": "This restriction shuts down the margins of firm entry and exit.",
   "claim": "the balanced sample shuts down firm entry and exit",
   "modality": "self-description",
   "kind": "fact",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "the sample's limits",
   "date": "2026-10-21 (dashboard last updated; read 2026-10-29)",
   "quote_ok": true,
   "checked_against": "saved text B11.txt (sha256 c75299602d1ce1c1…), whitespace-normalised"
  },
  "F50": {
   "source": "B11",
   "origin": "own_page",
   "locus": "after the charts",
   "quote": "Last updated October 21, 2026. Results are updated monthly.",
   "claim": "last updated 21 October 2026; updated monthly",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kind": "fact",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "versions and lifecycle",
   "date": "2026-10-21 (dashboard last updated; read 2026-10-29)",
   "quote_ok": true,
   "checked_against": "saved text B11.txt (sha256 c75299602d1ce1c1…), whitespace-normalised"
  },
  "F51": {
   "source": "B11",
   "origin": "own_page",
   "locus": "Methodology ¶4",
   "quote": "Future versions of this work will use an expanded and reweighted sample.",
   "claim": "future versions announced with an expanded and reweighted sample",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kind": "prediction",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "versions and lifecycle",
   "date": "2026-10-21 (dashboard last updated; read 2026-10-29)",
   "quote_ok": true,
   "checked_against": "saved text B11.txt (sha256 c75299602d1ce1c1…), whitespace-normalised"
  },
  "F52": {
   "source": "B12",
   "origin": "wikipedia",
   "locus": "Wikipedia: titles 'Canaries in the Coal Mine', 'Canaries in the coal mine', 'Canaries Dashboard', the paper's full title, 'Stanford Digital Economy Lab'",
   "quote": "raw wikitext (action=raw, redirect=no), 2026-10-29: 'Canaries in the Coal Mine' HTTP 404; 'Canaries in the coal mine' HTTP 404; 'Canaries Dashboard' HTTP 404; the paper's full title HTTP 404; 'Stanford Digital Economy Lab' HTTP 404 … Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name.",
   "claim": "Wikipedia has no article on the paper, the dashboard or the Lab under any of these titles",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kind": "fact",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "reception: the encyclopedia",
   "date": "2026-10-29 (as fetched)",
   "quote_ok": true,
   "checked_against": "saved text B12.txt (sha256 39b78f6b61e18afd…), whitespace-normalised; multi-part quote, each part checked"
  },
  "F53": {
   "source": "B12",
   "origin": "wikipedia",
   "locus": "Wikipedia: 'Canary in a coal mine' and 'Canary in the coal mine'",
   "quote": "#REDIRECT [[Sentinel species#Canaries]]",
   "claim": "Wikipedia resolves the idiom ('Canary in the coal mine', 'Canary in a coal mine') to the article 'Sentinel species', section 'Canaries': the homonym's, not the entity's",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kind": "fact",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "reception: the encyclopedia",
   "date": "2026-10-29 (as fetched)",
   "quote_ok": true,
   "checked_against": "saved text B12.txt (sha256 39b78f6b61e18afd…), whitespace-normalised"
  },
  "F54": {
   "source": "B12",
   "origin": "wikipedia",
   "locus": "Wikipedia, 'AI takeover' (citing the paper's August 2025 PDF)",
   "quote": "Researchers at [[Stanford]]'s Digital Economy Lab reported in 2025 that since the widespread adoption of [[generative AI]] in late 2022, early-career workers (ages 22–25) in the most AI-exposed occupations have experienced a 13% relative decline in employment—even after controlling for firm-level shocks—while overall employment has continued to grow robustly.",
   "claim": "'AI takeover' reports the 2025 version's figure: a 13% relative decline for early-career workers in the most exposed occupations after firm-level controls",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kind": "fact",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "reception: the encyclopedia",
   "date": "cited 2025-08-26 (article as fetched 2026-10-29)",
   "quote_ok": true,
   "checked_against": "saved text B12.txt (sha256 39b78f6b61e18afd…), whitespace-normalised"
  },
  "F55": {
   "source": "B12",
   "origin": "wikipedia",
   "locus": "Wikipedia, 'Artificial intelligence' (citing the paper's page, 2026)",
   "quote": "According to the Stanford Digital Economy Lab in 2026, early-career workers showed decreasing [[employment rate]]s in some AI-exposed occupations.",
   "claim": "'Artificial intelligence': early-career workers showed decreasing employment rates in some AI-exposed occupations (the Lab, 2026)",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kind": "fact",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "reception: the encyclopedia",
   "date": "cited 2026-03-06 (article as fetched 2026-10-29)",
   "quote_ok": true,
   "checked_against": "saved text B12.txt (sha256 39b78f6b61e18afd…), whitespace-normalised"
  },
  "F56": {
   "source": "B12",
   "origin": "wikipedia",
   "locus": "Wikipedia, 'Silicon Valley' (citing the paper's page)",
   "quote": "A 2025 study from Stanford's Digital Economy Lab found no evidence of broad AI-driven job losses, but it did find a gap among younger workers: employment for people aged 22 to 25 in AI-exposed jobs, such as software engineering and customer service, was about 19 percent below what would be expected based on hiring trends for older, less exposed workers.",
   "claim": "'Silicon Valley': no broad AI-driven job losses; employment of 22–25-year-olds in exposed jobs about 19 percent below expectation, set against 'older, less exposed workers'",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kind": "fact",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "reception: the encyclopedia",
   "date": "cited 2026-10-03 (article as fetched 2026-10-29)",
   "quote_ok": true,
   "checked_against": "saved text B12.txt (sha256 39b78f6b61e18afd…), whitespace-normalised",
   "marks": {
    "contradicts_primary": {
     "primary": "F6",
     "locus": "B1 abstract, fact 2: 'had it kept pace with that of their less-exposed peers'",
     "note": "the paper's comparison is with less-exposed peers of the same age group; the article's 'older, less exposed workers' is not the paper's"
    }
   }
  }
 },
 "field_sources": {
  "B1": "Stanford Digital Economy Lab — Canaries in the Coal Mine? Six Facts about the Recent Employment Effects of ... (the paper's page and its PDF)",
  "B11": "Stanford Digital Economy Lab — Canaries Dashboard (AI Economic Indicators)",
  "B12": "Wikipedia — Canaries in the Coal Mine? / Canaries Dashboard (no article; cited in three articles)"
 }
}