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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "quote": "\"Political economy – sometimes referred to as comparative economy – is an interdisciplinary field in political science and economics that studies the relationship between political and economic systems, including how they influence each other.\"",
   "claim": "Political economy is an interdisciplinary field in political science and economics studying the relationship and mutual influence of political and economic systems",
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "lead ¶2",
   "quote": "\"The field originated within the 16th-century Western moral philosophy, with theoretical works exploring the administration of states' wealth.\"",
   "claim": "The field originated in 16th-century Western moral philosophy, in works on administering states' wealth",
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   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
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   "source": "B1",
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   "quote": "\"The earliest works of political economy are usually attributed to the British scholars Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo, although the work of the French physiocrats preceded them.\"",
   "claim": "The earliest works are usually attributed to Smith, Malthus and Ricardo; the physiocrats preceded them",
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   "const": false,
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "lead ¶2",
   "quote": "\"Various thinkers, from John Stuart Mill to Karl Marx, saw economics and politics as inseparable.\"",
   "claim": "Thinkers from Mill to Marx saw economics and politics as inseparable",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "classical-founders",
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "lead ¶3",
   "quote": "\"In the late-19th century, economics had become an independent discipline separate from political economy with the rise of mathematical modeling, coinciding with the publication of the influential textbook Principles of Economics by Alfred Marshall in 1890.\"",
   "claim": "In the late 19th century economics separated from political economy with mathematical modeling, coinciding with Marshall's Principles (1890)",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "separation-from-economics",
   "quote_ok": true
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "lead ¶4",
   "quote": "\"In its modern form, political economy is an interdisciplinary field analyzing phenomena such as labour markets, international trade, growth, the distribution of wealth, and economic inequality.\"",
   "claim": "Modern political economy analyzes labour markets, trade, growth, distribution of wealth and inequality",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "modern-scope",
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "lead ¶4",
   "quote": "\"In contrast, the term economics usually refers to the narrow study of the economy absent other political and social considerations.\"",
   "claim": "Economics, by contrast, usually names the narrow study of the economy without political and social considerations",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "separation-from-economics",
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Etymology and history › Origins",
   "quote": "\"the term originally referred to household or estate management and originated from the Greek word oikonomikos\"",
   "claim": "The term originally referred to household or estate management, from Greek oikonomikos",
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Etymology and history › Origins",
   "quote": "\"first appeared in France in 1615 with the book Traicté de l'oeconomie politique by French soldier-economist Antoine de Montchrétien\"",
   "claim": "The phrase first appeared in France in 1615 in Montchrétien's Traicté de l'oeconomie politique",
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   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
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   "quote_ok": true
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Etymology and history › Origins",
   "quote": "\"Smith described political economy as part of the \"science of a statesman or legislator\" whose goals were to provide revenue or subsistence for the people and revenue for the state.\"",
   "claim": "Smith described political economy as part of the science of a statesman or legislator",
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   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "classical-founders",
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Etymology and history › Origins",
   "quote": "\"Other contemporary scholars attribute the roots of this study to the 14th century Tunisian historian and sociologist, Ibn Khaldun\"",
   "claim": "Some scholars attribute its roots to Ibn Khaldun (14th century)",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "origins-moral-philosophy",
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Redefinition and relationship with economics",
   "quote": "\"William Stanley Jevons developed the marginal utility theory of value—sparking the \"marginal revolution\" and introducing mathematical methods in economics—and advocated economics for brevity and with the hope of the term becoming \"the recognised name of a science\"\"",
   "claim": "Jevons advocated 'economics' for brevity, hoping it would become the recognised name of a science",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "separation-from-economics",
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Redefinition and relationship with economics",
   "quote": "\"authors Milonakis and Fine argue that \"the process by which political economy became economics\" involved \"desocialisation and dehistoricisation\"\"",
   "claim": "Milonakis and Fine argue the passage from political economy to economics involved desocialisation and dehistoricisation",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "separation-critique",
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Redefinition and relationship with economics",
   "quote": "\"Citation measurement metrics from Google Ngram Viewer indicate that use of the term economics began to overshadow political economy around roughly 1910, becoming the preferred term for the discipline by 1920.\"",
   "claim": "Ngram metrics indicate 'economics' overshadowed 'political economy' around 1910 and was preferred by 1920",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "separation-from-economics",
   "quote_ok": true
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  "F15": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Contemporary definition",
   "quote": "\"political economy now refers to the interdisciplinary study of the mutual relationship between politics and economics\"",
   "claim": "Political economy now refers to the interdisciplinary study of the mutual relationship between politics and economics",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "pe-definition",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Contemporary definition",
   "quote": "\"The field is also sometimes split into comparative political economy and international political economy.\"",
   "claim": "The field is sometimes split into comparative and international political economy",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "subfields",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F17": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Educational institutions",
   "quote": "\"The world's first professorship in political economy was established in 1754 at the University of Naples Federico II in southern Italy.\"",
   "claim": "The first professorship in political economy was established in 1754 at Naples",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "institutions",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F18": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Approaches",
   "quote": "\"Economists and political scientists often associate political economy with approaches that use rational-choice assumptions, especially in game theory\"",
   "claim": "Political economy is often associated with rational-choice approaches, especially game theory",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "approaches-rational-choice",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Approaches › New political economy",
   "quote": "\"Charles S. Maier suggests that a political economy approach \"interrogates economic doctrines to disclose their sociological and political premises\"",
   "claim": "Maier: a political economy approach interrogates economic doctrines to disclose their sociological and political premises",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "approaches-new-pe",
   "quote_ok": true
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  "F20": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Approaches › International political economy",
   "quote": "\"Susan Strange, was \"almost single-handedly responsible for creating international political economy as a field of study.\"\"",
   "claim": "By Chris Brown's account, Susan Strange almost single-handedly created IPE as a field",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "subfields",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Approaches › International political economy",
   "quote": "\"There is also a more critical school of IPE, inspired by thinkers such as Antonio Gramsci and Karl Polanyi\"",
   "claim": "A more critical school of IPE draws on Gramsci and Polanyi",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "subfields",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Approaches › anthropology, sociology, geography",
   "quote": "\"the analysis of dimensions lacking a standard economic value (e.g. the political economy of language, of gender, or of religion) often draws on concepts used in Marxian critiques of capital.\"",
   "claim": "Analyses of dimensions lacking a standard economic value (language, gender, religion) often draw on Marxian critiques of capital",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "pe-of-non-market-dimensions",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Relationship between politics and the economy",
   "quote": "\"Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, warned that businesspeople frequently seek monopoly, collusion, and state favourtism. He wrote that merchants seldom meet together without ending in \"a conspiracy against the public.\"\"",
   "claim": "Smith wrote that merchants seldom meet without ending in a conspiracy against the public",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "concentrated-power-distorts-politics",
   "quote_ok": true
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Relationship between politics and the economy",
   "quote": "\"Karl Marx argued that the state in a capitalist society is not merely influenced by economic interests, nor is it a neutral arbiter between classes. He argued that economic power ultimately dominates political power under capitalism\"",
   "claim": "Marx argued that economic power ultimately dominates political power under capitalism",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "concentrated-power-distorts-politics",
   "quote_ok": true
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Related disciplines",
   "quote": "\"Because political economy is not a unified discipline, studies are using the term that overlap in subject matter, but have radically different perspectives\"",
   "claim": "Political economy is not a unified discipline: studies using the term overlap in subject matter with radically different perspectives",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "not-unified",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
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   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Related disciplines › Communications",
   "quote": "\"Communications examines the institutional aspects of media and telecommunication systems. As an area of study focusing on aspects of human communication, it pays particular attention to the relationships among owners, labor, consumers, advertisers, structures of production, and the state\"",
   "claim": "Communications, as a related discipline, attends to relations among owners, labor, consumers, advertisers, production structures and the state",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "pe-of-communication",
   "quote_ok": true
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  "F27": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "program description ¶1",
   "quote": "\"Political economy is the study of how politics affects the economy and how the economy in turn shapes politics.\"",
   "claim": "Political economy is the study of how politics affects the economy and the economy shapes politics",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": true,
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   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "program description ¶2",
   "quote": "\"Topics in political economy include inequality (across class, gender, race, ethnicity), redistribution, economic development, globalization, macroeconomic policy, economic crises, populism, and environmental policy.\"",
   "claim": "Topics include inequality, redistribution, development, globalization, macroeconomic policy, crises, populism and environmental policy",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "modern-scope",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F29": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "program description ¶2",
   "quote": "\"Technological change has produced greater inequality and concentration of wealth; what role do governments play in amplifying or countering these trends?\"",
   "claim": "Technological change has produced greater inequality and wealth concentration; the field asks what role governments play",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "inequality-research",
   "quote_ok": true
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   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "program description ¶1",
   "quote": "\"Training in political economy can help students understand how societies work, a useful skill whether they seek to become better policy analysts or more effective social reformers\"",
   "claim": "Training in political economy helps students understand how societies work, for policy analysts or social reformers",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "use-of-the-field",
   "quote_ok": true
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  "F31": {
   "source": "B3",
   "locus": "introduction",
   "quote": "\"branch of social science that studies the relationships between individuals and society and between markets and the state, using a diverse set of tools and methods drawn largely from economics, political science, and sociology\"",
   "claim": "Political economy is a branch of social science studying relations between individuals and society and between markets and the state, with tools from economics, political science and sociology",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": true,
   "lineage": "pe-definition"
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  "F32": {
   "source": "B3",
   "locus": "introduction",
   "quote": "\"The term political economy is derived from the Greek polis, meaning 'city' or 'state,' and oikonomos, meaning 'one who manages a household or estate.'\"",
   "claim": "The term derives from Greek polis (city, state) and oikonomos (household manager)",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "etymology-household"
  },
  "F33": {
   "source": "B3",
   "locus": "introduction",
   "quote": "\"Political economy thus can be understood as the study of how a country—the public's household—is managed or governed, taking into account both political and economic factors.\"",
   "claim": "Political economy can be understood as the study of how a country, the public's household, is managed or governed",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "etymology-household"
  },
  "F34": {
   "source": "B4",
   "locus": "card title (snippet only)",
   "quote": "\"Understanding Political Economy: History and Real-World Impacts\"",
   "claim": "The page presents political economy's history and real-world impacts (title only reachable)",
   "modality": "self-description",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "use-of-the-field"
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  "F35": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "What is political economy",
   "quote": "\"refers to the study of how political institutions, economic systems, and social dynamics interact\"",
   "claim": "Political economy refers to the study of how political institutions, economic systems and social dynamics interact",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": true,
   "lineage": "pe-definition",
   "quote_ok": true
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  "F36": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "What is political economy",
   "quote": "\"It is not just about governments or markets in isolation, but about how power, wealth, and policy decisions intertwine.\"",
   "claim": "It concerns how power, wealth and policy decisions intertwine",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "pe-definition",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F37": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "Origins",
   "quote": "\"In the 18th and 19th centuries, classical thinkers like Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx used the term to describe their analyses of wealth, production, and governance.\"",
   "claim": "Smith, Ricardo and Marx used the term for analyses of wealth, production and governance",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "classical-founders",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F38": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "Origins",
   "quote": "\"Over time, political economy split into modern economics and political science as distinct disciplines. However, today's globalised world — shaped by financial crises, multinational corporations, and international negotiations — has revived interest in this holistic field.\"",
   "claim": "Political economy split into economics and political science; globalisation has revived interest in it",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "separation-from-economics",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F39": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "Key schools of thought",
   "quote": "\"Liberalism: advocates free markets and limited government intervention.\"",
   "claim": "Liberalism advocates free markets and limited government intervention",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "schools",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F40": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "Key schools of thought",
   "quote": "\"Marxism: focuses on class relations and economic inequality.\"",
   "claim": "Marxism focuses on class relations and economic inequality",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "schools",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F41": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "Key takeaways",
   "quote": "\"Key theories: liberalism, Marxism, institutionalism, realism.\"",
   "claim": "Key theories: liberalism, Marxism, institutionalism, realism",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "schools",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F42": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "Career relevance",
   "quote": "\"In international relations, it clarifies how trade agreements, sanctions, or foreign aid reflect deeper political interests.\"",
   "claim": "In international relations it clarifies how trade agreements, sanctions or aid reflect political interests",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "applications-trade",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F43": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "summary ¶1",
   "quote": "\"Political economy is an interdisciplinary field that explores the interplay between economics and political science.\"",
   "claim": "Political economy is an interdisciplinary field exploring the interplay of economics and political science",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": true,
   "lineage": "pe-definition",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F44": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "summary ¶1",
   "quote": "\"In market economies, prices are determined by supply and demand, while command economies rely on centralized government control to set economic goals and manage resources.\"",
   "claim": "Market economies price by supply and demand; command economies rely on centralized government control",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "economic-systems",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F45": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "Overview",
   "quote": "\"Although political economy has been studied for centuries, the field experienced renewed growth during the 1970s as political scientists and economists increasingly integrated their research.\"",
   "claim": "The field grew again in the 1970s as political scientists and economists integrated their research",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "revival",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F46": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "Overview",
   "quote": "\"many modern students of political economy argue that the study of either field independently is inherently incomplete\"",
   "claim": "Many students of political economy argue that either field studied alone is incomplete",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "not-unified",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F47": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "Government in market economies",
   "quote": "\"Too much regulation can stifle a market economy. However, too little regulation leads to excessive unethical behavior, which can be harmful to consumers.\"",
   "claim": "Too much regulation stifles a market economy; too little leads to excessive unethical behavior",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "economic-systems",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F48": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "International relations",
   "quote": "\"An oil embargo imposed by OPEC in the 1970s showed the world that nations without a powerful military presence could still strike at other nations\"",
   "claim": "OPEC's 1970s oil embargo showed nations without military power could still strike at others",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "revival",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F49": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "International relations",
   "quote": "\"By 2026, scholars increasingly described the growing use of trade policy, investment restrictions, export controls, and financial measures to achieve foreign policy objectives as geoeconomics\"",
   "claim": "By 2026 scholars increasingly described economic measures used for foreign-policy ends as geoeconomics",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "applications-trade",
   "quote_ok": true
  }
 }
}