{
 "field": [
  {
   "id": "B1",
   "card": "Wikipedia — Marxism",
   "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism",
   "fetched": "WebFetch verbatim excerpts 2026-10-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "B2",
   "card": "Econlib — Marxism (David L. Prychitko, Concise Encyclopedia of Economics)",
   "url": "https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Marxism.html",
   "fetched": "WebFetch verbatim excerpts 2026-10-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "B3",
   "card": "Britannica — Marxism | Definition, History, Ideology, Examples, & Facts",
   "url": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marxism",
   "fetched": "topic page not fetchable (article body not served to WebFetch); card snippet, plus verbatim excerpts from the article's summary page https://www.britannica.com/summary/Marxism, WebFetch 2026-10-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "B4",
   "card": "Investopedia — Understanding Marxism: Differences vs. Communism, Socialism ...",
   "url": "https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marxism.asp",
   "fetched": "not fetchable: site blocked to WebFetch; card snippet only"
  },
  {
   "id": "B5",
   "card": "Taylor & Francis Online — Full article: What Is Marxism?",
   "url": null,
   "fetched": "not fetchable: article not located by search (no DOI or URL on the card); card snippet only"
  },
  {
   "id": "B6",
   "card": "Perlego — What is Marxism? | Definitions, History, Examples & Analysis",
   "url": "https://www.perlego.com/knowledge/study-guides/what-is-marxism/",
   "fetched": "WebFetch verbatim excerpts 2026-10-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "B7",
   "card": "Reddit — What exactly is Marxism and why do some dislike it with a passion? : r ...",
   "url": null,
   "fetched": "not fetchable: reddit.com; title only"
  },
  {
   "id": "B8",
   "card": "YouTube · Illustrate to Educate — Simple Marxism Explanation Easy -to-understand Karl Marx Friedrich ... (4m)",
   "url": null,
   "fetched": "not fetchable: video; title only"
  }
 ],
 "field_claims": {
  "F1": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "quote": "\"Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a dialectical materialist interpretation of historical development, known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict.\"",
   "claim": "Marxism defined as political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis using historical materialism",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": true,
   "lineage": "marxism-definition"
  },
  "F2": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "lead ¶1",
   "quote": "\"Originating in the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the Marxist approach views class struggle as the central driving force of historical change.\"",
   "claim": "Originates with Marx and Engels; class struggle as central driver of history",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": true,
   "lineage": "class-struggle-driver"
  },
  "F3": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Historical materialism",
   "quote": "\"the materialist conception of history and later better known as historical materialism, to analyse the underlying causes of societal development\"",
   "claim": "Historical materialism analyses the underlying causes of societal development",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "historical-materialism"
  },
  "F4": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Base and superstructure",
   "quote": "\"a society's economic mode of production as the foundation of its social, political, and intellectual life, a concept known as the base and superstructure model\"",
   "claim": "The economic mode of production as foundation: base and superstructure",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "base-superstructure"
  },
  "F5": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Overview / base and superstructure",
   "quote": "\"The base includes the material forces of production such as the labour, means of production and relations of production, i.e. the social and political arrangements that regulate production and distribution.\"",
   "claim": "The base: forces and relations of production",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "base-superstructure"
  },
  "F6": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Surplus value",
   "quote": "\"surplus value—the difference between the value produced and the value received by a labourer—is synonymous with surplus labour\"",
   "claim": "Surplus value defined as difference between value produced and value received",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "surplus-value"
  },
  "F7": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Alienation",
   "quote": "\"Alienation (German: Entfremdung) is the estrangement of people from their humanity and a systematic result of capitalism\"",
   "claim": "Alienation as estrangement from humanity, systematic result of capitalism",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "alienation"
  },
  "F8": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "lead",
   "quote": "\"Marx theorised that these internal contradictions would fuel workers' revolutions, leading to the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a socialist mode of production.\"",
   "claim": "Marx theorised internal contradictions would fuel revolutions and a socialist mode of production",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "revolution-prediction"
  },
  "F9": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "History (Communist Manifesto)",
   "quote": "\"In 1847, they began writing The Communist Manifesto (1848)...Six weeks later, they published the 12,000-word pamphlet in February 1848.\"",
   "claim": "The Communist Manifesto, written from 1847, published February 1848",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "founding-works"
  },
  "F10": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "lead ¶3",
   "quote": "\"Since Marx's death, his ideas have been elaborated and adapted by numerous thinkers and political movements, resulting in a wide array of schools of thought.\"",
   "claim": "After Marx, a wide array of schools",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "schools"
  },
  "F11": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "lead",
   "quote": "\"The most prominent of these in the 20th century was Marxism–Leninism, which was developed after Vladimir Lenin's death and served as the official ideology of the Soviet Union and other Marxist states.\"",
   "claim": "Marxism–Leninism as official ideology of the Soviet Union and other Marxist states",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "schools"
  },
  "F12": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "lead ¶3",
   "quote": "\"In contrast, various academic and dissident traditions, including Western Marxism, Marxist humanism, Marxist feminism, and libertarian Marxism, have emerged, often critical of state socialism and focused on aspects like culture, philosophy, and individual liberty.\"",
   "claim": "Western Marxism, Marxist humanism, feminism, libertarian Marxism: critical of state socialism",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "schools"
  },
  "F13": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "lead",
   "quote": "\"Marxist concepts such as alienation, exploitation, and class struggle have become integral to the social sciences and humanities, influencing fields from sociology and literary criticism to political science and cultural studies.\"",
   "claim": "Marxist concepts integral to the social sciences and humanities",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "academic-influence"
  },
  "F14": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Criticism",
   "quote": "\"This includes general criticism about lack of internal consistency, criticisms related to historical materialism, that it is a type of historical determinism, the necessity of suppression of individual rights, issues with the implementation of communism and economic issues such as the distortion or absence of price signals and reduced incentives.\"",
   "claim": "Criticisms: inconsistency, determinism, rights, implementation, price signals and incentives",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "criticism"
  },
  "F15": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "opening ¶",
   "quote": "\"More than a century after his death, Karl Marx remains one of the most controversial figures in the Western world.\"",
   "claim": "Marx remains among the most controversial figures",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "controversy"
  },
  "F16": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "human nature and alienation",
   "quote": "\"Marx believed that people, by nature, are free, creative beings who have the potential to totally transform the world.\"",
   "claim": "Marx believed people are by nature free, creative beings",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "alienation"
  },
  "F17": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "human nature and alienation",
   "quote": "\"We are alienated, he maintained, because we have not yet designed a society that is fully planned and controlled.\"",
   "claim": "Marx maintained we are alienated because society is not yet fully planned and controlled",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "alienation"
  },
  "F18": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "¶3 (labor theory of value)",
   "quote": "\"The labor theory of value is a major pillar of traditional Marxian economics, which is evident in Marx's masterpiece, Capital (1867).\"",
   "claim": "Labor theory of value a major pillar of Marxian economics, Capital (1867)",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "labor-theory-of-value"
  },
  "F19": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "labor theory of value",
   "quote": "\"The theory's basic claim is simple: the value of a commodity can be objectively measured by the average number of labor hours required to produce that commodity.\"",
   "claim": "Value measured by average labor hours",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "labor-theory-of-value"
  },
  "F20": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "exploitation",
   "quote": "\"Capitalists extract 'surplus value' from the workers and enjoy monetary profits.\"",
   "claim": "Capitalists extract surplus value as profit",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "surplus-value"
  },
  "F21": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "predictions",
   "quote": "\"Marx predicted that competition among capitalists would grow so fierce that, eventually, most capitalists would go bankrupt.\"",
   "claim": "Marx predicted fierce competition would bankrupt most capitalists",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "revolution-prediction"
  },
  "F22": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "predictions",
   "quote": "\"Ultimately, the proletariat will realize that it has the collective power to overthrow the few remaining capitalists.\"",
   "claim": "Marx's predicted proletarian overthrow",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "revolution-prediction"
  },
  "F23": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "predictions assessed",
   "quote": "\"Although capitalist markets have changed over the past 150 years, competition has not devolved into monopoly.\"",
   "claim": "Competition has not devolved into monopoly",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "predictions-unfulfilled"
  },
  "F24": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "predictions assessed",
   "quote": "\"Real wages have risen and profit rates have not declined.\"",
   "claim": "Real wages risen, profit rates not declined",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "predictions-unfulfilled"
  },
  "F25": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "¶2",
   "quote": "\"The people of Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, and the USSR rejected Marxist ideology and entered a remarkable transition toward private property rights and the market-exchange system, one that is still occurring.\"",
   "claim": "Eastern bloc and USSR rejected Marxist ideology",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "collapse"
  },
  "F26": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "conclusion",
   "quote": "\"If comprehensive socialist planning fails to work in practice—if, indeed, it is an impossibility, as we have learned from Mises and Hayek—then we cannot be 'alienated' in Marx's use of the term.\"",
   "claim": "With Mises and Hayek, if planning is impossible we cannot be alienated in Marx's sense",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "criticism"
  },
  "F27": {
   "source": "B3",
   "locus": "card snippet (Google source strip)",
   "quote": "\"Marxism predicted a spontaneous revolution by the proletariat, but Leninism insisted on the need for leadership by a vanguard party of professional revolutionar...\"",
   "claim": "Marxism predicted spontaneous revolution; Leninism insisted on a vanguard party",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "schools"
  },
  "F28": {
   "source": "B3",
   "locus": "summary page, definition",
   "quote": "\"Ideology and socioeconomic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels\"",
   "claim": "Ideology and socioeconomic theory developed by Marx and Engels",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": true,
   "lineage": "marxism-definition"
  },
  "F29": {
   "source": "B3",
   "locus": "summary page",
   "quote": "\"prevented from doing so in a capitalist economic system, which divides society into two classes: nonowning workers and nonworking owners\"",
   "claim": "Capitalism divides society into nonowning workers and nonworking owners",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "class-struggle-driver"
  },
  "F30": {
   "source": "B3",
   "locus": "summary page, close",
   "quote": "\"In the West, Marxism continues to be appreciated as a critique of market capitalism and a theory of historical change.\"",
   "claim": "In the West, appreciated as critique of market capitalism and theory of historical change",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "academic-influence"
  },
  "F31": {
   "source": "B4",
   "locus": "card snippet (Key Takeaways)",
   "quote": "\"Marxism is a social, political, and economic philosophy developed by Karl Marx that critiques capitalism and envisions a classless society.\"",
   "claim": "Philosophy by Marx that critiques capitalism and envisions a classless society",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": true,
   "lineage": "marxism-definition"
  },
  "F32": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "card snippet",
   "quote": "\"Marxism involves a specific account of capitalism and a materialist theory of history which cannot be jettisoned entirely without reducing it to a purely formal\"",
   "claim": "Marxism's account of capitalism and materialist theory of history cannot be jettisoned without reducing it to the purely formal",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": true,
   "lineage": "marxism-definition"
  },
  "F33": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "Defining Marxism",
   "quote": "\"Marxism is a social, political and economic philosophy named after German philosopher Karl Marx (1818-83).\"",
   "claim": "Philosophy named after Karl Marx (1818-83)",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "marxism-definition"
  },
  "F34": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "Defining Marxism",
   "quote": "\"At its core, Marxism is understood as a critique of capitalism.\"",
   "claim": "At its core a critique of capitalism",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": true,
   "lineage": "marxism-definition"
  },
  "F35": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "Defining Marxism",
   "quote": "\"It examines capitalism's impact on the worker, suggesting they are exploited and alienated from their own labour.\"",
   "claim": "Workers exploited and alienated from their labour",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "alienation"
  },
  "F36": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "Defining Marxism",
   "quote": "\"This theory was first outlined by Marx and Friedrich Engels (1820-95) in The Communist Manifesto (1848), which predicted that the struggle between the social classes would inevitably result in a revolution, and the emergence of communism.\"",
   "claim": "First outlined in the Manifesto (1848), predicting revolution and communism",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "founding-works"
  },
  "F37": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "Core concepts (surplus value)",
   "quote": "\"Surplus value is the difference between what it costs the manufacturer to make the commodity versus how much it is sold for.\"",
   "claim": "Surplus value as cost/sale difference",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "surplus-value"
  },
  "F38": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "Criticisms",
   "quote": "\"the Marxian method of transformation [of commodity values into prices of production] is logically unsatisfactory\"",
   "claim": "A critic quoted: the transformation method is logically unsatisfactory",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "criticism"
  }
 }
}