{
 "field": [
  {
   "id": "B1",
   "card": "The National WWII Museum | New Orleans — How Did Adolf Hitler Happen?",
   "url": "https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/how-did-adolf-hitler-happen",
   "fetched": "fetched in full 2026-10-07 (HTTP 200; text extracted locally from the page HTML; quotes copied from it); no byline, attributed to The National WWII Museum"
  },
  {
   "id": "B2",
   "card": "The Holocaust Explained — Causes of the Second World War – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "url": "https://www.theholocaustexplained.org/life-in-nazi-occupied-europe/the-second-world-war/causes-of-the-second-world-war/",
   "fetched": "fetched in full 2026-10-07 (HTTP 200, the Wiener Holocaust Library's schools site; text extracted locally)"
  },
  {
   "id": "B3",
   "card": "History Hit — 5 Major Causes of World War Two in Europe | History Hit",
   "url": "https://www.historyhit.com/causes-of-world-war-two-in-europe/",
   "fetched": "fetched in full 2026-10-07 (HTTP 200; Simon Parkin, 17 Jan 2023; text extracted locally)"
  },
  {
   "id": "B4",
   "card": "The Holocaust Explained — Why did Germany lose? – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools",
   "url": "https://www.theholocaustexplained.org/life-in-nazi-occupied-europe/the-second-world-war/why-did-germany-lose/",
   "fetched": "fetched in full 2026-10-07 (HTTP 200; text extracted locally)"
  },
  {
   "id": "B5",
   "card": "History.com — World War II: Causes, Timeline, Key Battles, Facts & Legacy | HISTORY",
   "url": "https://www.history.com/articles/world-war-ii-history",
   "fetched": "fetched in full 2026-10-07 (HTTP 200; HISTORY.com Editors, published October 29, 2009, last updated July 15, 2026; text extracted locally)"
  },
  {
   "id": "B6",
   "card": "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum — World War II and the Holocaust, 1939–1945",
   "url": "https://www.ushmm.org/learn/holocaust/world-war-ii-and-the-holocaust-1939-1945",
   "fetched": "fetched in full 2026-10-07 (HTTP 200; chapter 4 of 'Learn about the Holocaust', summary and film transcript; text extracted locally)"
  },
  {
   "id": "B7",
   "card": "YouTube · HistoryExtra — Why did Germany lose WW2? Expert explains the road to the Allies' win",
   "url": null,
   "fetched": "not fetchable: video (3m); title only, per the brief"
  },
  {
   "id": "B8",
   "card": "The Guardian — Why Hitler's grand plan during the second world war collapsed | Second world war | The Guardian",
   "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/08/hitler-germany-campaign-collapsed",
   "fetched": "fetched in full 2026-10-07 (HTTP 200; Richard J Evans, Tue 8 Sep 2009; text extracted locally)"
  },
  {
   "id": "B9",
   "card": "www.richardjevans.com — Why Did Germany Lose the Second World War? | Richard J Evans",
   "url": "https://www.richardjevans.com/lectures/germany-lose-second-world-war/",
   "fetched": "fetched in full 2026-10-07 (HTTP 200; lecture outline in note form, 'Lecture Texts'; no lecture date on the page; text extracted locally)"
  },
  {
   "id": "B10",
   "card": "Facebook · German Embassy Port of Spain — The causes for World War II lie in the ideology of National Socialism. Under ...",
   "url": null,
   "fetched": "not fetchable: Facebook video post (2:06), login wall; the card's title/snippet is the only quote"
  },
  {
   "id": "B11",
   "card": "Facebook · German Embassy Beirut — Germany was responsible for the outbreak of World War II",
   "url": null,
   "fetched": "not fetchable: Facebook video post (1m), login wall; the card's title is the only quote"
  }
 ],
 "field_claims": {
  "F1": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "opening ¶1",
   "quote": "\"Upon achieving power, Hitler smashed the nation’s democratic institutions and transformed Germany into a war state intent on conquering Europe for the benefit of the so-called Aryan race. His invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, triggered the European phase of World War II.\"",
   "claim": "In power, Hitler made Germany a war state intent on conquering Europe for the 'Aryan race'; his invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 triggered the war in Europe.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": true,
   "lineage": "Germany's war of conquest; Poland triggers the war",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F2": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "opening ¶2",
   "quote": "\"Hitler had supreme authority as führer (leader or guide), but could not have risen to power or committed such atrocities on his own. He had the active support of the powerful German officer class and of millions of everyday citizens who voted for the National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party\"",
   "claim": "Hitler could not have risen or committed the atrocities alone: the officer class and millions of voters supported him.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Hitler not alone: German support",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F3": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Adolf Hitler's Rise to Power ¶1",
   "quote": "\"He and other patriotic Germans were outraged and humiliated by the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which the Allies compelled the new German government, the Weimar Republic, to accept along with an obligation to pay $33 billion in war reparations.\"",
   "claim": "Versailles, with $33 billion in reparations, outraged and humiliated Hitler and other patriotic Germans.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Versailles resentment",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F4": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶1",
   "quote": "\"The German army was radically downsized and the nation forbidden to have submarines or an air force.\"",
   "claim": "Versailles downsized the army and forbade submarines and an air force.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Versailles terms",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F5": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶2",
   "quote": "\"Paying the crushing reparations destabilized the economy, producing ruinous, runaway inflation. By September 1923, four billion German marks had the equal value of one American dollar.\"",
   "claim": "Reparations destabilized the economy into runaway inflation (four billion marks to the dollar by September 1923).",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "economic crisis enables the Nazis",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F6": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶4",
   "quote": "\"The ultimate aim of the Nazi Party was to seize power through Germany’s parliamentary system, install Hitler as dictator, and create a community of racially pure Germans loyal to their führer, who would lead them in a campaign of racial cleansing and world conquest.\"",
   "claim": "The Nazi Party's ultimate aim: power, dictatorship, a racially pure community, racial cleansing and world conquest.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Nazi ideology and aims",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F7": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶7–8",
   "quote": "\"Once conquered, the Soviet Union would be ruled by the German master race, which would exterminate or subdue millions of Slavs to create lebensraum (living space) for their own farms and communities. In a conquered and racially cleansed Russia, they would work on model farms and factories connected to the homeland by new highways, called autobahns.\"",
   "claim": "A conquered Soviet Union was to be ruled by Germans, millions of Slavs exterminated or subdued for Lebensraum, with model farms and factories.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Lebensraum in the East",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F8": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶12–13",
   "quote": "\"But the worldwide economic depression and the rising power of labor unions and communists convinced increasing numbers of Germans to turn to the Nazi Party. The Nazis fed on bank failures and unemployment—proof, Hitler said, of the ineffectiveness of democratic government.\"",
   "claim": "The depression and the rising power of unions and communists turned Germans to the Nazis, who fed on bank failures and unemployment.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "economic crisis enables the Nazis",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F9": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶11",
   "quote": "\"It received only 2.6 percent of the vote in the Reichstag elections of 1928.\"",
   "claim": "The Nazis received 2.6 percent in 1928.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Nazi electoral rise",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F10": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶14",
   "quote": "\"By 1932, the Nazis were the largest political party in the Reichstag. In January of the following year, with no other leader able to command sufficient support to govern, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor of Germany.\"",
   "claim": "Largest party by 1932; Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor in January 1933.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Nazi electoral rise",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F11": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶16",
   "quote": "\"He expanded the army tremendously, reintroduced conscription, and began developing a new air force—all violations of the Treaty of Versailles.\"",
   "claim": "Hitler expanded the army, reintroduced conscription and built an air force, all violations of Versailles.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "rearmament against Versailles",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F12": {
   "source": "B1",
   "locus": "Rise to Power ¶19–20",
   "quote": "\"The Czechs looked to Great Britain and France for help, but hoping to avoid war—they had been bled white in World War I—these nations chose a policy of appeasement.\"",
   "claim": "Hoping to avoid war, Britain and France chose appeasement over Czechoslovakia.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "appeasement",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F13": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "Causes of the Second World War ¶1",
   "quote": "\"The causes of the Second World War are neither singular or straightforward.\"",
   "claim": "The causes are neither singular nor straightforward.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "causes plural",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F14": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "Germany's foreign policy",
   "quote": "\"Germany’s aggressive foreign policy was not the sole cause of the Second World War, but it was a large contributing factor.\"",
   "claim": "Germany's aggressive foreign policy was a large contributing factor, not the sole cause.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": true,
   "lineage": "Germany's aggression as cause",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F15": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "Germany's foreign policy",
   "quote": "\"From 1935 onwards, Germany had actively pursued an aggressive foreign policy: reintroducing conscription, creating the Luftwaffe, planning for war as detailed in the Hossbach Memorandum of 1937, and occupying Austria, the Sudetenland, and Czechoslovakia before eventually invading Poland in 1939.\"",
   "claim": "From 1935: conscription, the Luftwaffe, war planning (Hossbach 1937), Austria, the Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia, then Poland in 1939.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "rearmament against Versailles",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F16": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "The aftermath of the First World War",
   "quote": "\"The Wall Street Crash in 1929 once again decimated the economy, and the resulting economic instability created political instability. The political instability from 1929-1933 led to disillusionment with politics and a rise in support for extremist parties such as the Nazis.\"",
   "claim": "The 1929 crash's economic instability made political instability, disillusionment and support for extremists such as the Nazis.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "economic crisis enables the Nazis",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F17": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "Weakness of the International System and the Policy of Appeasement",
   "quote": "\"Whilst Germany’s foreign policy played a decisive role in the outbreak of the Second World War, the failure of other countries to react, or their inability to react, was also key.\"",
   "claim": "Germany's policy decisive; the failure or inability of others to react also key.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Germany's aggression as cause",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F18": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "Weakness of the International System",
   "quote": "\"This policy boosted Hitler’s confidence and as a result his actions became progressively more bold.\"",
   "claim": "Appeasement boosted Hitler's confidence and made his actions bolder.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "appeasement",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F19": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "Weakness of the International System",
   "quote": "\"In addition to this, following the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 , the Soviets ceased to be an immediate threat to the Nazis. This allowed them to start the war for Lebensraum with Soviet support.\"",
   "claim": "After the Nazi-Soviet Pact the Nazis could start the war for Lebensraum with Soviet support.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Nazi-Soviet pact opens Poland",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F20": {
   "source": "B2",
   "locus": "The Second World War (section intro)",
   "quote": "\"The Nazis’ persecution of the Jews predated the Second World War. However, Nazi policy towards the Jews became genocidal during the course of the Second World War.\"",
   "claim": "Persecution predated the war; Nazi policy towards the Jews became genocidal during it.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "the war and the Holocaust",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F21": {
   "source": "B3",
   "locus": "introduction",
   "quote": "\"Ultimately the cause of World War Two was Hitler’s rise and his determination to build a dominating Third Reich But that isn’t the only cause of the war.\"",
   "claim": "Ultimately the cause was Hitler's rise and his determination to build a dominating Third Reich, though not the only cause.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Hitler's rise as root cause",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F22": {
   "source": "B3",
   "locus": "1. The Treaty of Versailles",
   "quote": "\"At the insistence of the French, the terms of the Versailles Treaty were punitive in the extreme and left Germany destitute and its people feeling victimised.\"",
   "claim": "At French insistence Versailles was punitive in the extreme, leaving Germany destitute and its people feeling victimised.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Versailles resentment",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F23": {
   "source": "B3",
   "locus": "2. Economic downturns",
   "quote": "\"The ensuing Great Depression in turn helped to create conditions, such as widespread unemployment, that facilitated the National Socialist Party’s fatal rise to prominence.\"",
   "claim": "The Great Depression helped create conditions, such as unemployment, that facilitated the Nazis' rise.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "economic crisis enables the Nazis",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F24": {
   "source": "B3",
   "locus": "3. Nazi ideology and Lebensraum",
   "quote": "\"In May 1939 he explicitly referred to the oncoming war as being bound up with the pursuit of the ‘Lebensraum’ to the east, with this referring to the whole of Central Europe and Russia up to the Volga.\"",
   "claim": "In May 1939 Hitler tied the coming war to Lebensraum in the East, Central Europe and Russia up to the Volga.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Lebensraum in the East",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F25": {
   "source": "B3",
   "locus": "4. The rise of extremism and the forging of alliances",
   "quote": "\"In this act the two powers effectively carved up the perceived ‘buffer zone’ that existed between them in Eastern Europe and paved the way for the German invasion of Poland.\"",
   "claim": "The Nazi-Soviet pact carved up the buffer zone and paved the way for the invasion of Poland.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Nazi-Soviet pact opens Poland",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F26": {
   "source": "B3",
   "locus": "5. The failure of appeasement",
   "quote": "\"Through the mid-1930s the Nazis re-armed Germany in spite of the Treaty of Versailles and without sanction or protest from Britain or France.\"",
   "claim": "The Nazis re-armed in the mid-1930s without sanction or protest from Britain or France.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "appeasement",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F27": {
   "source": "B4",
   "locus": "Why did Germany lose? ¶1",
   "quote": "\"Germany’s loss of the Second World War was the result of a combination of factors, both in German weaknesses and in Allied and Soviet strengths.\"",
   "claim": "Germany lost through a combination of German weaknesses and Allied and Soviet strengths.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: combination of factors",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F28": {
   "source": "B4",
   "locus": "German weaknesses",
   "quote": "\"Germany had four key fatal weaknesses in the Second World War. These were: the lack of productivity of its war economy, the weak supply lines, the start of a war on two fronts, and the lack of strong leadership.\"",
   "claim": "Four fatal weaknesses: war-economy productivity, supply lines, a two-front war, leadership.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: German weaknesses",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F29": {
   "source": "B4",
   "locus": "German weaknesses",
   "quote": "\"Following the invasion of the Soviet Union, using the Blitzkrieg tactic, the German Army marched far into Russia. However, they did so on very slow, overextended, supply lines. These supply lines hindered the German advance, and eventually led to a huge lack of supplies on the front line.\"",
   "claim": "Slow, overextended supply lines hindered the advance into Russia and starved the front.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: supply lines",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F30": {
   "source": "B4",
   "locus": "German weaknesses",
   "quote": "\"As Richard Evans writes, in Germany ‘by 1944, 75 percent of GDP was being devoted to the war in comparison to 60 percent in the Soviet Union and 55 percent in Britain’\"",
   "claim": "Per Evans, by 1944 Germany devoted 75 percent of GDP to the war (USSR 60, Britain 55).",
   "modality": "attributed",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: war economy",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F31": {
   "source": "B4",
   "locus": "German weaknesses",
   "quote": "\"In mid-1944, the economy peaked. For Nazi Germany, in retreat with a defensive war being fought on two fronts, this was too late.\"",
   "claim": "The war economy peaked in mid-1944, too late.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: war economy",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F32": {
   "source": "B4",
   "locus": "Soviet Strengths",
   "quote": "\"The Soviet Union had an enormous amount of manpower to call upon, and despite facing the German troops who were both more experienced and more highly trained, there was a constant ready supply of men to face them.\"",
   "claim": "Soviet manpower supplied a constant flow of men.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: Soviet manpower",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F33": {
   "source": "B4",
   "locus": "Allied Strengths",
   "quote": "\"In total, under the lendlease programme Britain received thirty-one billion dollars of aid, and the Soviet Union received eleven billion dollars.\"",
   "claim": "Lend-Lease: Britain $31 billion, the Soviet Union $11 billion.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: Allied production and Lend-Lease",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F34": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "introduction ¶1",
   "quote": "\"Also known as the Second World War, it was caused in part by the economic crisis of the Great Depression and by unresolved political tensions following the end of World War I. The war began when Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939\"",
   "claim": "Caused in part by the Depression and unresolved post-WWI tensions; began when Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Germany's war of conquest; Poland triggers the war",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F35": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "Causes of World War II and Hitler's Rise to Power",
   "quote": "\"In particular, political and economic instability in Germany during the Weimar Republic and lingering resentment over the harsh terms imposed by the Treaty of Versailles fueled the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers’ Party\"",
   "claim": "Weimar instability and Versailles resentment fueled Hitler's and the Nazis' rise.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Versailles resentment",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F36": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "Causes of World War II and Hitler's Rise to Power",
   "quote": "\"Obsessed with the idea of the superiority of the “pure” German race, which he called “Aryan,” Hitler believed that war was the only way to gain the necessary “Lebensraum,” or living space, for the German race to expand.\"",
   "claim": "Hitler believed war the only way to gain Lebensraum for the 'Aryan' race.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Lebensraum in the East",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F37": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "Outbreak of World War II (1939)",
   "quote": "\"The pact with Stalin meant that Hitler would not face a war on two fronts once he invaded Poland, and would have Soviet assistance in conquering and dividing the nation itself. On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland from the west; two days later, France and Britain declared war on Germany, beginning World War II.\"",
   "claim": "The pact spared Hitler a two-front war in Poland; he invaded on 1 September 1939 and France and Britain declared war two days later.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Nazi-Soviet pact opens Poland",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F38": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "Hitler vs. Stalin: Operation Barbarossa",
   "quote": "\"The other half of Hitler’s strategy was the extermination of the Jews from throughout German-occupied Europe.\"",
   "claim": "The other half of Hitler's strategy was the extermination of the Jews of German-occupied Europe.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "the war and the Holocaust",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F39": {
   "source": "B5",
   "locus": "Toward Allied Victory",
   "quote": "\"On the Eastern Front, a Soviet counteroffensive launched in November 1942 ended the bloody Battle of Stalingrad, which had seen some of the fiercest combat of World War II. The approach of winter, along with dwindling food and medical supplies, spelled the end for German troops there, and the last of them surrendered on February 2, 1943.\"",
   "claim": "At Stalingrad the last German troops surrendered on 2 February 1943.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: Stalingrad",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F40": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "chapter summary",
   "quote": "\"With the start of the second World War and a swift succession of German victories, the Nazi regime began realizing its longstanding goal of territorial expansion. Under conditions of war and military occupation, they could pursue racial goals with more radical measures.\"",
   "claim": "The war let the regime realize its long-standing goal of territorial expansion and pursue racial goals more radically.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": true,
   "lineage": "the war and the Holocaust",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F41": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "transcript ¶1",
   "quote": "\"Hitler counted on the reluctance of Britain and Europe to intervene, for fear of another war.\"",
   "claim": "Hitler counted on British and European reluctance to intervene.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "appeasement",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F42": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "transcript ¶1",
   "quote": "\"In June 1941, the German Army, with more than three million soldiers, invaded the Soviet Union to wage a war of annihilation that targeted tens of millions of civilians.\"",
   "claim": "June 1941: over three million soldiers invaded the Soviet Union in a war of annihilation targeting tens of millions of civilians.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "war of annihilation in the East",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F43": {
   "source": "B6",
   "locus": "transcript ¶7",
   "quote": "\"Those whom the SS judged unable to work were killed, often within two or three hours of arrival. Those who could work would be used for forced labor, under punishing conditions. When they could no longer work, they, too, would be put to death.\"",
   "claim": "At the killing centers those judged unable to work were killed; those who could were put to forced labor and killed when they could no longer work.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "labor and murder at the camps",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F44": {
   "source": "B7",
   "locus": "card title",
   "quote": "\"Why did Germany lose WW2? Expert explains the road to the Allies' win\"",
   "claim": "A video on why Germany lost and the road to the Allies' win.",
   "modality": "stipulation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: combination of factors",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F45": {
   "source": "B8",
   "locus": "standfirst",
   "quote": "\"Two key factors undermined Germany's campaign: US involvement boosted the allies' arms-producing capabilities, while sheer Soviet manpower led to catastrophic defeat in Russia\"",
   "claim": "Two key factors: US arms production and Soviet manpower.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: Allied production and Lend-Lease",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F46": {
   "source": "B8",
   "locus": "¶2",
   "quote": "\"The fundamental problem facing Hitler was that Germany simply did not have the resources to fight on so many different fronts at the same time.\"",
   "claim": "Germany lacked the resources to fight on so many fronts at once.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: German weaknesses",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F47": {
   "source": "B8",
   "locus": "US military might ¶2",
   "quote": "\"Germany produced 15,000 new combat aircraft in 1942, 26,000 in 1943, and 40,000 in 1944. In the US, the figures were 48,000, 86,000 and 114,000 respectively.\"",
   "claim": "Combat aircraft 1942/43/44: Germany 15,000, 26,000, 40,000; US 48,000, 86,000, 114,000.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: Allied production and Lend-Lease",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F48": {
   "source": "B8",
   "locus": "US military might ¶2",
   "quote": "\"The Germans' ruthless requisitioning of fuel, industrial facilities and labour from France and other countries reduced the economies of the subjugated parts of Europe to such a state that they were unable – and, with their workers becoming ever more refractory, unwilling – to contribute significantly to German war production.\"",
   "claim": "Requisitioning of fuel, plant and labour left the subjugated economies unable and unwilling to contribute much to German war production.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "conquest fails to pay",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F49": {
   "source": "B8",
   "locus": "US military might ¶3",
   "quote": "\"Above all, the Reich was short of fuel.\"",
   "claim": "Above all, the Reich was short of fuel.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: fuel",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F50": {
   "source": "B8",
   "locus": "eastern front ¶2",
   "quote": "\"More than three million Soviet prisoners of war were deliberately left to die of starvation and disease in makeshift camps. Civilians were drafted into forced labour, villages were burned to the ground, towns reduced to rubble.\"",
   "claim": "Over three million Soviet POWs were left to die; civilians were drafted into forced labour.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "war of annihilation in the East",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F51": {
   "source": "B8",
   "locus": "Last great counter-attack",
   "quote": "\"Stalingrad became the object of a titanic struggle between the Germans and the Soviets, less because of its strategic importance than because of its name. When the Germans moved their best troops into the city, leaving the rear to be guarded by weaker Romanian and Italian forces, the Soviet generals saw their chance, broke through the rearguard and surrounded the besieging forces. Short of fuel and ammunition, the Germans under General Paulus were unable to break out. As one airfield after another was captured by the Red Army, supplies ran out and the German troops began to starve to death. On 31 January 1943, refusing the invitation to commit suicide that came with Hitler's gift of a field marshal's baton, Paulus surrendered. Some 235,000 German and allied troops were captured; more than 200,000 had been killed. It was the turning point of the war.\"",
   "claim": "Paulus surrendered at Stalingrad on 31 January 1943; the turning point of the war.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: Stalingrad",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F52": {
   "source": "B8",
   "locus": "Last great counter-attack ¶3",
   "quote": "\"Following the armistice, they seized 650,000 Italian soldiers and shipped them off to Germany as forced labourers to join millions of others drafted in from Poland and the Soviet Union to replace German workers sent to the front to replenish the Wehrmacht's rapidly diminishing manpower.\"",
   "claim": "650,000 Italian soldiers were shipped to Germany as forced labourers, joining millions from Poland and the Soviet Union replacing German workers sent to the front.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "forced labour replaces German workers",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F53": {
   "source": "B8",
   "locus": "German morale",
   "quote": "\"Meeting at Casablanca in January 1943, Churchill and Roosevelt decided on a sustained campaign of bombing German cities. A series of massive raids on the industrial area of the Ruhr followed, backed up by the destruction of key dams by the famous \"bouncing bombs\" on 16 May 1943. Arms production was severely affected.\"",
   "claim": "From Casablanca, a sustained bombing campaign; the Ruhr raids severely affected arms production.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: bombing and morale",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F54": {
   "source": "B9",
   "locus": "Hitler's War Aims",
   "quote": "\"All as a basis for the conquest of Eastern Europe and its racial reordering to create a European version of the American West, with Germans as settlers, and the indigenous population enslaved and eventually eliminated.\"",
   "claim": "The aims served the conquest and racial reordering of Eastern Europe as a European American West, Germans settling, the indigenous population enslaved and eliminated.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Lebensraum in the East",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F55": {
   "source": "B9",
   "locus": "Hitler's War Aims",
   "quote": "\"Key feature is the destruction of the Jewish ‘world-enemy’ in order to achieve these aims.\"",
   "claim": "A key feature of the aims was the destruction of the Jewish 'world-enemy'.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "the war and the Holocaust",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F56": {
   "source": "B9",
   "locus": "General Plan for the East",
   "quote": "\"General Plan for the East\n\nDrafted in 1941-2, envisaging 30 to 45 million Slavs perishing through starvation and disease, or being worked to death, with German settlers replacing them, based in German towns linked by motorways and rail.\"",
   "claim": "The General Plan for the East (1941–2) envisaged 30 to 45 million Slavs perishing or worked to death, replaced by German settlers.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Lebensraum in the East",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F57": {
   "source": "B9",
   "locus": "The Blitzkrieg",
   "quote": "\"War economy already in place before 1939, with clampdown on consumers and massive borrowing for arms. The Blitzkrieg as a conscious strategy a myth.\"",
   "claim": "The war economy was in place before 1939; Blitzkrieg as a conscious strategy is a myth.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: war economy",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F58": {
   "source": "B9",
   "locus": "The Blitzkrieg",
   "quote": "\"Despite these huge victories, Soviet regime did not collapse. Stalin’s reorientation of the conflict into a Great Patriotic War. Local populations alienated; mass murder and labour draft sparks partisan fightback.\"",
   "claim": "Mass murder and the labour draft alienated local populations and sparked partisan fighting.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "war of annihilation in the East",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F59": {
   "source": "B9",
   "locus": "Economic Defeat",
   "quote": "\"Failure to gain economically from conquest of western and southern Europe because of harsh treatment of population, ruthless exploitation of their economies, requisitioning of labour, skewed exchange rates, removal of petrol and food, raw materials etc., all cripples the French and other western economies and sparks resistance.\"",
   "claim": "Conquest failed to pay economically: harsh treatment, exploitation, labour requisitioning crippled the occupied economies and sparked resistance.",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "conquest fails to pay",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F60": {
   "source": "B9",
   "locus": "Economic Defeat",
   "quote": "\"Failure to mobilize more women to replace male workers drafted to the front (rate of mobilization high already, Nazi reluctance to redraft gender work-roles), so 8 million foreign, mostly forced labourers in Germany by mid-44.\"",
   "claim": "With male workers drafted and women not further mobilized, 8 million foreign, mostly forced labourers were in Germany by mid-1944.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "forced labour replaces German workers",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F61": {
   "source": "B9",
   "locus": "Economic Defeat",
   "quote": "\"Germany outproduced by the Allies.\"",
   "claim": "Germany was outproduced by the Allies.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: Allied production and Lend-Lease",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F62": {
   "source": "B9",
   "locus": "Falling Morale at Home",
   "quote": "\"Allies increase range and severity of raids to end of war. Dresden Feb 1945 kills c.25,000. Overall, massive damage to war economy and communications, causing 25 per cent estimated drop in planned tank production, 31 per cent aircraft, etc.\"",
   "claim": "Bombing caused an estimated 25 per cent drop in planned tank production, 31 per cent in aircraft.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "defeat: bombing and morale",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F63": {
   "source": "B10",
   "locus": "card title/snippet",
   "quote": "\"The causes for World War II lie in the ideology of National Socialism. Under ...\"",
   "claim": "The causes of the war lie in the ideology of National Socialism (German Embassy Port of Spain).",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Germany's aggression as cause",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F64": {
   "source": "B11",
   "locus": "card title",
   "quote": "\"Germany was responsible for the outbreak of World War II\"",
   "claim": "Germany was responsible for the outbreak of the war (German Embassy Beirut).",
   "modality": "interpretation",
   "kernel": true,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "Germany's aggression as cause",
   "quote_ok": true
  },
  "F65": {
   "source": "B8",
   "locus": "author note (foot of article)",
   "quote": "\"Richard J Evans is regius professor of modern history at Cambridge University.\"",
   "claim": "The article's author is Richard J Evans, regius professor of modern history at Cambridge.",
   "modality": "documented",
   "kernel": false,
   "const": false,
   "lineage": "byline (B8)",
   "quote_ok": true
  }
 }
}