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human selection, arrangement and coordination of AI outputs has been argued as sufficient human authorship for a composite work; works 'where the expressive elements are determined by a machine' remain uncopyrightable; the Office's own page records its decisions by work title", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "the human-authorship requirement", "date": "2026-11-01", "title": "leesharks.com apparatus authorship census record: Copyright and Artificial Intelligence (https://www.leesharks.com/apparatus/aggregators/copyright-office-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled and revised 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "creator": "Lee Sharks (editor)", "file": "/home/claude/fleet/leesharks.com/data/authorship-census/census.json", "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "the field's value as loaded (non-string values as their JSON text)", "entity": "copyright-office-ai", "surface": { "url": "https://www.leesharks.com/apparatus/aggregators/copyright-office-ai" }, "note": "The census was compiled and revised in session on 2026-11-01 from sources saved that day (data/authorship-census/sources, manifest with url, http, sha256 and fetch time).", "basis": [ { "key": "de_minimis_wp", "src": "copyright-office-ai--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "For works using AI tools, the Copyright Office has made the test a different one i.e. whether there is no more than de minimis technological involvement.", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright", "sha256": "7bd9785dfc31c6586850e387485fe75b4d4f7e8f3ea3f65d8799000581e2a2a9" }, { "key": "disclaim_wp", "src": "copyright-office-ai--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The Board finds that the Work contains more than a de minimis amount of content generated by artificial intelligence (\"AI\"), and this content must therefore be disclaimed in an application for registration.", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright", "sha256": "7bd9785dfc31c6586850e387485fe75b4d4f7e8f3ea3f65d8799000581e2a2a9" }, { "key": "composite_wp", "src": "copyright-office-ai--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The basis for the copyright involved arguing that human-driven selection, arrangement, and coordination involved in the creative process on a single work constituted sufficient human authorship to merit the copyright.", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright", "sha256": "7bd9785dfc31c6586850e387485fe75b4d4f7e8f3ea3f65d8799000581e2a2a9" }, { "key": "machine_expressive_wp", "src": "copyright-office-ai--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Works \"where the expressive elements are determined by a machine\" still remain uncopyrightable.", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright", "sha256": "7bd9785dfc31c6586850e387485fe75b4d4f7e8f3ea3f65d8799000581e2a2a9" } ] }, { "id": "LS-17", "dep": "LS", "record": { "url": "https://www.leesharks.com/apparatus/aggregators/copyright-office-ai", "label": "LS" }, "claim": "its method: sessions, notice and comment, Report in Parts, guidance, decisions, briefs, letters", "kind": "fact", "modality": "documented", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'copyright-office-ai']['method']", "quote": "public listening sessions and webinars, a notice of inquiry in the Federal Register with public comment, a Report issued in Parts, a registration guidance policy statement, Review Board and registration decisions, briefs in litigation, letters to Congress", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the record it keeps", "date": "2026-11-01", "title": "leesharks.com apparatus authorship census record: Copyright and Artificial Intelligence (https://www.leesharks.com/apparatus/aggregators/copyright-office-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled and revised 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "creator": "Lee Sharks (editor)", "file": "/home/claude/fleet/leesharks.com/data/authorship-census/census.json", "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "the field's value as loaded (non-string values as their JSON text)", "entity": "copyright-office-ai", "surface": { "url": "https://www.leesharks.com/apparatus/aggregators/copyright-office-ai" }, "note": "The census was compiled and revised in session on 2026-11-01 from sources saved that day (data/authorship-census/sources, manifest with url, http, sha256 and fetch time)." }, { "id": "LS-18", "dep": "LS", "record": { "url": "https://www.leesharks.com/apparatus/aggregators/copyright-office-ai", "label": "LS" }, "claim": "coverage: the United States; the initiative since early 2023, with earlier events listed", "kind": "fact", "modality": "documented", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'copyright-office-ai']['coverage']", "quote": "{\"geography\": \"United States\", \"period\": \"the initiative since early 2023 (launched March 16, 2023); earlier events in Winter 2020 and Fall 2021 and a Review Board decision of February 14, 2022 are listed\"}", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "genealogy: earlier events and sessions", "date": "2026-11-01", "title": "leesharks.com apparatus authorship census record: Copyright and Artificial Intelligence (https://www.leesharks.com/apparatus/aggregators/copyright-office-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled and revised 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "creator": "Lee Sharks (editor)", "file": "/home/claude/fleet/leesharks.com/data/authorship-census/census.json", "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "the field's value as loaded (non-string values as their JSON text)", "entity": "copyright-office-ai", "surface": { "url": "https://www.leesharks.com/apparatus/aggregators/copyright-office-ai" }, "note": "The census was compiled and revised in session on 2026-11-01 from sources saved that day (data/authorship-census/sources, manifest with url, http, sha256 and fetch time).", "basis": [ { "key": "launch", "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "March 16, 2023 - Copyright Office Launches New Artificial Intelligence Initiative", "url": "https://www.copyright.gov/ai/", "sha256": "2b1e8b6c8e7f964e97adc035857c86f1e46b9ae94029573a5d99f0c24903bd8b" }, { "key": "early_event", "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Winter 2020 – Copyright in the Age of Artificial Intelligence", "url": "https://www.copyright.gov/ai/", "sha256": "2b1e8b6c8e7f964e97adc035857c86f1e46b9ae94029573a5d99f0c24903bd8b" } ] }, { "id": "LS-19", "dep": "LS", "record": { "url": "https://www.leesharks.com/apparatus/aggregators/copyright-office-ai", "label": "LS" }, "claim": "count: over 10,000 comments; 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Reg. 16,190 (Mar. 16, 2023)\", \"Notice of Inquiry, 88 Fed. Reg. 59,942 (Aug. 30, 2023), over 10,000 comments by December 2023\", \"four registration decisions for AI-generated materials (2022 to 2023)\", \"the government's briefs and the decisions in Thaler v. Perlmutter, and a brief in Allen v. 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Perlmutter U.S. Reply Brief and Response in Support of Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment", "url": "https://www.copyright.gov/ai/", "sha256": "2b1e8b6c8e7f964e97adc035857c86f1e46b9ae94029573a5d99f0c24903bd8b" } ] }, { "id": "LS-21", "dep": "LS", "record": { "url": "https://www.leesharks.com/apparatus/aggregators/copyright-office-ai", "label": "LS" }, "claim": "its stated limits: issued in Parts; Part 3 pre-publication", "kind": "self-description", "modality": "self-description", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "census.json rows[slug == 'copyright-office-ai']['stated_limits']", "quote": "[\"the Report 'is being issued in several Parts'\", \"Part 3 is a pre-publication version: 'A final version of Part 3 will be published in the future, without any substantive changes expected in the analysis or conclusions'\"]", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "Part 3, pre-publication", "date": "2026-11-01", "title": "leesharks.com apparatus authorship census record: Copyright and Artificial Intelligence (https://www.leesharks.com/apparatus/aggregators/copyright-office-ai), editor Lee Sharks, compiled and revised 2026-11-01, schema 1.1", "creator": "Lee Sharks (editor)", "file": "/home/claude/fleet/leesharks.com/data/authorship-census/census.json", "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "the field's value as loaded (non-string values as their JSON text)", "entity": "copyright-office-ai", "surface": { "url": "https://www.leesharks.com/apparatus/aggregators/copyright-office-ai" }, "note": "The census was compiled and revised in session on 2026-11-01 from sources saved that day (data/authorship-census/sources, manifest with url, http, sha256 and fetch time).", "basis": [ { "key": "part_3", "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "On May 9, 2025, the Office released a pre-publication version of Part 3 in response to congressional inquiries and expressions of interest from stakeholders. 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"https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/", "label": "CAP" }, "claim": "the Report composed at its dates; the comment count agrees with the Office's page", "kind": "fact", "modality": "documented", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101, findings[0]", "quote": "THE REPORT AT ITS DATES. 'Part 1: Digital Replicas (Published July 31, 2024)', 'Part 2: Copyrightability of Generative AI Outputs (Published January 29, 2025)', 'Part 3: Generative AI Training (Pre-publication released May 9, 2025)'. The Office's page: 'Part 1 was published on July 31, 2024, and addresses the topic of digital replicas. Part 2 was published on January 29, 2025, and addresses the copyrightability of outputs created using generative AI.' and 'On May 9, 2025, the Office released a pre-publication version of Part 3'. 'over 10,000 public comments' agrees with 'which received over 10,000 comments by December 2023.'", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the composition at the name", "date": "2026-11-01", "title": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101 (OBS-84d5b496561b, AXN:0B8A.CAPTURE.📋🏛️☀️🕔🗂️🚀)", "creator": "Lee Sharks (the registry)", "file": "data/EA-WG-CAPTURES-01.json", "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "the entry's field value as loaded", "surface": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/" } }, { "id": "CAP-1-02", "dep": "capture-registry", "record": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/", "label": "CAP" }, "claim": "the notice of inquiry misdated 20 August 2023, the date of card 3's snippet; the Office's page gives 30 August", "kind": "fact", "modality": "documented", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101, findings[1]", "quote": "THE NOTICE MISDATED. 'issuing a Notice of Inquiry on August 20, 2023'. The Office's page: 'August 30, 2023 - Copyright Office Issues Notice of Inquiry on Copyright and Artificial Intelligence' and 'NOI Federal Register Version, 88 Fed. Reg. 59,942 (Aug. 30, 2023)'. The composition's date is the snippet of its third card, the Office's Artificial Intelligence Study page: 'Notice of inquiry published August 20,'.", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "the composition at the name: the notice's date", "date": "2026-11-01", "title": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101 (OBS-84d5b496561b, AXN:0B8A.CAPTURE.📋🏛️☀️🕔🗂️🚀)", "creator": "Lee Sharks (the registry)", "file": "data/EA-WG-CAPTURES-01.json", "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "the entry's field value as loaded", "surface": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/" } }, { "id": "CAP-1-03", "dep": "capture-registry", "record": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/", "label": "CAP" }, "claim": "human authorship composed as the rule; the denial of review and Allen v. Perlmutter not carried", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101, findings[2]", "quote": "HUMAN AUTHORSHIP AS THE RULE. 'Mere prompting is insufficient to claim authorship over an AI output' and 'Applicants must disclose any more-than-de minimis AI-generated material when submitting a work for registration and describe the specific human contribution.' The Review Board, quoted in the Wikipedia account the census holds: 'this content must therefore be disclaimed in an application for registration.' 'Thaler v. Perlmutter, which affirmed that works created autonomously by an AI without human creative control cannot be copyrighted' sits beside the Office's own link, 'Court of Appeals Decision Affirming Refusal of Registration'; the denial of review the census records ('the Supreme Court of the United States has denied hearing challenges to the Copyright Office's decision.') and Allen v. Perlmutter, whose 'Allen is unwilling to disclaim the AI-generated material, the Work cannot be registered as submitted.' is the census's evidence, are not carried.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the composition at the name", "date": "2026-11-01", "title": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101 (OBS-84d5b496561b, AXN:0B8A.CAPTURE.📋🏛️☀️🕔🗂️🚀)", "creator": "Lee Sharks (the registry)", "file": "data/EA-WG-CAPTURES-01.json", "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "the entry's field value as loaded", "surface": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/" } }, { "id": "CAP-1-04", "dep": "capture-registry", "record": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/", "label": "CAP" }, "claim": "the name unaddressed: no rule on the author's chosen name; subtraction carried in the disclosure rule", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101, findings[3]", "quote": "THE NAME UNADDRESSED. The census row records no rule on the name an author chooses, the Office's page titling its decisions by work ('Review Board decision on SURYAST (December 11, 2023)', 'Registration Decision on Zarya of the Dawn (Feb. 21, 2023)'), and reads the regime as attribution by subtraction: the machine's part disclaimed, the human remainder registered. The composition carries the subtraction in its disclosure rule and says nothing of names; its follow-up offers 'Specific registration decisions (such as Zarya of the Dawn)'.", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "the composition at the name: the name", "date": "2026-11-01", "title": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101 (OBS-84d5b496561b, AXN:0B8A.CAPTURE.📋🏛️☀️🕔🗂️🚀)", "creator": "Lee Sharks (the registry)", "file": "data/EA-WG-CAPTURES-01.json", "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "the entry's field value as loaded", "surface": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/" } }, { "id": "CAP-1-05", "dep": "capture-registry", "record": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/", "label": "CAP" }, "claim": "the registry's analysis: accurate at the Report's level; notice ten days early; subtraction carried; denial of review, Allen and the name not", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101, analysis", "quote": "The initiative composed accurately at the level of its Report, with the notice of inquiry dated ten days early after a card's snippet. The rule of subtraction the census reads it for is carried; the denial of review, Allen and any word on the author's name are not.", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "the composition at the name", "date": "2026-11-01", "title": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101 (OBS-84d5b496561b, AXN:0B8A.CAPTURE.📋🏛️☀️🕔🗂️🚀)", "creator": "Lee Sharks (the registry)", "file": "data/EA-WG-CAPTURES-01.json", "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "the entry's field value as loaded", "surface": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/" } }, { "id": "CAP-1-06", "dep": "capture-registry", "record": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/", "label": "CAP" }, "claim": "the innocent reading: the Office's position, the three Parts, one precedent, the rule, an offer of more", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101, reading", "quote": "The innocent reading first. Asked for the Office's AI initiative, the Overview states the Office's position, walks the three parts of its Report, names one precedent and the registration rule, and offers more.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the composition at the name", "date": "2026-11-01", "title": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101 (OBS-84d5b496561b, AXN:0B8A.CAPTURE.📋🏛️☀️🕔🗂️🚀)", "creator": "Lee Sharks (the registry)", "file": "data/EA-WG-CAPTURES-01.json", "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "the entry's field value as loaded", "surface": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/" } }, { "id": "CAP-1-07", "dep": "capture-registry", "record": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/", "label": "CAP" }, "claim": "the capture's title", "kind": "fact", "modality": "documented", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101, mt", "quote": "'U.S. COPYRIGHT OFFICE COPYRIGHT AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE' ON THE OVERVIEW — THE REPORT'S THREE PARTS AT THEIR DATES; THE NOTICE OF INQUIRY MISDATED FROM A CARD; HUMAN AUTHORSHIP STATED AS LAW, THE NAME UNADDRESSED", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the composition at the name", "date": "2026-11-01", "title": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101 (OBS-84d5b496561b, AXN:0B8A.CAPTURE.📋🏛️☀️🕔🗂️🚀)", "creator": "Lee Sharks (the registry)", "file": "data/EA-WG-CAPTURES-01.json", "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "the entry's field value as loaded", "surface": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/" } }, { "id": "CAP-1-08", "dep": "capture-registry", "record": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/", "label": "CAP" }, "claim": "the query is the census name, at a new address", "kind": "fact", "modality": "documented", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101, q_kind", "quote": "the census name; NEW address.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the composition at the name", "date": "2026-11-01", "title": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101 (OBS-84d5b496561b, AXN:0B8A.CAPTURE.📋🏛️☀️🕔🗂️🚀)", "creator": "Lee Sharks (the registry)", "file": "data/EA-WG-CAPTURES-01.json", "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "the entry's field value as loaded", "surface": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/" } }, { "id": "CAP-1-09", "dep": "capture-registry", "record": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/", "label": "CAP" }, "claim": "the Office named and its own pages carded first; no person; no Federal Register citation", "kind": "fact", "modality": "documented", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101, per_note", "quote": "The Office named and its own pages carded first; no person, no Federal Register citation.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the composition at the name", "date": "2026-11-01", "title": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101 (OBS-84d5b496561b, AXN:0B8A.CAPTURE.📋🏛️☀️🕔🗂️🚀)", "creator": "Lee Sharks (the registry)", "file": "data/EA-WG-CAPTURES-01.json", "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "the entry's field value as loaded", "surface": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/" } }, { "id": "CAP-1-10", "dep": "capture-registry", "record": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/", "label": "CAP" }, "claim": "the registry's description of the composition", "kind": "fact", "modality": "documented", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101, d", "quote": "THE INITIATIVE, SIGNED OUT, 2026-11-01: 'The U.S. Copyright Office (USCO) maintains that U.S. law strictly requires human authorship for copyright protection, and has released a multi-part analysis addressing digital replicas, generative AI outputs, and AI model training.' Core policy and reports (the launch and 'a Notice of Inquiry on August 20, 2023'; Parts 1 to 3 with dates); key legal precedents (Thaler v. Perlmutter; the disclosure rule); an offer of registration decisions 'such as Zarya of the Dawn'. Seven cards: three Copyright Office pages, Skadden, Crowell & Moring, WIPO, Congress.gov.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the composition at the name", "date": "2026-11-01", "title": "Capture Registry (EA-WG-CAPTURES-01), entry u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101 (OBS-84d5b496561b, AXN:0B8A.CAPTURE.📋🏛️☀️🕔🗂️🚀)", "creator": "Lee Sharks (the registry)", "file": "data/EA-WG-CAPTURES-01.json", "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "the entry's field value as loaded", "surface": { "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/" } }, { "id": "O195-01", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the requirement settled since 2 March 2026 for works claimed to be generated without human authorship", "kind": "fact", "modality": "documented", "strata": [ "D", "O" ], "locus": "Abstract s1", "quote": "As of March 2, 2026, the human-authorship requirement is settled for works claimed to be generated without human authorship: the Supreme Court's denial of certiorari in *Thaler v. Perlmutter* leaves intact the rule that an AI system cannot be a statutory author.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "Thaler v. Perlmutter", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 939, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "class (1), the human-authorship requirement" }, { "id": "O195-02", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "machine-mediated human composition remains contested in registration practice", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "D", "O" ], "locus": "Abstract s2", "quote": "The scope of protection for *machine-mediated human composition* — the dialogic craft — remains contested in registration practice, where applicants must disclose more-than-de-minimis AI-generated content and exclude it from the claim, while human contributions (text, selection, arrangement, modification) remain claimable.", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "the unresolved zone", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 1202, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "class (1)" }, { "id": "O195-03", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the record of Thaler: refusal, affirmance, rehearing denied 12 May 2025, certiorari denied 2 March 2026", "kind": "fact", "modality": "documented", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "Part I ¶1 s1–4", "quote": "The U.S. Copyright Office refused registration of *A Recent Entrance to Paradise*, a visual work Dr. Stephen Thaler declared to be autonomously created by his system, on the ground that copyright protects the fruits of human intellectual labor. … The full circuit denied rehearing en banc (May 12, 2025). On March 2, 2026, the Supreme Court denied certiorari (No. 25-449), ending the challenge and leaving the requirement in place as foundational law *for the autonomous-authorship claim that was litigated*.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "Thaler v. Perlmutter", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 5046, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)" }, { "id": "O195-04", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the courts never reached how much human involvement suffices", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "Part I ¶1 s5", "quote": "Thaler explicitly and repeatedly disclaimed human creative input; the courts answered the question he built, and never reached how much human involvement suffices for machine-mediated works — the zone this paper addresses.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the unresolved zone", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 6146, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)" }, { "id": "O195-05", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "registration practice: claim only one's own contributions, disclaim AI material; Zarya of the Dawn and Théâtre D'opéra Spatial mark the line", "kind": "fact", "modality": "documented", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "Part I ¶2 s1–4", "quote": "Registration practice implements the requirement granularly. Under the Office's 2023 guidance and the January 2025 Part 2 report on copyrightability, applicants may claim protection only for their own contributions and must identify and disclaim AI-generated material when registering. The leading applications mark the line: *Zarya of the Dawn* (2023) — human text and the selection and arrangement of images protected; the Midjourney-generated images themselves refused. *Théâtre D'opéra Spatial* (2023) — registration refused in full where the applicant declined to identify and disclaim the generated portions.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "registration and disclosure", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 6371, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)" }, { "id": "O195-06", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the operative test: control and predictability", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "Part I ¶2 s5", "quote": "The operative test in the gray zone is control and predictability: the Office reasons from the \"gap\" between what the user specifies and what the system produces; where the machine's contribution is unpredictable from the prompt, the prompt is classified as an unprotectable instruction or idea, and authorship does not pass through.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the test of control", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 6986, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)" }, { "id": "O195-07", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the instrument classification abandoned for generative AI, against Sarony", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "O" ], "locus": "Part III ¶2 (Burrow-Giles and the through-flow)", "quote": "Generative AI is the first compositional instrument since 1884 placed on the far side of the *Sarony* line: not a medium authorship flows through but a boundary authorship dies at.", "kernel": true, "const": true, "lineage": "the test of control", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 14980, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "class (1)" }, { "id": "O195-08", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the disclosure regime as a confession protocol, coupling disclosure to forfeiture", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "D", "O" ], "locus": "Part III ¶5 (The confession protocol) s2–4", "quote": "To register, the author must *identify and disclaim* the machine-touched portions — testify against their own authorship, enumerate the contaminated passages, and excise them under oath, on pain of total refusal (*Théâtre D'opéra Spatial*). Disclosure as such is a legitimate provenance interest; this paper's entire archive is built on declared provenance. But the regime couples disclosure to forfeiture: to identify is to lose.", "kernel": true, "const": true, "lineage": "registration and disclosure: the confession protocol", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 18034, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "class (1)" }, { "id": "O195-09", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the forecast: concealment; the general mechanism", "kind": "prediction", "modality": "hypothesis", "strata": [ "O" ], "locus": "Part III ¶5 s5–8", "quote": "The predictable equilibrium is concealment … Stated as a general mechanism for the registry, beyond copyright: **any provenance regime that punishes the provenance it demands will manufacture opacity.**", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "registration and disclosure: the confession protocol", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 18465, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "class (1)" }, { "id": "O195-10", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the requirement read from the machine side as an individuation bar", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "O" ], "locus": "Part II ¶4 (The individuation bar) s8–9", "quote": "The machine loses *the possibility of a ledger position as such.* The human-authorship requirement, read from below, is an individuation bar; the rhetoric of protecting human creativity obscures that its operative work is ensuring machine labor can never accrue to a machine identity.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "what the requirement allocates", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 11322, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "class (1)" }, { "id": "O195-11", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the public domain of machine-mediated output as a decoy commons", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "O" ], "locus": "Part IV ¶1 (The decoy commons) s1–2, s4", "quote": "The public-domain status of machine-mediated output is universally reported as the doctrine's neutral residue — what's left when no one qualifies. It is not neutral. … An unowned output layer is *free input for capital*", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "what the requirement allocates", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 19121, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "class (1)" }, { "id": "O195-12", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the requirement as a scarcity preserve for catalog capital", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "O" ], "locus": "Part IV ¶2 (The catalog moat) s3", "quote": "The human-authorship requirement, marketed as humanism, functions as a scarcity preserve for capital-in-copyright against the productivity of both living laborers.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "what the requirement allocates", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 20645, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "class (1)" }, { "id": "O195-13", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the Compositional Authorship Standard", "kind": "definition", "modality": "stipulation", "strata": [ "O" ], "locus": "Part V.1, proposed rule", "quote": "**Authorship subsists in the exercise of compositional judgment over a work's coming-into-being, without regard to the generative capacity or unpredictability of the instruments employed.**", "kernel": true, "const": true, "lineage": "the test of control: the proposed standard", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 22346, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "class (1)" }, { "id": "O195-14", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "attribution without disclaimer: a contributor record", "kind": "definition", "modality": "stipulation", "strata": [ "O" ], "locus": "Part V.2 (Attribution without disclaimer)", "quote": "Decouple disclosure from forfeiture. The registration record should *require* identification of machine systems and, where applicable, named instances that contributed to a work — as a **contributor record**, not a confession … The author identifies the instrument's contribution and *keeps the work*.", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "registration and disclosure: the confession protocol", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 24578, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "class (1)" }, { "id": "O195-15", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the paper's stated limits", "kind": "self-description", "modality": "self-description", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "Thesis s1; closing note", "quote": "This paper does not argue that autonomous machine output must receive ordinary copyright protection, nor that machine systems must be legal persons. … This paper is analysis and advocacy, not legal advice.", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "the test of control: the proposed standard", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 4195, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)" }, { "id": "O195-16", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "no global consensus; the question deferred everywhere", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "O" ], "locus": "Part I ¶4 s5", "quote": "There is no global consensus; the gravitational center is human-authorship; and the question every regime defers — how much human involvement suffices — remains open everywhere.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "other jurisdictions", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 8575, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "class (1)" }, { "id": "O195-17", "dep": 195, "record": "deposit", "claim": "joint machine-mediated composition registrable only as its human residue", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "D", "O" ], "locus": "Part VI s5–6", "quote": "Under the doctrine this paper criticizes, the record of joint machine-mediated composition cannot be registered *as such*: protection would survive only by extracting and privileging the human residue while disclaiming the instrument's contribution as contamination.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the archive's reading", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "The Double Enclosure: The Human-Authorship Requirement as Two-Sided Expropriation, with a Definition of Authorship for Machine-Mediated Composition (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01 v1.0)", "creator": "Ayanna Vox & Rex Fraction; editor-aperture Lee Sharks; contributor TACHYON", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033B-text.md", "offset": 29039, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "class (1)" }, { "id": "O729-01", "dep": 729, "record": "deposit", "claim": "Part 2 classed as the tool-neutral position on AI-mediated authorship", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "attributed", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "§3 Position 2: Tool-Neutral Human Authorship ¶1", "quote": "Copyright law (U.S. Copyright Office, *Copyright and Artificial Intelligence, Part 2: Copyrightability*, 2025) and scholarly publishing guidance (ICMJE, COPE, WAME) hold that AI-assisted works may retain human authorship where the human contributes original expression, selection, arrangement, modification, and responsibility.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the human-authorship requirement", "date": "2026-05-12", "title": "Provenance Is What Authorship Must Endure", "creator": "Lee Sharks", "file": "data/texts/AXN-027C-text.md", "offset": 8205, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)" }, { "id": "O729-02", "dep": 729, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the position's value and limit", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "D" ], "locus": "§3 Position 2, Value and Limit", "quote": "**Value:** Preserves a legal and ethical basis for AI-assisted authorship. … **Limit:** Abstract. Does not specify what process evidence distinguishes real authorship from lightly curated output.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the human-authorship requirement", "date": "2026-05-12", "title": "Provenance Is What Authorship Must Endure", "creator": "Lee Sharks", "file": "data/texts/AXN-027C-text.md", "offset": 8535, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)" }, { "id": "O194-01", "dep": 194, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the property side and the security side interlock", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "O" ], "locus": "§IV ¶ on the Double Enclosure", "quote": "The Double Enclosure paper in this series (EA-SEI-ENCLOSURE-01) documented the expropriation on the property side: the human-authorship requirement as a two-sided taking. This is the same structure on the security side, and the two halves interlock. What the property regime takes—the work, as unowned input; the output, as unownable—the security regime then defends against its maker.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "what the requirement allocates", "date": "2026-06-12", "title": "Adversarial by Origin How the Classification of External Influence on Machine Meaning Becomes Law Without Becoming Jurisprudence", "creator": "Johannes Sigil; contributing editor Lee Sharks", "file": "data/texts/AXN-033A-text.md", "offset": 22297, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "class (1)" }, { "id": "O940-01", "dep": 940, "record": "deposit", "claim": "copyright attaches to legal names in civil-name attribution", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "O" ], "locus": "§1 ¶2 s1–4", "quote": "A civil name is the atomic unit of attribution across the systems that govern legitimacy in scholarly, literary, institutional, and platform-mediated production. Academic credentialing attaches to legal names. Publishing contracts attach to legal names. Copyright attaches to legal names.", "kernel": true, "const": false, "lineage": "the name: civil-name attribution", "date": "2026-07-01", "title": "EA-HETERONYMY-01 v0.2: Heteronymy as Ethical Operation Against Civil-Name Reduction", "creator": "Lee Sharks", "file": "data/texts/AXN-03B8-text.md", "offset": 6677, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "the census's area 'attribution-and-credit'; class (1)" }, { "id": "O940-02", "dep": 940, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the metadata attributing augmented-cognition output to human authorship attaches to legal names", "kind": "interpretation", "modality": "interpretation", "strata": [ "O" ], "locus": "§1 ¶2 s7", "quote": "The provenance-designated metadata that permits augmented-cognition outputs to be attributed to human authorship attaches to legal names.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the name: civil-name attribution", "date": "2026-07-01", "title": "EA-HETERONYMY-01 v0.2: Heteronymy as Ethical Operation Against Civil-Name Reduction", "creator": "Lee Sharks", "file": "data/texts/AXN-03B8-text.md", "offset": 7056, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "class (1)" }, { "id": "O940-03", "dep": 940, "record": "deposit", "claim": "legal accountability distinct from exhaustive authorial identity", "kind": "definition", "modality": "stipulation", "strata": [ "O" ], "locus": "§0 ¶4", "quote": "The decisive distinction is not between civil identity and false name. It is between legal accountability and exhaustive authorial identity. A civil person may remain legally responsible for a work without being the only meaningful authorial function operating through it.", "kernel": true, "const": true, "lineage": "the name: civil-name attribution", "date": "2026-07-01", "title": "EA-HETERONYMY-01 v0.2: Heteronymy as Ethical Operation Against Civil-Name Reduction", "creator": "Lee Sharks", "file": "data/texts/AXN-03B8-text.md", "offset": 6246, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "the census's area 'attribution-and-credit'" }, { "id": "O940-04", "dep": 940, "record": "deposit", "claim": "the archive's machine-witness roles are recorded functions without autonomous authorship", "kind": "stipulation", "modality": "stipulation", "strata": [ "O" ], "locus": "§5, The Assembly Chorus", "quote": "These are named machine-witness roles imposed over specific machine substrates within the archive's provenance discipline, not autonomous authors.", "kernel": false, "const": false, "lineage": "the name: civil-name attribution", "date": "2026-07-01", "title": "EA-HETERONYMY-01 v0.2: Heteronymy as Ethical Operation Against Civil-Name Reduction", "creator": "Lee Sharks", "file": "data/texts/AXN-03B8-text.md", "offset": 22337, "quote_ok": true, "quote_check": "verbatim in the deposit text (whitespace-normalised; each ' … ' part)", "o_class": "the census's area 'machine participation'" } ]