[
 {
  "id": "V1668-01",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The war was fought over slavery; its settlement reorganized the labor topology of an already integrated capitalism.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "Opening ¶",
  "quote": "The war was fought over slavery. Its settlement reorganized the labor topology of an already integrated capitalism.",
  "kernel": true,
  "const": true,
  "lineage": "the settlement reorganized the labor topology",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-02",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Two axes, moving separately: the juridical scope of the claim on the worker, and the grain at which productive activity is measured.",
  "kind": "definition",
  "modality": "stipulation",
  "strata": [
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "Opening ¶",
  "quote": "Two quantities move, and they move separately. The first is the juridical scope of the claim on the worker: the person and the lifetime, or labor-power for a bounded interval. The second is the grain at which productive activity is measured: life, year, day, hand, task, motion, second.",
  "kernel": true,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "two axes: juridical scope and measurement grain",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-03",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Emancipation is a discontinuity in the scope axis; Taylor and Ford a change in the grain; the claim narrows as measurement becomes finer.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D",
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "Opening ¶",
  "quote": "Emancipation is a discontinuity in the first. Taylor and Ford are a change in the second. The legal claim narrows while the measurement of the activity becomes finer.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "two axes: juridical scope and measurement grain",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-04",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The field holds that slavery and its expansion caused secession and the war.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§0.1",
  "quote": "The field holds that slavery and its expansion caused secession and the war.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "slavery caused the war",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-05",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Mississippi's 1861 declaration identifies its position with slavery.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "documented",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§0.1",
  "quote": "Mississippi's declaration of 1861 opens its case: \"Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-- the greatest material interest of the world.\"",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "Mississippi: identified with slavery",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-06",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Marx, October 1861: the Morrill tariff passed because secession had taken place, and not the reverse.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§0.2",
  "quote": "Marx said so in October 1861, answering the London papers that had discovered the tariff as the cause. He noted that the Morrill tariff passed Congress \"only in 1861, after the rebellion had already broken out\", and concluded: \"Secession, therefore, did not take place because the Morrill tariff had gone through Congress, but, at most, the Morrill tariff went through Congress because secession had taken place.\"",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "slavery caused the war",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-07",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Marx: the whole movement was based on the slave question.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§0.2",
  "quote": "His own verdict: \"The whole movement was and is based, as one sees, on the slave question.\"",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "slavery caused the war",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-08",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Ransom reports Gunderson: in the eleven Confederate states slaves were 38 percent of the population and contributed 23 percent of whites' income.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§0.3",
  "quote": "He reports Gunderson's estimate that for all eleven Confederate states \"slaves represented 38 percent of the population and contributed 23 percent of whites' income\".",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the stake was slavery itself",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-09",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The stake was slavery itself: its value as property and its need for territory.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§0.3",
  "quote": "The stake was slavery itself: its value as property and its need for territory.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the stake was slavery itself",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-10",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The Beard-Hacker thesis was the most widely accepted interpretation of the war's economic impact by the Second World War.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§0.4",
  "quote": "By the Second World War the \"Beard-Hacker Thesis\" \"had become the most widely accepted interpretation of the economic impact of the Civil War\", and it was still \"the prevailing view as late as 1960\".",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "Beardian interpretation abandoned",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-11",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "As an account of causes the Beard-Hacker thesis was abandoned after about 1950.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "documented",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§0.4",
  "quote": "As an account of causes it was abandoned after about 1950.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "Beardian interpretation abandoned",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-12",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "As an account of consequences, quantitative economic history cut the thesis down (Cochran 1961; Engerman).",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "documented",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§0.4",
  "quote": "As an account of consequences it was cut down by quantitative economic history: Thomas Cochran argued in 1961 that the war retarded industrial growth, and Stanley Engerman challenged the claim that the 1862 Republican program accelerated it.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "Beardian interpretation abandoned",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-13",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The research behind the paper found no post-2000 scholarship arguing the North went to war for cheap wage labor.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "documented",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§0.5",
  "quote": "The research behind this paper found no post-2000 scholarship that argues the North went to war to obtain cheap wage labor for its industry.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the North did not fight for labor",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-14",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The field's political economy of the war is a collision of two labor systems (Oakes: slaves owned as property, Northern laborers self-owned).",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§0.6",
  "quote": "The field's political economy of the war is a collision of two labor systems. James Oakes states the axis in its plainest form: \"At the heart of that difference was the fact that slaves were owned as property whereas in the North, laborers owned themselves\".",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "two labor systems",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-15",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Emancipation abolished property in persons; the Thirteenth Amendment was passed 31 January and ratified 6 December 1865, with its exception for punishment for crime.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "documented",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§0.7",
  "quote": "Emancipation abolished property in persons. The Thirteenth Amendment, passed by Congress on 31 January 1865 and ratified on 6 December 1865, reads: \"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.\"",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the Thirteenth Amendment and its exception",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-16",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The paper accepts the conventional reading; its object is the measurement of the laboring body before and after the abolition of property in it.",
  "kind": "self-description",
  "modality": "stipulation",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§0.8",
  "quote": "This paper accepts all of 0.1–0.7. Its object is what the conventional reading leaves in the background: the measurement of the laboring body before and after the abolition of property in it.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the conventional reading accepted",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-17",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The war changed what capital could own; the techniques converting human capacity into a number survived it and changed object.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§0.8",
  "quote": "The war changed what capital could own. The techniques that converted human capacity into a number survived it and changed object.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the settlement reorganized the labor topology",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-18",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The Savannah sale of 1859: Guy sold at $1,280, Andrew, his counterpart save a lost right eye, at $1,040; the reporter prices the eye at $240.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "documented",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§1.9",
  "quote": "\"Guy, chattel No. 419, 'a prime young man,' sold for $1,280, being without blemish; his age was twenty years, and he was altogether a fine article. His next-door neighbor, Andrew, chattel No. 420, was his very counterpart in all marketable points, in size, age, skill, and everything save that he had lost his right eye. Andrew sold for only $1,040, from which we argue that the market value of the right eye in the Southern country is $240.\"",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the priced body",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-19",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The $240 arithmetic is the reporter's, sardonic, and exact because the market had made the two men comparable.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§1.9",
  "quote": "The arithmetic is the reporter's, and sardonic (\"from which we argue\"). It is exact because the market had already made the two men comparable \"in all marketable points\".",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the priced body",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-20",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Rosenthal: slaveholders developed the 'prime field hand' as an equivalence unit, with expected production per day.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§1.16",
  "quote": "Rosenthal: \"Slaveholders also developed an equivalence unit called 'the prime field hand.' They assigned certain capabilities to the prime hand, such as expected production per day. Workers were measured against this standard and given values such as 'half hand' and 'quarter hand.'\"",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the hand: a verb-measure on a noun",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-21",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The hand grades a whole person's daily output as a fraction of an adult male standard, a verb-measure attached to a noun; the inference is the paper's.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§1.19",
  "quote": "It grades a whole person's daily output as a fraction of an adult male standard: a verb-measure attached to a noun.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the hand: a verb-measure on a noun",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-22",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Under slavery American capitalism developed techniques for measuring, comparing and monetizing human capacity, which worked because the worker was owned.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§2.11",
  "quote": "The record supports this much: American capitalism developed, under slavery, techniques for measuring, comparing and monetizing human capacity, and those techniques worked because the worker was owned.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the hand: a verb-measure on a noun",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-23",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "No source consulted documents a line from plantation records to Taylor or Ford; the argument needs none.",
  "kind": "limit",
  "modality": "self-description",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§2.11",
  "quote": "No source consulted for this paper documents a line from plantation records to Taylor or Ford, and the argument needs none.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "no documentary lineage claimed",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-24",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The grain of measurement is its own axis; what emancipation changed was the scope of the claim.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§2.10",
  "quote": "The grain of measurement is therefore its own axis, independent of the scope of the claim: slavery could already contract its unit to the years it took to use a person up, to the day's quota and to the fraction of a hand. What emancipation changed was the scope of the claim.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "two axes: juridical scope and measurement grain",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-25",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Hammond, 1858: slaves 'hired for life', the North's hirelings 'hired by the day'.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§3.2",
  "quote": "James Henry Hammond, in the Senate, 4 March 1858: \"The senator from New York said yesterday that the whole world had abolished slavery. Aye, the name, but not the thing… for the man who lives by daily labor, and scarcely lives at that, and who has to put out his labor in the market, and take the best he can get for it; in short, your whole hireling class of manual laborers and 'operatives,' as you call them, are essentially slaves. The difference between us is, that our slaves are hired for life and well compensated… Yours are hired by the day, not cared for, and scantily compensated…",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "contemporaries: hire and buy",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-26",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Lincoln at Milwaukee, 1859, reports the mud-sill reasoning in two verbs, hire and buy, and his own side holds both assumptions false.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§3.5",
  "quote": "Lincoln answered the mud-sill theory at Milwaukee on 30 September 1859. He reported its reasoning in two verbs. Its adherents assume \"that labor is available only in connection with capital\", and then \"proceed to consider whether it is best that capital shall hire laborers, and thus induce them to work by their own consent; or buy them, and drive them to it without their consent.\"",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "contemporaries: hire and buy",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-27",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Lincoln's clause moralizing the permanent wage-earner as dependent is read as the seed of postwar discipline.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§3.6",
  "quote": "The person who stays on the wage is moralized as dependent. That clause is the seed of the postwar discipline in §4.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "free labor as discipline",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-28",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "On these texts slavery sold the person and wage labor sold capacity for an interval; the difference is legal title to the person.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§3.8",
  "quote": "On these texts slavery sold the person, the noun, and wage labor sold capacity for an interval, the verb. The noun owned and the verb contracted are different relations, and the difference is legal title to the person.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "noun owned, verb contracted",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-29",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Postwar wage earners argued that in selling their labor they were no more self-owning than slaves (Stanley).",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§3.9",
  "quote": "Amy Dru Stanley reports their argument that \"in selling their labor they were no more self-owning than slaves\".",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "contract and its critics",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-30",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Marx, 7 November 1861: the struggle is between two social systems, slavery and free labour.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.1",
  "quote": "\"The present struggle between the South and North is, therefore, nothing but a struggle between two social systems, the system of slavery and the system of free labour.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "two labor systems",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-31",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Marx reads the war as a contest over where the line of unfree labor would run across the continent and the races of labor.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.2",
  "quote": "Marx reads the war as a contest over where the line of unfree labor would run across the continent and across the races of labor.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "two labor systems",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-32",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Marx, Capital ch. 10: the first fruit of the Civil War was the eight hours' agitation.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.4",
  "quote": "The first fruit of the Civil War was the eight hours' agitation, that ran with the seven-leagued boots of the locomotive from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from New England to California.\"",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the first fruit: the eight hours",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-33",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The Baltimore General Congress of Labour, 16 August 1866, called for an eight-hour law.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.4",
  "quote": "The General Congress of Labour at Baltimore, 16 August 1866: \"The first and great necessity of the present, to free the labour of this country from capitalistic slavery, is the passing of a law by which eight hours shall be the normal working-day in all States of the American Union.\"",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the first fruit: the eight hours",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-34",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Once the noun could no longer be sold, the contested object became the length of the day.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D",
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.5",
  "quote": "The first fruit Marx names is a struggle over the measure of the verb. Once the noun could no longer be sold, the contested object became the length of the day: the interval.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the first fruit: the eight hours",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-35",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Du Bois: the black worker won the war by a general strike transferring his labor to the Northern invader.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.6",
  "quote": "\"How the Civil War meant emancipation and how the black worker won the war by a general strike which transferred his labor from the Confederate planter to the Northern invader, in whose army lines workers began to be organized as a new labor force.\"",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the general strike",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-36",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The general strike is read as the verb withdrawn from the noun's owner; the workers reorganized the topology by moving.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D",
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.6",
  "quote": "The general strike is the verb withdrawn from the noun's owner. The workers reorganized the topology themselves, by moving.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the general strike",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-37",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Du Bois: the slave went free, stood a brief moment in the sun, then moved back toward slavery.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.7",
  "quote": "\"The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery.\"",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the settlement closed toward contract and debt",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-38",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Du Bois's public and psychological wage compensated white laborers in part.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D",
   "R"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.7",
  "quote": "\"It must be remembered that the white group of laborers, while they received a low wage, were compensated in part by a sort of public and psychological wage.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the psychological wage",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-39",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Du Bois is a source for the general strike and the settlement, a weaker one for Northern motive.",
  "kind": "limit",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.8",
  "quote": "Du Bois is a source for the general strike and the settlement. He is a weaker source for Northern motive.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the general strike",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-40",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Oakes credits Du Bois with seeing emancipation as a capitalist revolution, its replacement a system based on wage labor, and faults his treatment of the North.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.8",
  "quote": "Oakes credits him with understanding \"that emancipation was a capitalist revolution, that the truly revolutionary character of the Civil War lay in the overthrow of slavery and its replacement by a new system based on wage labor\", and faults his treatment of the North, which \"too often collapsed into crude economic determinism\".",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the settlement reorganized the labor topology",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-41",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The Act to Encourage Immigration, 4 July 1864, is called the most direct federal instrument of labor supply in the war years.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.9",
  "quote": "The Act to Encourage Immigration, 4 July 1864, is the most direct federal instrument of labor supply in the war years.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the 1864 Act: the verb mortgaged",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-42",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Sec. 2 of the 1864 Act made emigrants' pledges of up to twelve months' wages to repay emigration valid in law.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "documented",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.9",
  "quote": "whereby emigrants shall pledge the wages of their labor for a term not exceeding twelve months to repay the expenses of their emigration, shall be held to be valid in law",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the 1864 Act: the verb mortgaged",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-43",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Pledged wages are read as the verb mortgaged in advance, the debt following the worker onto homestead land.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D",
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.10",
  "quote": "Wages for up to twelve months are pledged before the work exists: the verb mortgaged in advance. The debt follows the worker onto the land the Homestead Law promised, the material of Lincoln's ladder.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the 1864 Act: the verb mortgaged",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-44",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The statute disclaims 'the relation of Slavery or servitude', seven months before Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "documented",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.10",
  "quote": "And the statute disclaims \"the relation of Slavery or servitude\", seven months before Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the 1864 Act: the verb mortgaged",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-45",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The UT Immigration History project records that Congress repealed the law in 1868 in the face of labor protests.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.10",
  "quote": "records that \"In the face of vociferous protests by labor organizations, Congress repealed this law in 1868.\"",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the 1864 Act: the verb mortgaged",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-46",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Ruef: under the Freedmen's Bureau's effort to reinstate plantation labor, the valuation of black labor was linked to human capital and statistical discrimination in fundamentally different ways.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.11",
  "quote": "Martin Ruef: the chapter \"studies the extent to which the Freedmen Bureau's effort to reinstate plantation labor was associated with changes in the valuation of black labor. Despite similarities in coercion and the organization of labor, the valuation of wage labor under the bureau was linked to human capital investments and statistical discrimination in ways that were fundamentally different\".",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the Freedmen's Bureau: price to wage",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-47",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Stanley: in the era of emancipation no ideal of freedom had greater power than contract.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.12",
  "quote": "Stanley: \"In the era of slave emancipation no ideal of freedom had greater power than that of contract. The antislavery claim was that the negation of chattel status lay in the contracts of wage labor and marriage.\"",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "contract and its critics",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-48",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Hartman: black subordination continued under the aegis of contract.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.13",
  "quote": "Hartman: \"black subordination continued under the aegis of contract\".",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the settlement closed toward contract and debt",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-49",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Urban: critics claimed the Bureau's refugee domestic placements revived a version of the slave trade; the initiative was disbanded.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.14",
  "quote": "critics \"claimed that it revived—under the thin veneer of 'free' labor—a version of the slave trade\"",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "brokered labor",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-50",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The exception clause is read as opening a third configuration: the state holds the person by sentence and a lessee buys the labor.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D",
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.16",
  "quote": "The exception clause opened a third configuration: the state holds the person by sentence, and a lessee buys the labor.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the Thirteenth Amendment and its exception",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-51",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "In 1868 Georgia began to make its growing population of prisoners available for hire.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.16",
  "quote": "In 1868 Georgia \"began to make its rapidly growing population of prisoners available for hire\".",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the Thirteenth Amendment and its exception",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-52",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Mancini describes convict leasing, 1866–1928, as racial subordination and labor discipline and argues it was no aberration.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "attributed",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.16",
  "quote": "Matthew Mancini's study of leasing, 1866–1928, describes it as \"a means of racial subordination and labor discipline\" and argues against the view that it was an aberration.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the Thirteenth Amendment and its exception",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-53",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Under Tomich's second slavery, slave and wage labor grew inside one industrial division of labor.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D",
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.17",
  "quote": "Slave and wage labor grew inside one industrial division of labor.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "second slavery",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-54",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The starting thesis, that the North fought to free cheap wage labor for its industry, is divided by the record.",
  "kind": "self-description",
  "modality": "self-description",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.18",
  "quote": "The thesis this paper began from held that the North fought to free cheap wage labor for its industry. The record divides it.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the North did not fight for labor",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-55",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Against the starting thesis: slavery and its expansion caused the war, and Marx rejected the tariff explanation.",
  "kind": "limit",
  "modality": "self-description",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.20",
  "quote": "(a) Cause: slavery and its expansion caused the war, the secessionists named it, and Marx himself rejected the tariff explanation offered in 1861 (§0).",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "slavery caused the war",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-56",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Against the starting thesis: the Northern wage-labor market was already formed before 1861.",
  "kind": "limit",
  "modality": "self-description",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.20",
  "quote": "(c) Supply: the Northern wage-labor market was already formed before 1861.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the North did not fight for labor",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-57",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The settlement abolished the noun as a legal form and put the verb under contract, debt, brokerage and a penal exception; the general strike forced the opening and the settlement closed it toward contract and debt.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D",
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§4.21",
  "quote": "It abolished the noun as a legal form. It put the verb under contract, pledged it as debt, brokered it across regions and oceans, and kept a penal exception through which the state could hire out the convicted body. The freedpeople's own general strike forced the opening; the settlement closed it toward contract and debt.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the settlement closed toward contract and debt",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-58",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "As the unit shrinks the legal claim narrows: capital gives up title to the lifetime and gains a finely specified claim on the interval.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§5.15",
  "quote": "As the unit shrinks the legal claim narrows: capital gives up title to the lifetime and gains a finely specified claim on the contracted interval.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "two axes: juridical scope and measurement grain",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-59",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Between 1859 and 1913 the record moves from the named and numbered person to the unnamed operation.",
  "kind": "finding",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D",
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§5.16",
  "quote": "Between 1859 and 1913 the record moves from the named and numbered person to the unnamed operation.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "noun owned, verb contracted",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-60",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "Emancipation freed the noun; industrial management captured the verb; the first holds juridically, with what abolition left in place.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D",
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§5.17",
  "quote": "Emancipation freed the noun. Industrial management captured the verb. The first sentence holds juridically: emancipation abolished private title to the person.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "noun owned, verb contracted",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-61",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "It does not claim Northern industry caused or fought the war for labor, that freedpeople fed Northern industry, that Taylor or Ford drew on plantation records, or that wage labor and slavery are the same relation.",
  "kind": "limit",
  "modality": "self-description",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "§6",
  "quote": "It does not claim that Northern industry caused the war or fought it for labor, that freedpeople were moved North in numbers that fed Northern industry, that Taylor or Ford drew on plantation records, or that wage labor and slavery are the same relation.",
  "kernel": true,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the North did not fight for labor",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-62",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The transformation asserted is structural: an optimization problem persists across a juridical break.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§6",
  "quote": "The transformation it asserts is structural: an optimization problem persists across a juridical break.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "no documentary lineage claimed",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-63",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The field-consensus citation for §0.1 rests on a Wikipedia historiography article; Woods's survey is listed as not yet read.",
  "kind": "limit",
  "modality": "self-description",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "Note 1",
  "quote": "\"Historiographic issues about the American Civil War,\" *Wikipedia*, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War, which summarizes slavery as widely regarded as the major cause, with surveys in Michael E. Woods, \"What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion,\" *Journal of American History* 99, no. 2 (2012): 415–439 (not yet read)",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "open verification",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-64",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The Beard and Hacker texts were not consulted directly; their phrases come through Ransom.",
  "kind": "limit",
  "modality": "self-description",
  "strata": [
   "D"
  ],
  "locus": "Note 6",
  "quote": "The Beard and Hacker texts were not consulted directly",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "open verification",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1668-65",
  "dep": 1668,
  "claim": "The paper places Du Bois's psychological wage, read in #816, in the settlement of the war.",
  "kind": "relation",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "R"
  ],
  "locus": "Where the archive's deposits connect",
  "quote": "§4.7 here gives that wage its place in the settlement of the war.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the psychological wage",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1669-01",
  "dep": 1669,
  "claim": "The companion's first half followed the laboring body from noun to verb, priced person to timed operation.",
  "kind": "relation",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "R"
  ],
  "locus": "Opening ¶",
  "quote": "The first half of this paper followed the laboring body from noun to verb: from the priced person of the plantation ledger to the timed operation of the Ford line.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "noun owned, verb contracted",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1669-02",
  "dep": 1669,
  "claim": "Slavery priced the noun; Fordism specified the verb; war Fordism made the noun a switch.",
  "kind": "relation",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "R",
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§8.1",
  "quote": "The grammar of the two halves. Slavery priced the noun. Fordism specified the verb. War Fordism kept the specified verb and made the noun a switch: racial-juridical classification selected the coercive regime under which the verb was extracted.",
  "kernel": true,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "noun owned, verb contracted",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1669-03",
  "dep": 1669,
  "claim": "The camp prisoner is read as a third relation in the first half's grammar: held by the state by confinement, the firm paying a daily fee in the form of hire.",
  "kind": "relation",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "R",
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§7.7",
  "quote": "In the first half's grammar this is a third relation to the person.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "a third relation to the person",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1669-04",
  "dep": 1669,
  "claim": "The camp's daily fee had the form of hire, paid to a holder holding the body by confinement and bearing no chattel owner's capital loss at its death.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "R",
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§7.7",
  "quote": "The daily fee had the form of hire, paid to a holder that held the body by confinement and did not bear the chattel owner's capital loss in the person as owned property at its death.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "a third relation to the person",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1669-05",
  "dep": 1669,
  "claim": "It presents itself as the second half of a two-part argument whose first is #1668.",
  "kind": "self-description",
  "modality": "self-description",
  "strata": [
   "R"
  ],
  "locus": "Byline",
  "quote": "The second half of a two-part argument; the first is The Noun Becomes a Verb (#1668, EA-NOUN-VERB-01).",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "noun owned, verb contracted",
  "date": "2026-10-07",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V166-01",
  "dep": 166,
  "claim": "The Civil War's causes are listed among major historical events in the catalog of stabilized public-knowledge nodes to be watched.",
  "kind": "relation",
  "modality": "stipulation",
  "strata": [
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§4 catalog",
  "quote": "**Major historical events.** Events whose public-knowledge framing shapes contemporary political identity, policy debate, and intergroup relations. Examples: the Holocaust; slavery in the United States; the Civil War's causes; the founding of the United States; the Reconstruction era;",
  "kernel": true,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "a stabilized node",
  "date": "2026-06-08",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V166-02",
  "dep": 166,
  "claim": "A stabilized node is defined: its public-knowledge background is deep.",
  "kind": "definition",
  "modality": "stipulation",
  "strata": [
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§0 Glossary",
  "quote": "**Stabilized node** — A concept, term, framework, event, document, or figure for which the public-knowledge background is deep:",
  "kernel": true,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "a stabilized node",
  "date": "2026-06-08",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V166-03",
  "dep": 166,
  "claim": "The contestation envelope is defined as established disagreements within the domain consensus, not to be scored as drift.",
  "kind": "definition",
  "modality": "stipulation",
  "strata": [
   "O"
  ],
  "locus": "§0 Glossary",
  "quote": "**Contestation envelope** — The set of established disagreements about a stabilized node that exist within the legitimate domain consensus and must not be scored automatically as drift or error.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "a stabilized node",
  "date": "2026-06-08",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V497-01",
  "dep": 497,
  "claim": "The Thirteenth Amendment is read as reaching private contracts: it prohibits involuntary servitude without a state action requirement.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D",
   "R"
  ],
  "locus": "§VII.8",
  "quote": "The Thirteenth Amendment does not merely prohibit slavery. It prohibits involuntary servitude — and it does so without a state action requirement. It applies to private conduct. It reaches private contracts.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the Amendment reaches private contract",
  "date": "2026-02-20",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V497-02",
  "dep": 497,
  "claim": "Fully applied, the Thirteenth Amendment is held to abolish every contract binding future labor to present terms.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "R"
  ],
  "locus": "§VII.8",
  "quote": "The Thirteenth Amendment, fully applied, abolishes every contract that binds future labor to present terms.",
  "kernel": true,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the Amendment reaches private contract",
  "date": "2026-02-20",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1150-01",
  "dep": 1150,
  "claim": "(Document 157 version) The Thirteenth Amendment is read as reaching private contracts.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "D",
   "R"
  ],
  "locus": "§VII.8",
  "quote": "The Thirteenth Amendment does not merely prohibit slavery. It prohibits involuntary servitude -- and it does so without a state action requirement. It applies to private conduct. It reaches private contracts.",
  "kernel": false,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the Amendment reaches private contract",
  "date": "2026-02-20",
  "quote_ok": true
 },
 {
  "id": "V1150-02",
  "dep": 1150,
  "claim": "(Document 157 version) Fully applied, the Amendment abolishes every contract binding future labor to present terms.",
  "kind": "claim",
  "modality": "interpretation",
  "strata": [
   "R"
  ],
  "locus": "§VII.8",
  "quote": "The Thirteenth Amendment, fully applied, abolishes every contract that binds future labor to present terms.",
  "kernel": true,
  "const": false,
  "lineage": "the Amendment reaches private contract",
  "date": "2026-02-20",
  "quote_ok": true
 }
]