{
 "corpus": "quantum-founders",
 "seat": "EA-CORPORA-30/10",
 "title": "The founders of quantum mechanics, 1925–1928: Pauli, Heisenberg, Born and Jordan, Schrödinger, Dirac and Bohr in the journals that first printed them",
 "edition": "W. Pauli jr., „Über den Zusammenhang des Abschlusses der Elektronengruppen im Atom mit der Komplexstruktur der Spektren“, Zeitschrift für Physik 31 (1925), 765–783 (received 16 January 1925), the exclusion principle — the whole of vol. 31, OCR layer; the paper is at pp. 765–783; W. Heisenberg, „Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen“, Zeitschrift für Physik 33 (1925), 879–893 (received 29 July 1925) — the whole of vol. 33, OCR layer; the paper is at pp. 879–893; M. Born and P. Jordan, „Zur Quantenmechanik“, Zeitschrift für Physik 34 (1925), 858–888 (received 27 September 1925) — the whole of vol. 34, OCR layer; the paper is at pp. 858–888; M. Born, W. Heisenberg and P. Jordan, „Zur Quantenmechanik. II.“, Zeitschrift für Physik 35 (1926), 557–615 (received 16 November 1925), the Dreimännerarbeit — the whole of vol. 35, OCR layer; the paper is at pp. 557–615; E. Schrödinger, „Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem (Erste Mitteilung)“, Annalen der Physik, 4. Folge, 79 (1926), 361–376 — microfilm issue sim_annalen-der-physik_1926_79_3 (pp. 179–376 of vol. 79), OCR layer; the paper is at pp. 361–376; E. Schrödinger, „Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem (Zweite Mitteilung)“, Annalen der Physik 79 (1926), 489–527 — microfilm issue sim_annalen-der-physik_1926_79_6 (Heft 6 of vol. 79, opening with the paper), OCR layer; E. Schrödinger, „Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem (Dritte Mitteilung: Störungstheorie, mit Anwendung auf den Starkeffekt der Balmerlinien)“, Annalen der Physik 80 (1926), 437–490 — microfilm issue sim_annalen-der-physik_1926_80_13 (Heft 13 of vol. 80, opening with the paper), OCR layer; E. Schrödinger, „Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem (Vierte Mitteilung)“, Annalen der Physik 81 (1926), 109–139 — microfilm issue sim_annalen-der-physik_1926_81_18 (Heft 18 of vol. 81, opening with the paper), OCR layer; P. A. M. Dirac, “The Quantum Theory of the Electron”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 117 (1928), 610–624 (received 2 January 1928) — the whole of vol. 117 (1927–28), Digital Library of India scan of the IARI Library copy, OCR layer; the paper is at pp. 610–624; N. Bohr, „Das Quantenpostulat und die neuere Entwicklung der Atomistik“, Die Naturwissenschaften 16, Heft 15 (13 April 1928), 245–257, the Como lecture of 16 September 1927 as printed — microfilm issue sim_naturwissenschaften_1928-04-13_16_15, OCR layer",
 "language": "mul",
 "license": {
  "payload": "Per item, recorded in origin.items. Every paper was first published 1925–1928 and is in the public domain in the United States (published before 1931, the term of 95 years run). The terms of life plus seventy years still run in the European Union and the United Kingdom: Pauli (d. 1958) to 2028, so free from 2029-01-01; Schrödinger (d. 1961) from 2032-01-01; Bohr (d. 1962) from 2033-01-01; Born (d. 1970) from 2041-01-01; Heisenberg (d. 1976) from 2047-01-01; Jordan (d. 1980) from 2051-01-01, which governs the two papers written with Born and with Born and Heisenberg; Dirac (d. 1984) from 2055-01-01. The seat holds the texts under United States public domain, the archive's jurisdiction. The Zeitschrift für Physik volumes are Internet Archive scans in the collection of the University of Illinois Chicago (uic); the Annalen and Naturwissenschaften issues are the Archive's microfilm series (sim_microfilm); the Proceedings volume is a Digital Library of India scan (dc.rights: Not Available). None of these items carries a rights or licence field.",
  "record": "CC-BY-4.0 applies to this seat record only."
 },
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    "work": "W. Pauli jr., „Über den Zusammenhang des Abschlusses der Elektronengruppen im Atom mit der Komplexstruktur der Spektren“, Zeitschrift für Physik 31 (1925), 765–783 (received 16 January 1925), the exclusion principle — the whole of vol. 31, OCR layer; the paper is at pp. 765–783",
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    "text": "text/born-heisenberg-jordan-quantenmechanik-ii-1926.ocr.txt",
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    "work": "E. Schrödinger, „Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem (Dritte Mitteilung: Störungstheorie, mit Anwendung auf den Starkeffekt der Balmerlinien)“, Annalen der Physik 80 (1926), 437–490 — microfilm issue sim_annalen-der-physik_1926_80_13 (Heft 13 of vol. 80, opening with the paper), OCR layer",
    "text": "text/schroedinger-eigenwertproblem-iii-1926.ocr.txt",
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    "work": "E. Schrödinger, „Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem (Vierte Mitteilung)“, Annalen der Physik 81 (1926), 109–139 — microfilm issue sim_annalen-der-physik_1926_81_18 (Heft 18 of vol. 81, opening with the paper), OCR layer",
    "text": "text/schroedinger-eigenwertproblem-iv-1926.ocr.txt",
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   {
    "slug": "dirac-electron-1928",
    "work": "P. A. M. Dirac, “The Quantum Theory of the Electron”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 117 (1928), 610–624 (received 2 January 1928) — the whole of vol. 117 (1927–28), Digital Library of India scan of the IARI Library copy, OCR layer; the paper is at pp. 610–624",
    "text": "text/dirac-electron-1928.ocr.txt",
    "originals": [
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    "lines": 55759
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   {
    "slug": "bohr-quantenpostulat-1928",
    "work": "N. Bohr, „Das Quantenpostulat und die neuere Entwicklung der Atomistik“, Die Naturwissenschaften 16, Heft 15 (13 April 1928), 245–257, the Como lecture of 16 September 1927 as printed — microfilm issue sim_naturwissenschaften_1928-04-13_16_15, OCR layer",
    "text": "text/bohr-quantenpostulat-1928.ocr.txt",
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 },
 "normalization": "Originals as fetched under original/: the Internet Archive's OCR layers (_djvu.txt), each md5 matching the one the Archive publishes. text/<slug>.ocr.txt is that layer with line endings normalized. All scans are held by reference (identifier, file, size and md5): each is a whole volume or issue carrying many papers. The OCR of the Zeitschrift für Physik volumes often reads ü as ii and ß as B; the loci avoid such words where they can and say so where they cannot. No text was corrected by hand.",
 "scope": "Held: every paper the ruling names, each in the volume or issue that first printed it: Pauli's exclusion principle (Z. Physik 31), Heisenberg's Umdeutung (Z. Physik 33), Born and Jordan (Z. Physik 34), Born, Heisenberg and Jordan (Z. Physik 35), Schrödinger's four communications (Annalen 79, 80, 81), Dirac's electron (Proc. R. Soc. A 117), and Bohr's Como lecture in its German printing (Naturwissenschaften 16). The Zeitschrift volumes are seated whole, so the same witnesses also carry the other papers of 1925–26 printed beside these. Not held: Dirac's second part, “The Quantum Theory of the Electron. Part II” (Proc. R. Soc. A 118, 1928, 351–361), not sought this session; the English printing of the Como lecture (Nature 121, 1928, supplement, 580–590), not sought; Heisenberg's uncertainty paper (Z. Physik 43, 1927, 172–198), outside the ruling's list, on the Archive under the item zeitschrift-fur-physik-vol-43 (not opened this session) and left for a later seating.",
 "verified_loci": [
  "Pauli 1925, the title — 'Abschlusses der Elektronen- gruppen im Atom mit der Komplexstruktur der Spektren.' (the line-end hyphen of the title kept as printed)",
  "Pauli 1925, the byline — 'Von W. Pauli jr. in Hamburg.'",
  "Pauli 1925, the exclusion rule — 'kann niemals zwei oder mehrere' (the OCR reads the rule's first word „Es“ as „Ks“ and „äquivalente“ as „4quivalente“; the locus begins after the first and stops before the second)",
  "Pauli 1925, the two-valuedness of the electron — 'Zweideutigkeit der quantentheoretischen Eigenschaften'",
  "Heisenberg 1925, the title — 'Uber quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen.' (the OCR drops the umlaut of „Über“)",
  "Heisenberg 1925, the abstract — 'In der Arbeit soll versucht werden, Grundlagen zu gewinnen'",
  "Heisenberg 1925, a mechanics of observable quantities — 'eine der klassischen Mechanik analoge quantentheoretische Mechanik auszubilden'",
  "Born and Jordan 1925, the heading — 'Zur Quantenmechanik. Von M. Born und P. Jordan'",
  "Born and Jordan 1925, matrix calculus — 'Das mathematische Hilfsmittel ist die Matrizenrechnung.'",
  "Born and Jordan 1925, in statu nascendi — 'in statu nascendi'",
  "Born, Heisenberg and Jordan 1926, the heading — 'Zur Quantenmechanik. II. Von M. Born, W. Heisenberg und P. Jordan'",
  "Born, Heisenberg and Jordan 1926, quadratic forms of infinitely many variables — 'Theorie der quadratischen Formen unendlich vieler Variablen'",
  "Schrödinger I 1926, the title — 'Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem;'",
  "Schrödinger I 1926, no word of whole numbers — 'von „ganzen Zahlen“ mehr vorkommt'",
  "Schrödinger I 1926, the true nature of the quantum rules — 'sehr tief an das wahre Wesen der Quantenvorschriften'",
  "Schrödinger II 1926, the second communication — '(Zweite Mitteilung.)'",
  "Schrödinger II 1926, §1 — 'Die Hamiltonsche Analogie zwischen Mechanik und Optik.'",
  "Schrödinger III 1926, the subtitle — 'Mitteilung: Störungstheorie, mit Anwendung auf den'",
  "Schrödinger III 1926, perturbation theory named — 'die Störungstheorie für das Eigenwertproblem nennen'",
  "Schrödinger IV 1926, the true wave equation — 'Die eigentliche Wellengleichung.'",
  "Dirac 1928, the title — 'The Quantum Theory of the Electron.'",
  "Dirac 1928, received — 'Received January 2, 1928'",
  "Dirac 1928, duplexity — '“ duplexity ” phenomena' (the spaces inside the quotation marks are the OCR's)",
  "Dirac 1928, why Nature should have chosen — 'why Nature should have chosen this particular'",
  "Bohr 1928, the title — 'Das Quantenpostulat und die neuere Entwicklung der Atomistik'",
  "Bohr 1928, §1 — 'Quantenpostulat und Kausalität.'",
  "Bohr 1928, the quantum postulate stated — 'wonach jeder atomare Prozeß einen Zug von Dis-'",
  "Bohr 1928, the renunciation of causal space-time description — 'Verzicht, betreffend die kausale raum-zeitliche Beschreibung'"
 ],
 "loci_not_found": [],
 "lines_total": 324046,
 "why_seated": "Between January 1925 and January 1928 a handful of papers rebuilt the description of the atom twice, once as matrices and once as waves, and then joined both to relativity. The seat holds each in the pages where it first appeared, so that the claims later made for them can be checked against the words that made them. The European terms still run for all of them; in the United States they are already open.",
 "spine": "EA-CORPORA-30 (#1720)",
 "ruling": "Lee Sharks, 2026-10-30: \"and then an ea-corpora seating... Einstein, Gödel, Tesla, Copernicus, Galileo, classical Arabic mathematicians... what is in the public domain, and what else? and just to be perverse lets seat the promised Klee notebooks with them\"; to the proposed set: \"yes, thats a good set\".",
 "queued": [
  "Heisenberg, „Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen“, as a single-paper PDF (heisenberg-on-the-quantum-reinterpretation-1925, uploaded 2026-10-29 to the opensource collection): its source is not named and its title is English, so the volume is seated as the witness",
  "Schrödinger, „Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem“, as a single-paper PDF (quantisierung-als-eigenwertproblem, uploaded 2023): cut from the Archive's sim_annalen-der-physik_1926_79_contents item; the issue scan is seated as the witness",
  "Dirac, “The Quantum Theory of the Electron”, as a single-paper PDF (dirac-quantum-theory-of-the-electron-1928, uploaded 2026-06-15): its source is not named; the volume is seated as the witness",
  "Heisenberg, „Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik“, Z. Physik 43 (1927), 172–198: public domain in the United States, on the Archive under the item zeitschrift-fur-physik-vol-43 (not opened this session); outside the ruling's list"
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