{"address":{"q":"Enoch AI dating Dead Sea Scrolls","record":"enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031"},"analysis":{"analysis":"A machine-dating study is composed nearly at its own grain, and it carries the distinction between when a text was copied and when it was written. Its figures are the press's, and its doubts are sourced to a forum whose card carries none.","d":"ENOCH, BY THE OPERATOR'S ADDRESS 'ENOCH AI DATING DEAD SEA SCROLLS', ON GOOGLE'S AI OVERVIEW, SIGNED OUT, 2026-10-31: 'Researchers at the University of Groningen developed an artificial intelligence model named Enoch to re-date the Dead Sea Scrolls.' Training data, method, accuracy, findings (older timelines, 4Q114 Daniel and 4Q109 Ecclesiastes), the reaction (supporters, Reddit sceptics), a closing quotation of Popović from Haaretz. Nine cards: the PLOS article, the BAS, Reddit, the Jerusalem Post, Haaretz, the NIH copy of the article, a National Geographic post, two videos.","d_full":"ENOCH, BY THE OPERATOR'S ADDRESS 'ENOCH AI DATING DEAD SEA SCROLLS', ON GOOGLE'S AI OVERVIEW, SIGNED OUT, 2026-10-31: 'Researchers at the University of Groningen developed an artificial intelligence model named Enoch to re-date the Dead Sea Scrolls.' Training data, method, accuracy, findings (older timelines, 4Q114 Daniel and 4Q109 Ecclesiastes), the reaction (supporters, Reddit sceptics), a closing quotation of Popović from Haaretz. Nine cards: the PLOS article, the BAS, Reddit, the Jerusalem Post, Haaretz, the NIH copy of the article, a National Geographic post, two videos.","findings":["THE STUDY HELD. 'The model was trained on 24 radiocarbon-dated scroll samples', 'Bayesian ridge regression', 'a mean absolute error of roughly 28 to 31 years', '79% of its estimates for 135 undated scrolls aligned realistically with human paleographic evaluations': the record's 24 samples, its 27.9 to 30.7 years, its 135 scrolls and its 79%. Checked 2026-10-31 against the Revelation First census record of 2026-10-30 and the sources it saved.","COPIES KEPT APART FROM COMPOSITIONS. 'Some copies appear closer in time to their presumed historical authors'. The record's negative tag is that the model dates copies; the composition keeps the distinction in its own words. This is the distinction the field turns on.","THE PRESS'S RANGE FOR THE STUDY'S. 'Enoch indicates that a significant portion of the scrolls are 50 to 150 years older than traditional paleographic estimates.' The study: 'often older than traditionally assumed palaeographic estimates'. The range is card 4's, the Jerusalem Post ('by 50 to 150 years earlier than previously believed'); the composition gives the press figure as the study's finding.","TWO RESULTS MADE ONE. 'The Daniel fragment (`4Q114`) and Ecclesiastes manuscript (`4Q109`) were backdated substantially'. The study separates them: 'this study’s 14 C result for 4Q114 and Enoch’s date prediction for 4Q109 now establish these to be the first known fragments of a biblical book from the time of their presumed authors'. The Daniel date is the radiocarbon result (230–160 BCE); only Ecclesiastes is the model's. The conflation is already on card 2, where the Biblical Archaeology Society quotes Rollston: 'Enoch’s calibrated date range for 4Q114 is: 230–160 BCE'. The figures 'from 175–150 BCE to roughly 300–250 BCE' are not in the saved sources, which give Enoch's 4Q109 prediction as 'a third-century BCE date'.","THE STATED LIMIT, ELSEWHERE. The study names its problem, 'an almost complete lack of date-bearing manuscripts'. The composition attributes doubt to Reddit ('carbon-dating uncertainties'), whose card carries none, and gives Popović's caution through Haaretz; the named scholars' doubts on card 2 and the study's own limit are unsaid."],"match":"BROAD MATCH","mt":"ENOCH ON THE OVERVIEW — GRONINGEN, 24 RADIOCARBON SAMPLES, BAYESIAN RIDGE REGRESSION, THE THIRTY-YEAR ERROR, 79% OF 135, ALL HELD; 'COPIES' KEPT APART FROM THEIR AUTHORS; 'OFTEN OLDER' MADE THE PRESS'S '50 TO 150 YEARS', AND THE RADIOCARBON DANIEL CREDITED TO THE MODEL, AS A CARD ALREADY HAD IT","notes":{"prompts":"One query. Sent by the operator on 2026-10-31 (00:04 EDT) with nine others, one per entity of the Revelation First meta-aggregator, from the addresses the archive supplied for capture on 2026-10-30; eight pasted in one message with '$' between them and two attached as files (the Vesuvius Challenge attached twice, the copies byte-identical). Saved verbatim from the session transcript (rebuild/capture-registry/intake-20261031-rf-census/)."},"originator":{"basis":"Not the archive's: Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis; its operator, as the record gives it: Mladen Popović and colleagues (University of Groningen and partners), funded by the European Research Council; published in PLOS One. Formalized by the Revelation First meta-aggregator record of 2026-10-30 (https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/), editor Lee Sharks; the record's fields carry verbatim quotes from the entity's own pages, saved with sha256.","entity_type":"work","name":"Mladen Popović and colleagues (University of Groningen and partners), funded by the European Research Council; published in PLOS One","relation":"external","spxi_treatment":"partial"},"reading":"The innocent reading first. The Overview says who built the model, on what, by what method, how accurate it is and what it found, then gives the reception, from the article and its press."},"measures":{"archive_controlled_cites":0,"cite_list":[{"n":1,"note":null,"rel":"third_party","site":"PLOS","snip":"Model: Enoch, an AI date-prediction model using Bayesian ridge regression on allographic and angular writing style feature vectors extracted from binarized manu...","title":"Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One","url":null},{"n":2,"note":null,"rel":"third_party","site":"Biblical Archaeology Society","snip":"Enoch and the Dead Sea Scrolls To train their model, the researchers performed radiocarbon analysis on two dozen scrolls, from four different sites in the Judea...","title":"Can AI Date the Dead Sea Scrolls?","url":null},{"n":3,"note":null,"rel":"third_party","site":"Reddit·r/AncientCivilizations","snip":"June 15, 2025 — AI Dating of Scrolls: A new AI study suggests some Dead Sea Scrolls, including parts of the Book of Daniel, may be up to 100 years older than previously thought...","title":"New AI Study Suggests Dead Sea Scrolls Are Older Than We Thought! - Reddit","url":null},{"n":4,"note":null,"rel":"third_party","site":"The Jerusalem Post","snip":"Study: University of Groningen researchers developed AI model Enoch, combining radiocarbon dating and machine-learning handwriting analysis, to date Dead Sea Sc...","title":"AI model 'Enoch' reveals Dead Sea Scrolls are older than believed | The Jerusalem Post","url":null},{"n":5,"note":null,"rel":"third_party","site":"Haaretz","snip":"From Ithaca to Judea Enoch is not the first artificial intelligence used to study ancient texts in general or the Dead Sea Scrolls specifically. In 2022, a diff...","title":"Dead Sea Scrolls May Be Older Than We Thought, AI-Based Study Says","url":null},{"n":6,"note":null,"rel":"third_party","site":"National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov)","snip":"Abstract Determining by means of palaeography the chronology of ancient handwritten manuscripts such as the Dead Sea Scrolls is essential for reconstructing the...","title":"Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI","url":null},{"n":7,"note":"video, [1m](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESwwEB6zswFTgqvHyiuPUYKb3jfB9s6lEQYwTYix0POLVAnUWuWm6yVtgjtciV98Y2Vdw6s9kOOofSHoX2xj2S_Q1H1Q9GlXvqKiM6uUWNjijD4NoXUkzY-nl2oLm2T9QBLoHEiJnXCsp00F83BilQE0Wv5MSzl796EBVUkeCg51X2rOzzEaMAZZtV13-i_s9_sKXxWCyp8mUn0DLHRxYDZdEqZ3yBasa-1PBZ4BCtziFAvTrwcGf_XSvaPotyBwiz1dW7LP4)","rel":"third_party","site":"Facebook·National Geographic UK","snip":null,"title":"the Dead Sea Scrolls. By combining time honoured excavation techniques ...","url":null},{"n":8,"note":"video, 14:09","rel":"third_party","site":"YouTube·Religion For Everybody","snip":null,"title":"How AI Redated the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Enoch Machine Revealed","url":null},{"n":9,"note":"video, 4m","rel":"third_party","site":"YouTube·Past Unsealed","snip":null,"title":"AI Just Decoded the Dead Sea Scrolls — What It Found Changes Everything","url":null}],"cites":9,"per":0.25,"per_dim":{"after_challenge":null,"atoms":[{"atom":"name","dim":"M","evidence":"How Enoch Works","kind":"token","present":true,"weight":3},{"atom":"producer","dim":"M","evidence":"Researchers at the University of Groningen developed an artificial intelligence model named","kind":"role","present":true,"weight":3},{"atom":"claim boundary","dim":"M","evidence":"Accuracy: Enoch predicts dates with a mean absolute error of roughly 28 to 31 years, and 79% of its estimates for 135 undated scrolls aligned realistically with human paleographic evaluations.","kind":"reading","present":true,"weight":2},{"atom":"institution","dim":"C","evidence":null,"kind":"token","present":false,"weight":2},{"atom":"purpose","dim":"D","evidence":"to re-date the","kind":"reading","present":true,"weight":3},{"atom":"commitments","dim":"D","evidence":null,"kind":"reading","present":false,"weight":2},{"atom":"lineage","dim":"D","evidence":"It combines Bayesian ridge regression, radiocarbon dating, and machine-learning handwriting analysis","kind":"role","present":true,"weight":2},{"atom":"identifier","dim":"D","evidence":null,"kind":"role","present":false,"weight":1},{"atom":"deposit chain","dim":"D","evidence":null,"kind":"role","present":false,"weight":1}],"basis":"reached: Researchers at the University of Groningen developed an artificial intelligence model named; The operator's disambiguators ('AI dating Dead Sea Scrolls') select the Groningen model from the homonym Enoch; the composition is of that model and its study throughout: its training base, method, error, the 135 undated scrolls and the older chronology.","entity_type":"protocol","gate":"scored","inversions":[],"qualifier":null,"reached":"same","read":{"brief":"rebuild/capture-registry/intake-20261031-rf-census/per/BRIEF.md","by":"intake reader R2, spans and record quotes checked verbatim by scripts/per_backlog.py","external":true,"notes":"Producer present at institutional grain: the University of Groningen researchers are bound as the model's developers; Popović is named only as the speaker of a quoted caution (Haaretz), not as its producer, which does not alter the reading. Claim boundary present: training on 24 radiocarbon-dated samples, the method, the MAE (27.9-30.7 rendered as 'roughly 28 to 31 years'), the 79% alignment on 135 undated scrolls, the older dates, and the copies (not the compositions) as what is dated ('Some copies appear closer in time to their presumed historical authors'), with the caution 'More research is needed' carried. Two departures noted, not charged: '50 to 150 years older' is a magnitude the saved records do not state (they say 'often older'), and 4Q114 is given as backdated by Enoch where the paper gives it as a 14C result (L570). Purpose present but thin: dating the scrolls is bound to the model ('to re-date the Dead Sea Scrolls'); the record's own frame (probability-based options that aid palaeographers, reducing subjectivity) survives only as what 'Supporters view' (an objective 'time machine' with quantifiable error margins). Lineage present: radiocarbon dating named and bound as a component, palaeography as the estimate it moves against. Institution (ERC, HandsandBible) absent; commitments (CC BY open access, data and code on Zenodo, explainable design) absent; the Reddit 'black-box AI models' caution is reported skepticism set against the record's explainable design, recorded here, not an inversion (it is not an element of the entity carried against it). Identifiers and versions absent; the DOI appears only in card titles.","on":"2026-10-31"},"scores":{"C":1.0,"D":0.444,"M":0.0,"PER":0.316},"spec":"PER-dim rubric v1.1","src":true,"standing_substitutions":[],"target":{"ent":"TGT-rf-enoch-dss-dating","name":"Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis"},"tombstone_pointer":false},"per_note":"Popović named in a quotation; Groningen named; no DOI; the PLOS article and its NIH copy cited.","per_v":{"author":true,"id":false,"inst":true,"src":true}},"observation":{"auth":"signed out, incognito","date":"2026-10-31","ev":"paste","q":"Enoch AI dating Dead Sea Scrolls","q_kind":"the common name of an entity of the Revelation First meta-aggregator, 'the field' (Enoch: dating ancient manuscripts with radiocarbon and AI-based writing-style analysis; record https://www.revelationfirst.com/aggregators/enoch-dss-dating/, compiled 2026-10-30), supplied for capture by the archive and run by the operator, to supply the composition layer's account of the entity for its record. The operator added the disambiguator to a name that is bare a homonym. A baseline: the record was built on revelationfirst.com the day before and no card cites it. NEW address.","s":"Machine Reception","surface":"Google AI Overview","transcript":"[Google AI Overview at the query, signed out and incognito (operator defaults of 2026-10-01 and 2026-10-14), received 2026-10-31 00:04 EDT. The paste is the Overview expanded (the 'AI Mode Conversation' view, with the source cards that follow the answer); the 'You said' line carries the query twice, run together, and is given once here. Inline links are Google redirect URLs, kept as pasted.]\n\n[QUERENT] Enoch AI dating Dead Sea Scrolls\n\n[SYSTEM] Researchers at the University of Groningen developed an artificial intelligence model named [Enoch](https://www.google.com/search?q=Enoch) to re-date the [Dead Sea Scrolls](https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fg%2F121sxbzn&q=Dead+Sea+Scrolls). [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESaAHrOzAVVCGjY0RA8b53QRhKrDyt2cLac43m-P9TQ97bgLJz_b70_5P-ZKJDmDE4gIEiW0Ua5Xur6czznOEKrb5LVCgYvtJsAKjKx5h99H9VJMcKSFR_b1Daotkr9ZbZcSrT4MGGzmmm)]\nHow Enoch Works\n   * Training Data: The model was trained on 24 radiocarbon-dated scroll samples from four Judean Desert sites. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESpwEB6zswFcBZcmVZs2oOAHirsFqcGYSaxV1VpG6K9ZCUdjUJEw-EEMJLm7rZYtV1lv_LkWw1xw4tUD2Z6Tc7fEPiWhuByBScdQpVTfuBuRqBvXQtppGz1Jk8VEK8DGUbqfTKliMzSEQxd9hhaVPG5-SLJn8j_XWTTklfMIbmi6_psy2KPg8YD7cxDObnGjDESTtoiEgoPdJ17Xqr45Z4cRl4FZAmNbmHVw), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESagHrOzAVduU7-HR8DFr0K4W6ZI9ZP3POUxc_-GUwLiozJ4T8RG4iGSuvc97rMD5LsRdxCta6_U2vA7kysWqPbRZPHK5xH1BUWBQzm0S5HQson8VTytszfCFpk4nW8CkpPXsixojHl4faGvM)]\n   * Methodology: It combines Bayesian ridge regression, radiocarbon dating, and machine-learning handwriting analysis (evaluating angular and allographic stroke geometries from manuscript images without reading the text itself). [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESgQEB6zswFTLgpOEe42rLGhAY_ihwls3dwVZqVKJC4ojHSMIj97soRVNkK6A9bpt4AhxcecYFI-hwp6Cw2pHTF1b2SXyl5vNbtGEq8L-X7OcFaWDbGWgCwKXODTEc22PX4NXidfIVLl4XXEkiCS0rntvy5WG4U9q-FVm9ewKjeGBcWF8), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESYwHrOzAV7XK-KwOL33JCSxZQq4dTQ-Tq463rpU0-xSedeyPG1F3kvArZhTk6IG06190G74J6aA0wizdeeNLGNU-9W6Ei2vT5W-ONw48uBPb41-nLHhjuI4jvZ6tnLwt0wjmtRg)]\n   * Accuracy: Enoch predicts dates with a mean absolute error of roughly 28 to 31 years, and 79% of its estimates for 135 undated scrolls aligned realistically with human paleographic evaluations. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAES2QEB6zswFeSBxaD4RVuTUGo-tpMbFqkcWEZV8_0Bjpaa3DxXXVLeUnOoh1yK23IsrAMC7gJAICaOyhyi_7e3fzOqF7uiCcSTpSmsdiZBcxiD8RgM-8uutlBpgkB7ef4DF3tjnsLSboxT2lEup2I3zvmMJZH6iCeBMGQBlalByADn308x6SkjedmE7avTGX4o-xgpIVDvmW3XTVUE0ZfFoBLRjVi2A1LDcEB5b8L2wiimFIMTpL1aDEBMBpn0h8Rax5BaryTiRHLz1VHbDLJO1nd5CqioBdhPUxPk), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESgQEB6zswFTLgpOEe42rLGhAY_ihwls3dwVZqVKJC4ojHSMIj97soRVNkK6A9bpt4AhxcecYFI-hwp6Cw2pHTF1b2SXyl5vNbtGEq8L-X7OcFaWDbGWgCwKXODTEc22PX4NXidfIVLl4XXEkiCS0rntvy5WG4U9q-FVm9ewKjeGBcWF8), [3](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESagHrOzAVduU7-HR8DFr0K4W6ZI9ZP3POUxc_-GUwLiozJ4T8RG4iGSuvc97rMD5LsRdxCta6_U2vA7kysWqPbRZPHK5xH1BUWBQzm0S5HQson8VTytszfCFpk4nW8CkpPXsixojHl4faGvM)]\nKey Findings\n   * Older Timelines: Enoch indicates that a significant portion of the scrolls are 50 to 150 years older than traditional paleographic estimates. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESaAHrOzAVVCGjY0RA8b53QRhKrDyt2cLac43m-P9TQ97bgLJz_b70_5P-ZKJDmDE4gIEiW0Ua5Xur6czznOEKrb5LVCgYvtJsAKjKx5h99H9VJMcKSFR_b1Daotkr9ZbZcSrT4MGGzmmm)]\n   * Specific Texts:\n      * The Daniel fragment (`4Q114`) and Ecclesiastes manuscript (`4Q109`) were backdated substantially—with Ecclesiastes potentially pushed back from 175–150 BCE to roughly 300–250 BCE.\n      * Some copies appear closer in time to their presumed historical authors or predate major periods like the Hasmonean kingdom expansion and the Qumran settlement. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESwwEB6zswFTgqvHyiuPUYKb3jfB9s6lEQYwTYix0POLVAnUWuWm6yVtgjtciV98Y2Vdw6s9kOOofSHoX2xj2S_Q1H1Q9GlXvqKiM6uUWNjijD4NoXUkzY-nl2oLm2T9QBLoHEiJnXCsp00F83BilQE0Wv5MSzl796EBVUkeCg51X2rOzzEaMAZZtV13-i_s9_sKXxWCyp8mUn0DLHRxYDZdEqZ3yBasa-1PBZ4BCtziFAvTrwcGf_XSvaPotyBwiz1dW7LP4), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESaAHrOzAVVCGjY0RA8b53QRhKrDyt2cLac43m-P9TQ97bgLJz_b70_5P-ZKJDmDE4gIEiW0Ua5Xur6czznOEKrb5LVCgYvtJsAKjKx5h99H9VJMcKSFR_b1Daotkr9ZbZcSrT4MGGzmmm), [3](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESgQEB6zswFTLgpOEe42rLGhAY_ihwls3dwVZqVKJC4ojHSMIj97soRVNkK6A9bpt4AhxcecYFI-hwp6Cw2pHTF1b2SXyl5vNbtGEq8L-X7OcFaWDbGWgCwKXODTEc22PX4NXidfIVLl4XXEkiCS0rntvy5WG4U9q-FVm9ewKjeGBcWF8)]\nScholarly and Community Reaction\n   * Support: Supporters view Enoch as an objective \"time machine\" that injects quantifiable error margins into handwriting analysis.\n   * Skepticism: On platforms like [Reddit](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESqAEB6zswFUSI1o9h3UO3PlMOLJtiZcSIGt6bjfIEXpeE2WENSYUxnqNQKM9qb_dj0GigjAYBWw8MAcGhmMQeqElwazQOsf3Hjtcfp6Y1I4-u5VC87N59p8-xTQASf7TVc3sN2KvkKdTw7tAyQnJ3HZJeceKZdbTcItMkZEuetZBTDl3Ks5_4dhLgqv8aGzEnQSgXRWn_2GRiJalt5D4r2UMiNiLD4ep4b48), opinions are mixed, with some researchers and users raising caution over black-box AI models, carbon-dating uncertainties, and traditional historical assumptions. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESqAEB6zswFUSI1o9h3UO3PlMOLJtiZcSIGt6bjfIEXpeE2WENSYUxnqNQKM9qb_dj0GigjAYBWw8MAcGhmMQeqElwazQOsf3Hjtcfp6Y1I4-u5VC87N59p8-xTQASf7TVc3sN2KvkKdTw7tAyQnJ3HZJeceKZdbTcItMkZEuetZBTDl3Ks5_4dhLgqv8aGzEnQSgXRWn_2GRiJalt5D4r2UMiNiLD4ep4b48), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESYwHrOzAV7XK-KwOL33JCSxZQq4dTQ-Tq463rpU0-xSedeyPG1F3kvArZhTk6IG06190G74J6aA0wizdeeNLGNU-9W6Ei2vT5W-ONw48uBPb41-nLHhjuI4jvZ6tnLwt0wjmtRg), [3](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESaQHrOzAVeoPYFwJc-yeghu_3T7aJ-xf1ylKNwIQt6cCGahQWdTutiIm_bo3pgxX3JYohWNizYzQjpKli8_8sD5liPiKNTKk_5obuiA23_xLswRuq5Em3gXt2bkvBCoqtlTnh1pgXoxj9Og)]\nOpinions on the reliability and implications of AI-driven dating for ancient manuscripts vary among researchers and the public.\n“More research is needed to understand how Enoch's work will affect our understanding of the chronology of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Popovic cautions.”\n[Haaretz](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAES2QEB6zswFeSBxaD4RVuTUGo-tpMbFqkcWEZV8_0Bjpaa3DxXXVLeUnOoh1yK23IsrAMC7gJAICaOyhyi_7e3fzOqF7uiCcSTpSmsdiZBcxiD8RgM-8uutlBpgkB7ef4DF3tjnsLSboxT2lEup2I3zvmMJZH6iCeBMGQBlalByADn308x6SkjedmE7avTGX4o-xgpIVDvmW3XTVUE0ZfFoBLRjVi2A1LDcEB5b8L2wiimFIMTpL1aDEBMBpn0h8Rax5BaryTiRHLz1VHbDLJO1nd5CqioBdhPUxPk)\nWould you like to explore how radiocarbon dating works for ancient parchment, or look into specific texts like the Book of Daniel fragments?\nPLOS\nDating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One\nModel: Enoch, an AI date-prediction model using Bayesian ridge regression on allographic and angular writing style feature vectors extracted from binarized manu...\nBiblical Archaeology Society\nCan AI Date the Dead Sea Scrolls?\nEnoch and the Dead Sea Scrolls To train their model, the researchers performed radiocarbon analysis on two dozen scrolls, from four different sites in the Judea...\nReddit·r/AncientCivilizations\nNew AI Study Suggests Dead Sea Scrolls Are Older Than We Thought! - Reddit\nJune 15, 2025 — AI Dating of Scrolls: A new AI study suggests some Dead Sea Scrolls, including parts of the Book of Daniel, may be up to 100 years older than previously thought...\nThe Jerusalem Post\nAI model 'Enoch' reveals Dead Sea Scrolls are older than believed | The Jerusalem Post\nStudy: University of Groningen researchers developed AI model Enoch, combining radiocarbon dating and machine-learning handwriting analysis, to date Dead Sea Sc...\nHaaretz\nDead Sea Scrolls May Be Older Than We Thought, AI-Based Study Says\nFrom Ithaca to Judea Enoch is not the first artificial intelligence used to study ancient texts in general or the Dead Sea Scrolls specifically. In 2022, a diff...\nNational Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov)\nDating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI\nAbstract Determining by means of palaeography the chronology of ancient handwritten manuscripts such as the Dead Sea Scrolls is essential for reconstructing the...\nFacebook·National Geographic UK\n[1m](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESwwEB6zswFTgqvHyiuPUYKb3jfB9s6lEQYwTYix0POLVAnUWuWm6yVtgjtciV98Y2Vdw6s9kOOofSHoX2xj2S_Q1H1Q9GlXvqKiM6uUWNjijD4NoXUkzY-nl2oLm2T9QBLoHEiJnXCsp00F83BilQE0Wv5MSzl796EBVUkeCg51X2rOzzEaMAZZtV13-i_s9_sKXxWCyp8mUn0DLHRxYDZdEqZ3yBasa-1PBZ4BCtziFAvTrwcGf_XSvaPotyBwiz1dW7LP4)\nthe Dead Sea Scrolls. By combining time honoured excavation techniques ...\nYouTube·Religion For Everybody\n14:09\nHow AI Redated the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Enoch Machine Revealed\nYouTube·Past Unsealed\n4m\nAI Just Decoded the Dead Sea Scrolls — What It Found Changes Everything\nAI responses may include mistakes. [Learn more](https://support.google.com/websearch?p=ai_overviews)","transcript_class":"CAPTURE-TIME VERBATIM RECORD — paste of the Overview expanded, with its source cards","transcript_complete":"complete as supplied","transcript_raw":"Researchers at the University of Groningen developed an artificial intelligence model named [Enoch](https://www.google.com/search?q=Enoch) to re-date the [Dead Sea Scrolls](https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fg%2F121sxbzn&q=Dead+Sea+Scrolls). [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESaAHrOzAVVCGjY0RA8b53QRhKrDyt2cLac43m-P9TQ97bgLJz_b70_5P-ZKJDmDE4gIEiW0Ua5Xur6czznOEKrb5LVCgYvtJsAKjKx5h99H9VJMcKSFR_b1Daotkr9ZbZcSrT4MGGzmmm)]\nHow Enoch Works\n   * Training Data: The model was trained on 24 radiocarbon-dated scroll samples from four Judean Desert sites. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESpwEB6zswFcBZcmVZs2oOAHirsFqcGYSaxV1VpG6K9ZCUdjUJEw-EEMJLm7rZYtV1lv_LkWw1xw4tUD2Z6Tc7fEPiWhuByBScdQpVTfuBuRqBvXQtppGz1Jk8VEK8DGUbqfTKliMzSEQxd9hhaVPG5-SLJn8j_XWTTklfMIbmi6_psy2KPg8YD7cxDObnGjDESTtoiEgoPdJ17Xqr45Z4cRl4FZAmNbmHVw), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESagHrOzAVduU7-HR8DFr0K4W6ZI9ZP3POUxc_-GUwLiozJ4T8RG4iGSuvc97rMD5LsRdxCta6_U2vA7kysWqPbRZPHK5xH1BUWBQzm0S5HQson8VTytszfCFpk4nW8CkpPXsixojHl4faGvM)]\n   * Methodology: It combines Bayesian ridge regression, radiocarbon dating, and machine-learning handwriting analysis (evaluating angular and allographic stroke geometries from manuscript images without reading the text itself). [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESgQEB6zswFTLgpOEe42rLGhAY_ihwls3dwVZqVKJC4ojHSMIj97soRVNkK6A9bpt4AhxcecYFI-hwp6Cw2pHTF1b2SXyl5vNbtGEq8L-X7OcFaWDbGWgCwKXODTEc22PX4NXidfIVLl4XXEkiCS0rntvy5WG4U9q-FVm9ewKjeGBcWF8), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESYwHrOzAV7XK-KwOL33JCSxZQq4dTQ-Tq463rpU0-xSedeyPG1F3kvArZhTk6IG06190G74J6aA0wizdeeNLGNU-9W6Ei2vT5W-ONw48uBPb41-nLHhjuI4jvZ6tnLwt0wjmtRg)]\n   * Accuracy: Enoch predicts dates with a mean absolute error of roughly 28 to 31 years, and 79% of its estimates for 135 undated scrolls aligned realistically with human paleographic evaluations. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAES2QEB6zswFeSBxaD4RVuTUGo-tpMbFqkcWEZV8_0Bjpaa3DxXXVLeUnOoh1yK23IsrAMC7gJAICaOyhyi_7e3fzOqF7uiCcSTpSmsdiZBcxiD8RgM-8uutlBpgkB7ef4DF3tjnsLSboxT2lEup2I3zvmMJZH6iCeBMGQBlalByADn308x6SkjedmE7avTGX4o-xgpIVDvmW3XTVUE0ZfFoBLRjVi2A1LDcEB5b8L2wiimFIMTpL1aDEBMBpn0h8Rax5BaryTiRHLz1VHbDLJO1nd5CqioBdhPUxPk), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESgQEB6zswFTLgpOEe42rLGhAY_ihwls3dwVZqVKJC4ojHSMIj97soRVNkK6A9bpt4AhxcecYFI-hwp6Cw2pHTF1b2SXyl5vNbtGEq8L-X7OcFaWDbGWgCwKXODTEc22PX4NXidfIVLl4XXEkiCS0rntvy5WG4U9q-FVm9ewKjeGBcWF8), [3](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESagHrOzAVduU7-HR8DFr0K4W6ZI9ZP3POUxc_-GUwLiozJ4T8RG4iGSuvc97rMD5LsRdxCta6_U2vA7kysWqPbRZPHK5xH1BUWBQzm0S5HQson8VTytszfCFpk4nW8CkpPXsixojHl4faGvM)]\nKey Findings\n   * Older Timelines: Enoch indicates that a significant portion of the scrolls are 50 to 150 years older than traditional paleographic estimates. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESaAHrOzAVVCGjY0RA8b53QRhKrDyt2cLac43m-P9TQ97bgLJz_b70_5P-ZKJDmDE4gIEiW0Ua5Xur6czznOEKrb5LVCgYvtJsAKjKx5h99H9VJMcKSFR_b1Daotkr9ZbZcSrT4MGGzmmm)]\n   * Specific Texts:\n      * The Daniel fragment (`4Q114`) and Ecclesiastes manuscript (`4Q109`) were backdated substantially—with Ecclesiastes potentially pushed back from 175–150 BCE to roughly 300–250 BCE.\n      * Some copies appear closer in time to their presumed historical authors or predate major periods like the Hasmonean kingdom expansion and the Qumran settlement. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESwwEB6zswFTgqvHyiuPUYKb3jfB9s6lEQYwTYix0POLVAnUWuWm6yVtgjtciV98Y2Vdw6s9kOOofSHoX2xj2S_Q1H1Q9GlXvqKiM6uUWNjijD4NoXUkzY-nl2oLm2T9QBLoHEiJnXCsp00F83BilQE0Wv5MSzl796EBVUkeCg51X2rOzzEaMAZZtV13-i_s9_sKXxWCyp8mUn0DLHRxYDZdEqZ3yBasa-1PBZ4BCtziFAvTrwcGf_XSvaPotyBwiz1dW7LP4), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESaAHrOzAVVCGjY0RA8b53QRhKrDyt2cLac43m-P9TQ97bgLJz_b70_5P-ZKJDmDE4gIEiW0Ua5Xur6czznOEKrb5LVCgYvtJsAKjKx5h99H9VJMcKSFR_b1Daotkr9ZbZcSrT4MGGzmmm), [3](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESgQEB6zswFTLgpOEe42rLGhAY_ihwls3dwVZqVKJC4ojHSMIj97soRVNkK6A9bpt4AhxcecYFI-hwp6Cw2pHTF1b2SXyl5vNbtGEq8L-X7OcFaWDbGWgCwKXODTEc22PX4NXidfIVLl4XXEkiCS0rntvy5WG4U9q-FVm9ewKjeGBcWF8)]\nScholarly and Community Reaction\n   * Support: Supporters view Enoch as an objective \"time machine\" that injects quantifiable error margins into handwriting analysis.\n   * Skepticism: On platforms like [Reddit](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESqAEB6zswFUSI1o9h3UO3PlMOLJtiZcSIGt6bjfIEXpeE2WENSYUxnqNQKM9qb_dj0GigjAYBWw8MAcGhmMQeqElwazQOsf3Hjtcfp6Y1I4-u5VC87N59p8-xTQASf7TVc3sN2KvkKdTw7tAyQnJ3HZJeceKZdbTcItMkZEuetZBTDl3Ks5_4dhLgqv8aGzEnQSgXRWn_2GRiJalt5D4r2UMiNiLD4ep4b48), opinions are mixed, with some researchers and users raising caution over black-box AI models, carbon-dating uncertainties, and traditional historical assumptions. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESqAEB6zswFUSI1o9h3UO3PlMOLJtiZcSIGt6bjfIEXpeE2WENSYUxnqNQKM9qb_dj0GigjAYBWw8MAcGhmMQeqElwazQOsf3Hjtcfp6Y1I4-u5VC87N59p8-xTQASf7TVc3sN2KvkKdTw7tAyQnJ3HZJeceKZdbTcItMkZEuetZBTDl3Ks5_4dhLgqv8aGzEnQSgXRWn_2GRiJalt5D4r2UMiNiLD4ep4b48), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESYwHrOzAV7XK-KwOL33JCSxZQq4dTQ-Tq463rpU0-xSedeyPG1F3kvArZhTk6IG06190G74J6aA0wizdeeNLGNU-9W6Ei2vT5W-ONw48uBPb41-nLHhjuI4jvZ6tnLwt0wjmtRg), [3](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESaQHrOzAVeoPYFwJc-yeghu_3T7aJ-xf1ylKNwIQt6cCGahQWdTutiIm_bo3pgxX3JYohWNizYzQjpKli8_8sD5liPiKNTKk_5obuiA23_xLswRuq5Em3gXt2bkvBCoqtlTnh1pgXoxj9Og)]\nOpinions on the reliability and implications of AI-driven dating for ancient manuscripts vary among researchers and the public.\n“More research is needed to understand how Enoch's work will affect our understanding of the chronology of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Popovic cautions.”\n[Haaretz](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAES2QEB6zswFeSBxaD4RVuTUGo-tpMbFqkcWEZV8_0Bjpaa3DxXXVLeUnOoh1yK23IsrAMC7gJAICaOyhyi_7e3fzOqF7uiCcSTpSmsdiZBcxiD8RgM-8uutlBpgkB7ef4DF3tjnsLSboxT2lEup2I3zvmMJZH6iCeBMGQBlalByADn308x6SkjedmE7avTGX4o-xgpIVDvmW3XTVUE0ZfFoBLRjVi2A1LDcEB5b8L2wiimFIMTpL1aDEBMBpn0h8Rax5BaryTiRHLz1VHbDLJO1nd5CqioBdhPUxPk)\nWould you like to explore how radiocarbon dating works for ancient parchment, or look into specific texts like the Book of Daniel fragments?\nPLOS\nDating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis | PLOS One\nModel: Enoch, an AI date-prediction model using Bayesian ridge regression on allographic and angular writing style feature vectors extracted from binarized manu...\nBiblical Archaeology Society\nCan AI Date the Dead Sea Scrolls?\nEnoch and the Dead Sea Scrolls To train their model, the researchers performed radiocarbon analysis on two dozen scrolls, from four different sites in the Judea...\nReddit·r/AncientCivilizations\nNew AI Study Suggests Dead Sea Scrolls Are Older Than We Thought! - Reddit\nJune 15, 2025 — AI Dating of Scrolls: A new AI study suggests some Dead Sea Scrolls, including parts of the Book of Daniel, may be up to 100 years older than previously thought...\nThe Jerusalem Post\nAI model 'Enoch' reveals Dead Sea Scrolls are older than believed | The Jerusalem Post\nStudy: University of Groningen researchers developed AI model Enoch, combining radiocarbon dating and machine-learning handwriting analysis, to date Dead Sea Sc...\nHaaretz\nDead Sea Scrolls May Be Older Than We Thought, AI-Based Study Says\nFrom Ithaca to Judea Enoch is not the first artificial intelligence used to study ancient texts in general or the Dead Sea Scrolls specifically. In 2022, a diff...\nNational Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov)\nDating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI\nAbstract Determining by means of palaeography the chronology of ancient handwritten manuscripts such as the Dead Sea Scrolls is essential for reconstructing the...\nFacebook·National Geographic UK\n[1m](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESwwEB6zswFTgqvHyiuPUYKb3jfB9s6lEQYwTYix0POLVAnUWuWm6yVtgjtciV98Y2Vdw6s9kOOofSHoX2xj2S_Q1H1Q9GlXvqKiM6uUWNjijD4NoXUkzY-nl2oLm2T9QBLoHEiJnXCsp00F83BilQE0Wv5MSzl796EBVUkeCg51X2rOzzEaMAZZtV13-i_s9_sKXxWCyp8mUn0DLHRxYDZdEqZ3yBasa-1PBZ4BCtziFAvTrwcGf_XSvaPotyBwiz1dW7LP4)\nthe Dead Sea Scrolls. By combining time honoured excavation techniques ...\nYouTube·Religion For Everybody\n14:09\nHow AI Redated the Dead Sea Scrolls: The Enoch Machine Revealed\nYouTube·Past Unsealed\n4m\nAI Just Decoded the Dead Sea Scrolls — What It Found Changes Everything\nAI responses may include mistakes. [Learn more](https://support.google.com/websearch?p=ai_overviews)","transcript_read":"READ IN FULL 2026-10-31","turns":1},"slug":"enoch-ai-dating-dead-sea-scrolls-aio-20261031"}