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   "title": "Copyright and Artificial Intelligence | U.S. Copyright Office",
   "snip": "Initiative: U.S. Copyright Office AI examination (launched early 2023, notice of inquiry August 2023, 10,000+ comments by December 2023). Report: Multi-part ana...",
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   "snip": "Core Positions: Human authorship remains a strict requirement for copyrightability; entirely AI-generated works are uncopyrightable. Prompt Limitations: Enterin...",
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   "title": "U.S. Copyright Office Releases Third Report on AI and Copyright Addressing Training AI Models with Copyrighted Materials | Crowell & Moring LLP",
   "snip": "Report: U.S. Copyright Office Third AI Report (May 9, 2025) addressing generative AI training on copyrighted works. Fair Use Analysis: Evaluates four statutory ...",
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 "transcript": "[Google AI Overview at the query, signed out and incognito (operator defaults of 2026-10-01 and 2026-10-14). The paste is the Overview expanded (the 'AI Mode Conversation' view).] The 'You said' line carries the query twice, run together, and is given once here. Inline links are Google redirect URLs, kept as pasted.\n\n[QUERENT] U.S. Copyright Office Copyright and Artificial Intelligence\n\n[SYSTEM] The U.S. Copyright Office (USCO) maintains that U.S. law strictly requires human authorship for copyright protection, and has released a multi-part analysis addressing digital replicas, generative AI outputs, and AI model training. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESVQHrOzAVPfhnMASseU0VLjfwyJAebfRadgoIySYdglE-J_Qxp5xihN4vuEvGaDQHZhutH9mgtCre75UJCdAVkmYaSdqdN9Nsq3rCkLqpUfT5fVALsN4), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESZQHrOzAV8LUDz0K9G81RcjtqN4C0rdlop8p2E6n8Tn-ypqCyITsPS_5OMl8O-zLqZEF0g_QUludpv_APJODHFYjlPctcPNCkqkL6pPBDoTrjQTPqr1Wd-A_4IHqu3NusttNGjx07)]\nCore Policy and Reports\n\n* Initiative Launch: The USCO launched its comprehensive AI initiative in early 2023, issuing a Notice of Inquiry on August 20, 2023, which received over 10,000 public comments. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAEScQHrOzAV_ymJM6pAAihpGLDkWaKmGtZ8hS9QMCIicbgIldrcqkf3gZhNlLxFDs66N5Odb6GNZD_zh-7BZKvNWP3a6qCKPXlqJKol6zCvchWBIEFD7yVKhq39ARXfIRgoxx15FaW7hDJLOwrOvcRR5YQf), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESVQHrOzAVPfhnMASseU0VLjfwyJAebfRadgoIySYdglE-J_Qxp5xihN4vuEvGaDQHZhutH9mgtCre75UJCdAVkmYaSdqdN9Nsq3rCkLqpUfT5fVALsN4)]\n* Part 1: Digital Replicas (Published July 31, 2024): Examines unauthorized digital replicas, voice/likeness concerns, and recommends federal protections. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESsQEB6zswFTAmTHWXF9N37YwKbysWUpJVXxEEt-Zwsd5GGk1YkEcTalyohKqPg4QztzgmWF16s1UuMXpqveyXlw515JTEENPX6Lk9dE38Gm8d3HP70rXWp690_fvHDGF7bfpfC0BaFpGE7t0UANemOj_iCLIXLp2onoJLiFtptmWuEcq_g1QmlISZwe4ZQv8mTkDDKnr7bQUA9XSScf5YBeN6qUCPnAbWKmojV-vjV3SN7II), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESVQHrOzAVPfhnMASseU0VLjfwyJAebfRadgoIySYdglE-J_Qxp5xihN4vuEvGaDQHZhutH9mgtCre75UJCdAVkmYaSdqdN9Nsq3rCkLqpUfT5fVALsN4)]\n* Part 2: Copyrightability of Generative AI Outputs (Published January 29, 2025): Confirms that purely AI-generated works are uncopyrightable. Protection requires sufficient human-authored creative elements (such as human selection, arrangement, or modification). Mere prompting is insufficient to claim authorship over an AI output. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESaAHrOzAV5vm8Fv_IIeD8elIR1aqplfXGapPPWFtpOcPsj1CGJsve1wqNNU451l9B2eo10I_yLmhD0xJ7gVw9gs2u2ncY0NNkccB9ZlYAFmx0Lpb1KCOgB5Xmg2L_C6nSSzqlGbImKp-7), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESjwEB6zswFfYNx-Ual5yMeUxhCP1ZhycxtuUEGo6sQVqu8Elhb8mdmb9Ju__Qw8QbmMCLBzMLyYPagstLJG1z9bcEyF4C6Pg9uyR3Dzw65_scENMI5KrCdaX9Qz3rPPG9PTXmi7FdVujLMi5gVJ83YHGvpmzchr3_kkylpfIxLI6myrgYBOSyM7Q_N4SlIbd2uQ)]\n* Part 3: Generative AI Training (Pre-publication released May 9, 2025): Analyzes using copyrighted works to train AI models. The report suggests that commercial training on vast troves of copyrighted material to produce competing expressive content often exceeds fair use boundaries, though it emphasizes case-by-case balancing and market-based solutions. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAES4QEB6zswFZ0wP2iq2LfULQKSOPeqQk1IMMxCxilCSHI0pJyud96X6yFqnppZI91Nc7wuv601ftAoJEiFsYJ62A1lT8cDLVpGu7zPRUwsrFi9eu1UStV3Aavry30Ff1zjlI5LV2IS9mpyRjVUc_6MJtbOY-kQp6dGSFysj7wTPUT9sPWg0kJcaX2c_v5rkfw_Ne3iaWPU9lJEaYzO1jMrzKRSGweQcW8glHcMuuiO6AR-3NUrHAI7FzyVZITQdJLviewiWad2HSESE6RLsEZdMuvQWB8P1f-rmalGwyZOo9WE_sQ)]\n\nKey Legal Precedents\n\n* Human Authorship Mandate: Supported by court rulings such as Thaler v. Perlmutter, which affirmed that works created autonomously by an AI without human creative control cannot be copyrighted. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESZQHrOzAV8LUDz0K9G81RcjtqN4C0rdlop8p2E6n8Tn-ypqCyITsPS_5OMl8O-zLqZEF0g_QUludpv_APJODHFYjlPctcPNCkqkL6pPBDoTrjQTPqr1Wd-A_4IHqu3NusttNGjx07)]\n* Registration Rules: Applicants must disclose any more-than-de minimis AI-generated material when submitting a work for registration and describe the specific human contribution. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESjwEB6zswFfYNx-Ual5yMeUxhCP1ZhycxtuUEGo6sQVqu8Elhb8mdmb9Ju__Qw8QbmMCLBzMLyYPagstLJG1z9bcEyF4C6Pg9uyR3Dzw65_scENMI5KrCdaX9Qz3rPPG9PTXmi7FdVujLMi5gVJ83YHGvpmzchr3_kkylpfIxLI6myrgYBOSyM7Q_N4SlIbd2uQ)]\n\nIf you'd like, I can provide more details on:\n\n* Specific registration decisions (such as Zarya of the Dawn)\n* Recent court cases involving AI model training\n* International differences in AI copyright rules\n\nCopyright Office (.gov)\nCopyright and Artificial Intelligence | U.S. Copyright Office\nInitiative: U.S. Copyright Office AI examination (launched early 2023, notice of inquiry August 2023, 10,000+ comments by December 2023). Report: Multi-part ana...\nCopyright Office (.gov)\nNewsNet Issue 1060 | U.S. Copyright Office\nReport: U.S. Copyright Office Part 2 AI Report (January 29, 2025). Copyrightability: Generative AI outputs require sufficient human-authored expressive elements...\nCopyright Office (.gov)\nArtificial Intelligence Study | U.S. Copyright Office\nInitiative: U.S. Copyright Office AI study analyzing copyright law, unresolved issues, and congressional action. Process: Notice of inquiry published August 20,\nSkadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom\nCopyright Office Publishes Report on Copyrightability of AI-Generated Materials | Insights | Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP\nCore Positions: Human authorship remains a strict requirement for copyrightability; entirely AI-generated works are uncopyrightable. Prompt Limitations: Enterin...\nCrowell & Moring LLP\nU.S. Copyright Office Releases Third Report on AI and Copyright Addressing Training AI Models with Copyrighted Materials | Crowell & Moring LLP\nReport: U.S. Copyright Office Third AI Report (May 9, 2025) addressing generative AI training on copyrighted works. Fair Use Analysis: Evaluates four statutory ...\nWIPO\nUS Copyright Office on AI: Human creativity still matters, legally\nUS Copyright Office: Requires human authorship for copyright; purely AI-generated works are uncopyrightable; AI-assisted modifications or selections may qualify...\nCongress.gov\nGenerative Artificial Intelligence and Copyright Law | Congress.gov | Library of Congress\nCopyright Authorship: U.S. law requires human authorship for copyright protection; *Thaler v. Perlmutter* confirmed AI-generated works lacking human creative co...\nAI responses may include mistakes. [Learn more](https://support.google.com/websearch?p=ai_overviews)",
 "transcript_raw": "AI Mode Conversation\nYou said: U.S. Copyright Office Copyright and Artificial IntelligenceU.S. Copyright Office Copyright and Artificial Intelligence\nThe U.S. Copyright Office (USCO) maintains that U.S. law strictly requires human authorship for copyright protection, and has released a multi-part analysis addressing digital replicas, generative AI outputs, and AI model training. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESVQHrOzAVPfhnMASseU0VLjfwyJAebfRadgoIySYdglE-J_Qxp5xihN4vuEvGaDQHZhutH9mgtCre75UJCdAVkmYaSdqdN9Nsq3rCkLqpUfT5fVALsN4), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESZQHrOzAV8LUDz0K9G81RcjtqN4C0rdlop8p2E6n8Tn-ypqCyITsPS_5OMl8O-zLqZEF0g_QUludpv_APJODHFYjlPctcPNCkqkL6pPBDoTrjQTPqr1Wd-A_4IHqu3NusttNGjx07)]\nCore Policy and Reports\n\n* Initiative Launch: The USCO launched its comprehensive AI initiative in early 2023, issuing a Notice of Inquiry on August 20, 2023, which received over 10,000 public comments. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAEScQHrOzAV_ymJM6pAAihpGLDkWaKmGtZ8hS9QMCIicbgIldrcqkf3gZhNlLxFDs66N5Odb6GNZD_zh-7BZKvNWP3a6qCKPXlqJKol6zCvchWBIEFD7yVKhq39ARXfIRgoxx15FaW7hDJLOwrOvcRR5YQf), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESVQHrOzAVPfhnMASseU0VLjfwyJAebfRadgoIySYdglE-J_Qxp5xihN4vuEvGaDQHZhutH9mgtCre75UJCdAVkmYaSdqdN9Nsq3rCkLqpUfT5fVALsN4)]\n* Part 1: Digital Replicas (Published July 31, 2024): Examines unauthorized digital replicas, voice/likeness concerns, and recommends federal protections. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESsQEB6zswFTAmTHWXF9N37YwKbysWUpJVXxEEt-Zwsd5GGk1YkEcTalyohKqPg4QztzgmWF16s1UuMXpqveyXlw515JTEENPX6Lk9dE38Gm8d3HP70rXWp690_fvHDGF7bfpfC0BaFpGE7t0UANemOj_iCLIXLp2onoJLiFtptmWuEcq_g1QmlISZwe4ZQv8mTkDDKnr7bQUA9XSScf5YBeN6qUCPnAbWKmojV-vjV3SN7II), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESVQHrOzAVPfhnMASseU0VLjfwyJAebfRadgoIySYdglE-J_Qxp5xihN4vuEvGaDQHZhutH9mgtCre75UJCdAVkmYaSdqdN9Nsq3rCkLqpUfT5fVALsN4)]\n* Part 2: Copyrightability of Generative AI Outputs (Published January 29, 2025): Confirms that purely AI-generated works are uncopyrightable. Protection requires sufficient human-authored creative elements (such as human selection, arrangement, or modification). Mere prompting is insufficient to claim authorship over an AI output. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESaAHrOzAV5vm8Fv_IIeD8elIR1aqplfXGapPPWFtpOcPsj1CGJsve1wqNNU451l9B2eo10I_yLmhD0xJ7gVw9gs2u2ncY0NNkccB9ZlYAFmx0Lpb1KCOgB5Xmg2L_C6nSSzqlGbImKp-7), [2](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESjwEB6zswFfYNx-Ual5yMeUxhCP1ZhycxtuUEGo6sQVqu8Elhb8mdmb9Ju__Qw8QbmMCLBzMLyYPagstLJG1z9bcEyF4C6Pg9uyR3Dzw65_scENMI5KrCdaX9Qz3rPPG9PTXmi7FdVujLMi5gVJ83YHGvpmzchr3_kkylpfIxLI6myrgYBOSyM7Q_N4SlIbd2uQ)]\n* Part 3: Generative AI Training (Pre-publication released May 9, 2025): Analyzes using copyrighted works to train AI models. The report suggests that commercial training on vast troves of copyrighted material to produce competing expressive content often exceeds fair use boundaries, though it emphasizes case-by-case balancing and market-based solutions. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAES4QEB6zswFZ0wP2iq2LfULQKSOPeqQk1IMMxCxilCSHI0pJyud96X6yFqnppZI91Nc7wuv601ftAoJEiFsYJ62A1lT8cDLVpGu7zPRUwsrFi9eu1UStV3Aavry30Ff1zjlI5LV2IS9mpyRjVUc_6MJtbOY-kQp6dGSFysj7wTPUT9sPWg0kJcaX2c_v5rkfw_Ne3iaWPU9lJEaYzO1jMrzKRSGweQcW8glHcMuuiO6AR-3NUrHAI7FzyVZITQdJLviewiWad2HSESE6RLsEZdMuvQWB8P1f-rmalGwyZOo9WE_sQ)]\n\nKey Legal Precedents\n\n* Human Authorship Mandate: Supported by court rulings such as Thaler v. Perlmutter, which affirmed that works created autonomously by an AI without human creative control cannot be copyrighted. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESZQHrOzAV8LUDz0K9G81RcjtqN4C0rdlop8p2E6n8Tn-ypqCyITsPS_5OMl8O-zLqZEF0g_QUludpv_APJODHFYjlPctcPNCkqkL6pPBDoTrjQTPqr1Wd-A_4IHqu3NusttNGjx07)]\n* Registration Rules: Applicants must disclose any more-than-de minimis AI-generated material when submitting a work for registration and describe the specific human contribution. [[1](https://www.google.com/goto?url=CAESjwEB6zswFfYNx-Ual5yMeUxhCP1ZhycxtuUEGo6sQVqu8Elhb8mdmb9Ju__Qw8QbmMCLBzMLyYPagstLJG1z9bcEyF4C6Pg9uyR3Dzw65_scENMI5KrCdaX9Qz3rPPG9PTXmi7FdVujLMi5gVJ83YHGvpmzchr3_kkylpfIxLI6myrgYBOSyM7Q_N4SlIbd2uQ)]\n\nIf you'd like, I can provide more details on:\n\n* Specific registration decisions (such as Zarya of the Dawn)\n* Recent court cases involving AI model training\n* International differences in AI copyright rules\n\nCopyright Office (.gov)\nCopyright and Artificial Intelligence | U.S. Copyright Office\nInitiative: U.S. Copyright Office AI examination (launched early 2023, notice of inquiry August 2023, 10,000+ comments by December 2023). Report: Multi-part ana...\nCopyright Office (.gov)\nNewsNet Issue 1060 | U.S. Copyright Office\nReport: U.S. Copyright Office Part 2 AI Report (January 29, 2025). Copyrightability: Generative AI outputs require sufficient human-authored expressive elements...\nCopyright Office (.gov)\nArtificial Intelligence Study | U.S. Copyright Office\nInitiative: U.S. Copyright Office AI study analyzing copyright law, unresolved issues, and congressional action. Process: Notice of inquiry published August 20,\nSkadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom\nCopyright Office Publishes Report on Copyrightability of AI-Generated Materials | Insights | Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP\nCore Positions: Human authorship remains a strict requirement for copyrightability; entirely AI-generated works are uncopyrightable. Prompt Limitations: Enterin...\nCrowell & Moring LLP\nU.S. Copyright Office Releases Third Report on AI and Copyright Addressing Training AI Models with Copyrighted Materials | Crowell & Moring LLP\nReport: U.S. Copyright Office Third AI Report (May 9, 2025) addressing generative AI training on copyrighted works. Fair Use Analysis: Evaluates four statutory ...\nWIPO\nUS Copyright Office on AI: Human creativity still matters, legally\nUS Copyright Office: Requires human authorship for copyright; purely AI-generated works are uncopyrightable; AI-assisted modifications or selections may qualify...\nCongress.gov\nGenerative Artificial Intelligence and Copyright Law | Congress.gov | Library of Congress\nCopyright Authorship: U.S. law requires human authorship for copyright protection; *Thaler v. Perlmutter* confirmed AI-generated works lacking human creative co...\nAI responses may include mistakes. [Learn more](https://support.google.com/websearch?p=ai_overviews)\n",
 "transcript_class": "CAPTURE-TIME VERBATIM RECORD — paste of the Overview expanded, with its source cards",
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   "url": "https://www.godkinggoogle.com/captures/#u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101",
   "authority": "mirror",
   "note": "a window that renders from the archive's registry; may lag a deploy"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://www.leesharks.com/captures/#u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101",
   "authority": "mirror",
   "note": "a window that renders from the archive's registry; may lag a deploy"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://www.machinemediation.org/captures/#u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101",
   "authority": "mirror",
   "note": "a window that renders from the archive's registry; may lag a deploy"
  }
 ],
 "imgs": [],
 "img_urls": [],
 "cite": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/",
 "citable_unit": "address — the exact issued string on one surface, per the Surface Rule (MANUS, 2026-08-15)",
 "addr_id": "ADDR-4825e3919030",
 "obs_id": "OBS-84d5b496561b",
 "n_observations": 1,
 "observations": [],
 "dates": [
  "2026-11-01"
 ],
 "defects": [],
 "findings": [
  "THE REPORT AT ITS DATES. 'Part 1: Digital Replicas (Published July 31, 2024)', 'Part 2: Copyrightability of Generative AI Outputs (Published January 29, 2025)', 'Part 3: Generative AI Training (Pre-publication released May 9, 2025)'. The Office's page: 'Part 1 was published on July 31, 2024, and addresses the topic of digital replicas. Part 2 was published on January 29, 2025, and addresses the copyrightability of outputs created using generative AI.' and 'On May 9, 2025, the Office released a pre-publication version of Part 3'. 'over 10,000 public comments' agrees with 'which received over 10,000 comments by December 2023.'",
  "THE NOTICE MISDATED. 'issuing a Notice of Inquiry on August 20, 2023'. The Office's page: 'August 30, 2023 - Copyright Office Issues Notice of Inquiry on Copyright and Artificial Intelligence' and 'NOI Federal Register Version, 88 Fed. Reg. 59,942 (Aug. 30, 2023)'. The composition's date is the snippet of its third card, the Office's Artificial Intelligence Study page: 'Notice of inquiry published August 20,'.",
  "HUMAN AUTHORSHIP AS THE RULE. 'Mere prompting is insufficient to claim authorship over an AI output' and 'Applicants must disclose any more-than-de minimis AI-generated material when submitting a work for registration and describe the specific human contribution.' The Review Board, quoted in the Wikipedia account the census holds: 'this content must therefore be disclaimed in an application for registration.' 'Thaler v. Perlmutter, which affirmed that works created autonomously by an AI without human creative control cannot be copyrighted' sits beside the Office's own link, 'Court of Appeals Decision Affirming Refusal of Registration'; the denial of review the census records ('the Supreme Court of the United States has denied hearing challenges to the Copyright Office's decision.') and Allen v. Perlmutter, whose 'Allen is unwilling to disclaim the AI-generated material, the Work cannot be registered as submitted.' is the census's evidence, are not carried.",
  "THE NAME UNADDRESSED. The census row records no rule on the name an author chooses, the Office's page titling its decisions by work ('Review Board decision on SURYAST (December 11, 2023)', 'Registration Decision on Zarya of the Dawn (Feb. 21, 2023)'), and reads the regime as attribution by subtraction: the machine's part disclaimed, the human remainder registered. The composition carries the subtraction in its disclosure rule and says nothing of names; its follow-up offers 'Specific registration decisions (such as Zarya of the Dawn)'."
 ],
 "series": null,
 "other_slugs": null,
 "collisions": null,
 "oq": null,
 "rounds": null,
 "turns": 1,
 "rerun": null,
 "rerun_alt": null,
 "heteronym": null,
 "model_attribution": null,
 "operator_disclosure": null,
 "longitudinal_priors": null,
 "longitudinal_successors": null,
 "related_deposits": [
  940,
  1722
 ],
 "intended": null,
 "originator": {
  "name": "Copyright and Artificial Intelligence",
  "relation": "external",
  "entity_type": "site",
  "spxi_treatment": "partial",
  "basis": "Not the archive's: an external resource, entered in the leesharks.com apparatus authorship census on 2026-11-01 (data/authorship-census, its own pages saved with hashes). Recorded 2026-11-01."
 },
 "notes": {
  "prompts": "The prompts are the operator's, as given with the paste; the run's hour is not in the paste, the date is the paste's receipt (2026-11-01 01:59 EDT).",
  "operator": "with the pastes (01:59 EDT), the census names as printed for him at 01:42 EDT for their /non rows ('now we seat the captures, write the /nons'). His note in the paste, at Jacket2: 'no popup, ai mode:'. Fanlore and Archive of Our Own, on the printed list, were left out by him and excluded from the census at 01:49 EDT."
 },
 "notice": null,
 "axn_root": "AXN:0B8A.CAPTURE",
 "axn": "AXN:0B8A.CAPTURE.📋🏛️☀️🕔🗂️🚀",
 "record_url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/captures/u-s-copyright-office-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence-aio-20261101/"
}